Narration Final

NAEEM SERIES NAEEM AKHTAR (M.A. English PU, M.
Com PU) 03344185053
Direct and Indirect

Direct speech/narration
It is the reproduction of the same words, which the speaker has uttered. e.g.
He said to me, "You are my best friend".
Indirect speech/narration
When the exact words of the speaker are not reproduced, but their message is
presented in changed words, it is called indirect speech/narration. e.g. He told me
that I was his best friend.
This sentence is an example of indirect speech.
Reported speech
Reported speech means exact words of the speaker, which are given between
inverted commas. He said to me, "You are my best friend".
Reporting verb
That verb which is used to introduce the reported speech is called reporting verb. He
said to me, "You are my best friend".
Following are the various changes that take place in direct and indirect.
1. Change in pronoun
2. Changes in tenses
3. Changes in adverbs
Change in pronoun
Personal Pronouns
Rule-1 Cases Subjective Possessive Objective
st
1 person (I/we) changes 1st I My/mine me
Person We Our /ours us
according to the subject of 2nd
You Your/yours You
reporting speech. person
He His Him
Examples:
3 rd
She Her Her
1. He says to me, “I take Person They Their Them
oranges.” (Direct) It Its It
2. He tells me that he takes oranges. (Indirect)

3. She says to me, “I love my country.”
She tells me that she loves her country.
4. He says to her, “We leave our house.”
He tells her that they leave their house.
5. He says to me, “My teacher is on leave.”
He tells me that his teacher is on leave.
6. I say to her, “I give my book.”
I tell her that I give my book.
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Rule-2
2nd t person (You) changes according to the object (me/him/her/us/them) of
reporting speech.
1. He says to me, “You take oranges.” (Direct)
He tells me that I take oranges. (Indirect)
2. She says to him, “You love your country.”
She tells me that he loves his country.
3. He says to her, “you will leave my house.”
He tells her that she will leave his house.
4. He says to them, “your teacher is on leave.”
He tells me that his teacher is on leave.
5. I say to her, “I give you my book.”
I tell her that I give her my book.
Rule-3
3rd t
persons (He/She/it/They/Name) do not change
He says to me, “He takes oranges.” (Direct)
He tells me that he takes oranges. (Indirect)
2. Change of tense
Tense of reported speech will be changed only when the verb of reporting Speech is in past
tense.
Formulae:
1st form 2nd form had+3rd form
Set-I Set-II
1st form---------------2nd form Is/are/am--------------------was/were
2nd form--------------had +3rd form Was/were----------------had been+3rd form
Had+3rd form------- No Change Had been+3rd form--------------No Change
Set-III Set-IV
Can -------------------Could used to-----------------used to
May ----------- -------Might has/have-------------- had +3 rd form
Will/shall ------------Would Must ----------------- -must
Do/does not ---------did not did not -----------------had not+3 rd from
3. Change of certain words:

This into that These into those Here into there Hence into thence
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Now into then Thus into so Ago into before Today into that day
Tomorrow into next day Yesterday into previous day Last into previous
Assertive sentence
A statement about something which may be positive or negative, is called assertive
sentence. e.g. Mohsin writes a book.
Rules:
said into--------------told-------that
Says/will say/has said into--------------tells/will tell/ has told------that
(In such cases there will be no change of tense)
Examples:
1) She said," I have passed". (Direct)
She told that she had passed. (Indirect)
2) She said, “I have failed". (Direct)
She told that she had failed (Indirect)
3) She says to me, “I have finished my work.”
She tells me that she has finished her work.
Exercise No. 1
1) He says, " Allah is the most Merciful, the most beneficent."
2) He says, "I am a humble man and do not wish to offend anyone."
3) He has said, "The moment I read my father's letter, I realized my mistake."
4) The old man has said, "Birds of a feather flock together."
5) The teacher says, "The inspector will visit our school tomorrow."
6) She will say, "I do not like urban life."
7) I say to my son, "If you come first in the examination, I shall give you a wrist
watch."
8) The guests say, "We do not know a lot about your country."
9) Our teacher says to us, "You cannot please everybody in this world."
10) I shall say to him, "You have broken the window pane."
Exercise No. 2
1) He says, “We do not like this house because it is too dirty.”
2) The teacher says to us, "I did not ask you to come here.”
3) " Good - bye,' says he, as he shut the door.
4) They have said to him, " Sir, we. are very sorry for coming late today. "
5) My father has said to us, "All right, I allow, you to go to the picture today. "
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6) He says, " I laughed at the people and now people laugh at me. "
7) She has said to me, " My love, I will die without you. "
8) They say to me, " Sir, we want to go to the garden today with you. "
9) She says to us, " Well, I am going to tell you a very strange story tonight "
10) You say to her, " Madam, I shall leave this book here on your table today. "
Exercise No. 3
1. He said to us," I know what you mean to do."
2. The son said to the father," I was not flying kites."
3. Khalid said, "My uncle has written a book."
4. We said to him," You have not told us the truth in this case."
5. She said to us," Yes, I shall invite you to tea on my birth day.
6. They said to him," Sir, we are very sorry for telling a lie to your face today."
7. He said," I shall return these books to you tomorrow."
8. The host said to the guests," My wife will be maker tea for you.""
9. You said," Our team will be playing a friendly match today."
10. I said to her," You can tell me the story which you heard from him yesterday."
Exercise No. 4
1. Komal said to us, “ I do not like to go to him because he always abuses me"
2. She said," My son built a new house but I refused to live in it.'
3. She said to the principal, “ Madam, I shall attend my classes regularly in
future."
4. " I dismiss you from your job," said the officer to the clerk.
5. "Yes mother," said Javid," I slapped the servant on his face, but I am sorry for
that now."
6. She said to me,' Sir, I did not sleep the whole night because your dogs were
barking at somebody."
7. "Life," said she, "is not a bed of roses."
8. "No," said he to her, " You cannot sleep here in this room without my
permission."
9. " Hello! Aslam," said she, " You have again come here after Interrogative
Sentence.
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Interrogative sentences
A sentence that is used to ask a question is called an interrogative sentence.
e.g. What is your name?
Question may be asked either with WH words or with Helping Verbs
Rules:
WH Words -----------------said into----------asked--------WH Words + S+ verb.
Helping Verbs-------------said into-------- --asked---------if -------------S+ verb.
Examples:
1. She said to me," Where do you live?”
She asked me where I lived.
2. I said to her," Have you solved all the questions? "
I asked her if she had solved all the problems.
Exercise No. 5
1. She said to me," Where were you going yesterday?”
2. I said to him," When did you buy this house?”
3. He said to his partner," How can we start a business once again?”
4. She said," Will you decorate your house on your marriage?”
5. I said to her," Have you attempted all the questions? "
6. The teacher said to the student," When did Pakistan come into being?
7. She said to me," What can I do for you?”
8. He said to me," What is your father?”
9. The old man said to me, “Am I too old to learn any thing now ?"
10. The policeman said to the taxi driver," Why did you refuse to take these ladies
to the railway station? "
Exercise No. 6
1. He said to me," When does your father intend to leave the country?"
2. "Why," said the doctor to the patient, “did you not take this medicine
yesterday?".
3. She said to me, "Will you go to Lahore today or tomorrow morning?"
4. The officer said," Who is creating disturbance in the meeting?”
5. I said to her," Will you take the examination this year?"
6. She said to them," Did you see the snake in the compound of this house?”
7. I said to the scholar," How should we lead our daily life?”
8. She said to me," Are you really suffering from, fever now?”
9. He said to me," Which newspapers do you read?”
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10. I said to him, "Whom were you abusing yesterday?"

Exercise No. 7
1) She said to me, "Do you get up early in the morning? "
2) He said to me, " Can you tell me the way to .the post office?"
3) I said to Amir, "Are you ready to go out for a walk with me?"
4) My father said to me, "Did you forget to, wind the watch?"
5) She said to me, "Can you lend me your book for a few days?"
6) The poet said, "Witt no one tell me what she sings?"
7) The baby said to her mother, "May I have another glass of orange juice?"
8) I said to her, " Have you ever lived here ?"
9) She said to her driver, "Can you drive a little more slowly, please ?"
10) She said to Raza, "Was he preparing well for the examination ?"
Exercise No. 8
1) She said to me, "Who teaches you English?"
2) She said to him, "When 'do you go out for a walk?"
3) The student said to the teacher, "What is the colour of our new uniform?"
4) The baby said to her mother, "When is my birthday?"
5) He said to me, "Why do you ask so many questions?"
6) I said to Waqar, "How have you got a good gardener who looks after your
roses?"
7) The host said to the guest, "What do you want to take in your lunch?"
8) I said to the old man, "Whom do you consider to be the happiest man on the
earth?"
9) He asked me, "Where can I find a good magazine?"
10) She said to him, "Who are you, what is your name, where do you live, how old
are you and what do you want?"
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Imperative sentences
Def: A sentence which expresses some command, request, forbiddance, advice
orsuggestion is called imperative sentence. e.g.Please give me your pen.
Rules:
For request --------------------said into----------requested-------- to+ 1st form
For order ----------------------said into----------ordered---------- to+1st form
For forebearnce -------------- said into----------Forabde--------- to+1st form
For let (me, him, her, them)-said into----------requested-------- to+1st form
For let(us) ---------------------said into----------proposed--------that we should+1st
form
Examples:
1. She said to me," Kindly lend me your pen."
She requested me to lend her my pen.
2. He said to me," Do not tease me now."
He forbade me to tease him then.
Or
He requested me not to teases him then.
3. I said to her," Bring a cup of tea for me."
I ordered her to bring a cup of tea for me.
4. He said, “let us go.”
He proposed that we should go.
5. She said, “Let me sleep.”
She requested to let her sleep.
Exercise No.9
1. She said to me," Lend me your book, please."
2. I said to the servant," Go away from here."
3. He said to her," Do not tell a lie.",
4. The post man said tome, "Sign this receipt, please."
5. Father said to me," Do not disturb me now."
6. The Gerneral said to the soldiers," Shoot"
7. He said to the visitor," Please wait for a few minutes."
8. The Headmaster said to the boys," Never come late.”
9. I said to my younger brother, “Don't keep bad company."
10. She said to her servant," Go and bring a tonga for me."
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Exercise No. 10
1. I said to my sister," Please bring a cup of tea for me."
2. She said to the peon," Leave the room and do not come again."
3. The teacher said to him," Work hard so that you may pass."
4. The old woman said to me, "Help this needy person."
5. I said to him," Run at once or you will miss the train."
6. My father said to me," If you feel fear, switch on the light"
7. "Do not argue with your elders," said I to her.
8. The doctor said to the patient," Come to me tomorrow morning without
having your breakfast"
9. I said to her, "Do not pluck flowers from this garden."
10. She said," Respect your teachers and do not disobey them.”
Exercise No. 11
1. My mother said, "Work as hard as you can."
2. She said," Children, do not jump into the water."
3. " Kindly grant me leave for two days," said he to the principal.
4. The teacher said to us, "Open your books and learn this poem by heart"
5. I said to my younger brother," Pay full attention to your work and do not
waste time".
6. The principal said to the boys," Be punctual and do not come late."
7. The teacher said to the students," Look at the black board and do not write
any thing."
8. The old man said," My son, work hard and do not quarrel among yourselves if
you want to be happy."
9. The mother said," Run away children and do not make a noise."
10. He said to me," Always trust in God and do not lose heart"
Exercise No. 12
1. I said to them, "Go on doing your duty."
2. My mother said to her, "Consult a lady doctor."
3. The teacher said to him, "Try your luck again."
4. The commander said to the soldiers, "March on."
5. I said to my teacher, "Kindly pardon me this time."
6. My mother said to me, "Do not betray your friends."
7. I said to him. "Do not be a coward."
8. She said to him, "Do not make promises you cannot keep."
9. I said to my brother, "Be honest and do not misuse your authority."
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10. She said to him. "Go away and do not show me your face again."
The Use Of Let

1. He said, “Let me do my work.” (Direct)
He said," Let me do my work." (Direct)
2. He requested to let him do his work. (Indirect)
She said to me, "Let me go my home now.'" (Direct)
3. She requested me to let her go her home then. (Indirect)
The officer said to the peon," Let the old woman come in."
4. The officer ordered the peon to let the old woman come in.
She said, "Let us go for a walk.”(Direct)
5. She proposed that they should go for a walk. (Indirect)
6. The Captain said to the players," Let us start game."
The Captain proposed (suggested) to the players that they should start game.
Exercise No. 13
1. They said," Let us study now."
2. He said to his wife," Let us engage a tutor for our son."
3. We said, "Let us go to take bath."
4. They said," Let us see how the wind blows."
5. The postman said to him," Let me hand over this parcel to her.
6. The peon said to the boys," Let me ring the bell otherwise the principal will
scold me."
7. He said," Let me sleep”
8. They said, "Let us make merry."
9. Nasim said to his sister," Let me go on with my work."
10. My friend said to me," Let us go to see the village fair. "
Exercise No. 14
1) I said, "Let him do what he likes."
2) The old man said, "Let us pray to God so that He may bless us."
3) He said to the peon, "Do not let him come in."
4) My wife said to me," Let us do something for the welfare of our children,"
5) The officer said to the policeman, "Do not let him run away."
6) He said," Let us dive into the river."
7) I said," Let him follow his own heart"
8) She said to me," Let us forget the past and be friends again."
9) They said, "Let us go to the principal and-demand a holiday."
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10) She said to me," Let me kiss your hand to express my love."
Exercise No. 15
1) He said, "Let me go to the fair."
2) "Let the stranger come in" said he to his servant.
3) She said, "Let me have my own way in every matter."
4) My brother said, "Let me make good this loss myself."
5) He said, "Let us play at cards to kill time."
6) Ali said, "Let us make merry today."
7) She said to me, "Let us find the solution of this problem."
8) He said, "Let us go to inquire after Naeem's health."
9) One of the students said, "Let us go to the Principal and explain our difficulty."
10) He said to his friends, "Let us discuss this problem to find a way out."
Exclamatory Sentences
A sentence which expresses strong feelings of sorrow, happiness or wonder is called
exclamatory sentence. e.g. What a pretty bird!
Rules:
For sorrow------- said into--------------exaclaimed with sorrw-------- that
For happiness -----said into-------------- exaclaimed with joy---------- that
For wonder ------- said into-------------- exaclaimed with wonder----- that
Examples:
1. She said," Hurrah! I have passed". (Direct)
She exclaimed with joy that she had passed. (Indirect)
2. She said, “Alas! I have failed". (Direct)
She exclaimed with sorrow that she had failed (Indirect)
3. She said, “What a lovely child it is!”
She exclaimed with wonder that it was a very lovely child.
4. She said, " How high these mountains are !"
She exclaimed with wonder that those mountains were very high.
5. She said to me, " Ah ! I am undone. "
She exclaimed with sorrow and told me that she was undone.
Exercise No. 16
1) The baby said, " Aha ! Father will bring many toys for me. "
2) They said, * Ah ! The house of our friend has caught fire. "
3) They said, " What a great man our leader was !"
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4) She said, " Alas ! I have lost my precious necklace."

5) I said to him," What a stupid fellow you are!"
6) She said, " Ala; ! I have always. been hated and deceived. "
7) She said to me, * Bravo ! You did your work nicely. "
8) The old man said, " Alas ! I have done what cannot be undone. "
9) They said, " Hurrah ! We all have been declared successful by the principal "
10) She said to me, “What I cruel deed these robbers have done!"
Exercise No. 17
1) The old man said, " Alas ! My only son has been kidnapped by somebody."
2) She said, "How sweetly this bird sings!"
3) She said, "Alas ! I have spoiled my children. "
4) I said to my wife, " What a delicious dish you have prepared f of me today!"
5) He said, "How happy she was to see me!"
6) They said, " Alas ! We have not been able to win the match. "
7) The poor man said, "-Alas ! I have no hut to protect myself from this rain."
8) They said, “ Aha ! We shall go to Makkah to perform Hajj.
9) He said, "Alas! I could not look after my old mother properly.
10) The guests said, “ How sweet these mangoes taste ! "
Exercise No. 18
1) She said, "Aha! My father is taking me to Swat tomorrow."
2) He said, "Alas! My brother has met with an accident."
3) The poor woman said, "Alas ! I have no hut to protect myself from the rain."
4) He said, "What a beautiful horse I have bought!"
5) She said, "How lovely it is in the moonlight!"
6) The baby said, "Hurrah ! My father has returned from America."
7) The young man said, "How pretty the girl is!"
8) We said, "Bravo! Akbar, you have played very well."
9) The old woman said, "Alas! My only son has been kidnapped by anyone."
10) The little child .said, "What a beautiful bird there is in the tree!
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Optative sentences
Def: A sentence which expresses some wish, pray or curse is called optative
sentence. e.g.May you live long!
Rules:
For pray-------- said into--------------prayed----------that---------pronoun+ might
For curse-------said into-------------- cursed----------that---------pronoun+ might
For wish--------said into-------------- wished----- ----that-------- pronoun+ might
Examples:
1. She said, "May you pass the examination! "(Direct)
She prayed that I might pass the examination. (Indirect)
2. She said, "May you fail in the examination!" (Direct)
She cursed that I might fail in the examination. (Indirect)
3. She said to me, "May you live long! "(Direct)
She prayed for me that I might live long. (Indirect)
4. He said, “I wish, you were there” "(Direct)
He wished that I had been there. (Indirect)
Exercise No. 19
1) My mother said, " May you be successful in this examination ! "
2) My father said, " May Pakistan prosper by leaps and bounds ! "
3) The mourner said, "May the departed soul rest in peace!"
4) She said to them, " May you be ruined ! "
5) The students said, " May our school be closed tomorrow for aweek!"
6) My mother said, " May you return home quite safe and sound ! "
7) She said, " May God give me strength to bear this loss ! "
8) The old lady said to them, " May you go to hell !"
9) They said, " May God save us from the hands of these cruel moneylenders!"
10) My mother said, " May every Muslim become a true follower of Islam!"
ExereiseNo.20
1) She said, "Would that my father were alive!"
2) He said, " Would that I were the only son of a very rich man!
3) We said to him," Would that you were with us during our visit to Swat!"
4) The students said, "Would that we had worked hard!"
5) The old man said, " Would that we were children again ! "
6) The politician said," Would that I were the Prime Minister of Pakistan!"
7) They said, "Would that we had attended the funeral of that saint!"
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8) He said," Would that I had stood by my friends through thick and thin!"
9) They said," Would that our business had progressed by leaps and bounds!"
10) The girl said, "Would that I were a boy!"
Exercise No. 21
1) The mourners said, "May God grant peace to the departed soul!"
2) They said, May every Muslim become a true follower of lslam!"
3) The mother said, "May heaven protect my helpless son!" " .
4) The children said, "May our school be closed tomorrow!"
5) The poor man said in agony, "May you be ruined!"
6) She said, "Good bye, my son, may you prosper!"
7) They said, "Oh that I were born in a rich family!"
8) The poet said, "O that I were a child again!"
9) He said, "Would that it were the spring season!"
10) He said, "Would that I were born a king!"
(The Use Of Should, Must, Can, Could,

May, Might, etc.)
Exercise No. 22
1) He said to me, "You should pay his debt today."
2) Our teacher said, "Good students should observe the discipline of the college."
3) My father said to me, "You must do your duty honestly and diligently."
4) I said to her, “You ought to respect your old parents."
5) He said, "We should not injure our elders* feelings."
6) She said, "I could not pocket an insult in this matter."
7) The inspector said to the people, "You could catch the thief easily if you tried."
8) She said, "I worked hard so that I might get good marks."
9) He said to his father, "They went to Lahore so that they might visit the
historical places."
10) I said to my wife, "Our son should have come back from college till now."
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MISCELLANEOUS
Exercise.23
1) The teacher said to me, "I am always asking you to work hard."
2) He said to me* "Are you laughing?"
3) He said to me, "Why are you laughing?"
4) Aslam said, "Let us sing together."
5) She said, "Hurrah! Good time has come."
6) My father said to me, "Give up smoking or you will spoil your health."
7) The old man said, "Alas 11 have been wasting my life."
8) She said to me; " May God bless you with prosperity !"
9) The patient said, "What a horrible dream I have seen!"
10) She said, "Would that I were rich!"
Exercise No. 24
11) He said to me, "I do not want to go out for fishing.
12) My father said to me, "Whom are you talking to?"
13) The stranger said to the policeman, "Do you know where the president lives?"
14) "Sit down, you naughty boy," said the teacher angrily.
15) The old woman said, "My days are numbered."
16) The teacher said, "Let us be serious and do the work."
17) "Ah ! I did not avail myself of this opportunity." Said the old man.
18) The Principal said to the students, "You should observe the discipline of the
college."
19) "How mean you are !" said he, to his friend.
20) He said to me, "Don't disturb me. Mind your own business."
Exercise No. 25
21) "Let us go out in the rain and enjoy ourselves," They said
22) He says, "I am tired of this place."
23) The teacher said to the boy, "Why are you so late ' today, when will you learn
to be in time?"
24) She said to me, "I worked hard so that I might get first position."
25) His father said, "How have you fared in the examination?"
26) The magistrate said to the police, "Open fire."
27) "Come in and have a cup of tea," said the lady to the visitor.
28) I said, "What a big fool he is!" The girl said, "No, I cannot tell you how this
happened."
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29) She said, "Alas ! How spendthrift I have been."

Exercise No. 26
30) The father said to his son, "Don't make lame excuses."
31) The teacher said to us, "You ought to respect your elders."
32) Let him go to the hospital and get some medicine," said he.
33) She said to her son, "Take care of yourself and write to me off and on."
34) The general said, "Bravo! A good attempt."
35) The teacher said to the boys, "Did I not tell you that I will not take your class
today?"
36) She said, "What a wonderful gift!"
37) She said to me, "What do you intend to do after passing your examination?"
38) The doctor said, "My patient is getting better and he will soon be able to walk."
39) The teacher said to the boy, "I have marked you absent."
Exercise No. 27
40) She wrote me a letter and said, "I am unable to attend your birthday party as
my mother is ill."
41) We said to him, "What does it matter if we miss the train?"
42) He said to me, "Are you in a mood to work ?"
43) All the people said, "May her soul rest in peace !"
44) He said to me, "Thank, you for all your help, I couldn't have finished my work
unless you were there."
45) The mother said, ,"Let me see what you have got in your hand."
46) She said to him, "Well, Sir, My brother will not come to take me from school
today because he is suffering from fever."
47) The officer said to the peon, "Come in time, otherwise you will be turned out."
48) The patient said to the doctor, "How great a blessing of God health is!"
49) "What do you want here at this time of the night ? " she
50) The stranger said to the policeman, "Do you know where the president lives?"
Exercise No. 28
51) "Sit down, you naughty boy," said the teacher angrily.
52) The old woman said, "My days are numbered."
53) The teacher said, "Let us be serious and do the work."
54) "Ah ! I did not avail myself of this opportunity." Said the old man.
55) The Principal said to the students, "You should observe the discipline of the
college."
56) "How mean you are !" said he to his friend.
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57) He said to me, "Don't disturb me* Mind your own business."
58) He said to me, "Please, wait here till I return”
59) The man said to the little boy, "Why are you here? Don't you know your way
home?
60) The little girl said, "How pretty I look in this dress.
Exercise No. 29
61) "Let us go out in the rain and enjoy ourselves," They said,*
62) He, says, "I am tired of this place."
63) The teacher said to the boy, "Why are you so late ' today, when will you learn
to be in time?"
64) She said to me, "I worked hard so that I might get first position."
65) His father said, "How have you fared in the examination?"
66) The magistrate said to the police, "Open fire."
67) "Come in and have a cup of tea," said the lady to the visitor.
68) I said, "What a big fool he is !
69) The girl said, "No, I cannot tell you how this happened."
70) She said, "Alas ! How spendthrift I have been."
Exercise No. 30
71) The father said to his son, "Don't make lame excuses."
72) The teacher said to us, "You ought to respect your elders.”
73) Let him go to the hospital and get some medicine," said he.
74) She said to her son, "Take care of yourself and write to me off and on."
75) The general said, "Bravo ! A good attempt."
76) The teacher said to the boys, "Did I not tell you that I will not take your class
today?"
77) She said, "What a wonderful gift!"
78) She said to me, "What do you intend to do after passing your examination?"
79) The doctor said, "My patient is getting better and he will soon be able to walk."
80) The teacher said to the boy, "I have marked you absent."
Exercise No. 31
81) She wrote me a letter and said, "I am unable to attend your birthday party as
my mother is ill."
82) We said to him, "What does it matter if we miss the train?"
83) He said to me, "Are you in a mood to work?"
SCHOLARS ACADEMY
84) All the people said, "May her soul rest in peace!"
85) He said to me, "Thank you for all your help, I couldn't have finished my work
unless you were there."
86) The mother said, ,"Let me see what you have got in your hand."
87) She said to him, "Well, Sir, My brother will not come to take me from school
today because he is suffering from fever."
88) The officer said to the peon, "Come' in time, otherwise you will be turned out."
89) The patient said to the doctor, "How great a blessing Of God health is!"
90) "What do you want here at this time of the night?" she said to the stranger. .
Exercise No. 32
91) "Wipe your shoes," she said, "When you come into the home."
92) I said to my brother, "Let me go alone and find if everything is all right."
93) The teacher said to the student, "Foolish ! Why have you disturbed the class in
this way? I have told you before when I am speaking, you should be silent."
94) Saima said, "Good-bye, friends, we shall meet after the vacation."
95) "Foolish", said the officer to his clerk, "Why were you absent yesterday?"
96) He said, "Remember, a bad workman always quarrels iwith his tools."
97) She said to her daughter, "How long do you intend to stay with your aunt?"
98) I said to my son, "You must keep the bad boys at arm's length."
99) He said, "Alas! I have been cheated, will you help me to catch the rogue."
100) "Forward my men, said the General, "and face the foe bravely."
Exercise No, 33
101) Afzal said, "How beautiful is the day!"
102) She said, "My brother will beat you for your misbehaviour."
103) The king said to the queen. "If I die, take care of my people."
104) She said to him, "Do you go out for a walk?"
105) She said to him, "When do you go out for a walk?"
106) She said, "Alas! All my hopes are now at an end."
107) The poor man cried in agony, "May you be ruined!"
108) He said, "What a beautiful town! I will live here for the rest of my life."
109) The soldier said, "Hurrah ! We have been victorious."
110) "Let us go to cinema today," said Ali to his friends."
Exercise No. 34
111) My mother said, "Take a look at yourself in the mirror."
112) He said to her, " Why do you like loose clothes?"
113) He said, "Let me have a cake."
SCHOLARS ACADEMY
114) Asif said, "How lazy I have been !"

115) She says, "I shall attend the meeting tomorrow if I get the invitation."
116) The barbar said to me, "Would you like to have your hair cut?"
117) I said to Ali, "Let us stay at home."
118) She said to him, "Please get out and do not come again."
119) I said to him, "Would that you had stood first in the class!"
120) The Principal said, "Hurrah ! The result of our college has been excellent."
Exercise No. 35
121) She said to him, "Sir, I am your student and shall always obey your
commands."
122) He said to me, "Will you stand by me through thick and thin?"
123) Aslam said to us, "Let us pluck some apples from here,"
124) The teacher said to me, "My friend, it pains me to see that you cannot
understand the simple thing that I am trying to teach you."
125) "What a stupid fellow you are !" said my uncle to me."
126) Mother said, "May my only son be healthy and strong !"
127) Father, said to me, "Where did you go yesterday'?"
128) She said to her sister, "If you wish to see me come at nine."
129) She says, "I have been ill and no body helped me."
130) She said to me, "How lucky you are to win this prize !'
Exercise No. 36
131) He said to Riffat, "Will you dine at my house this evening ?"
132) I said to him, "Dog, you have been very mean."
133) His mother said to him, "All, be sensible and do as you are told."
134) The teacher said to me, "Why have you made this mistake?"
135) "Hurrah ! We have won the match," shouted me captain.
136) The teacher said to the students, "I hate the students cheating in the
examination."
137) The beggar said angrily, "May you go to the hell!"
138) He said, "If you are rich, help the poor."
139) He said, "Let us play at cards .now."
140) The merchant said, "Alas! I have been reduced to poverty."
Exercise No. 37
141) As she failed she said, "Alas I am ruined."
142) The old man said to him. "Fool, you are not to go there."
143) The teacher said to us, "Mind your own business and don't whisper to others
SCHOLARS ACADEMY
or I shall frame unfair means cases against you."

144) She said to the teacher, Good morning Madam, May I attend your class for a
few days?"
145) He said, "Let them discuss that matter." They said, "May it not rain today!"
146) I said to her, "What do you want now? Can I do any thing for you?"
147) I said to him, "How can I reach the station now?"
148) I said to him, "You stupid person, you have crashed all flowers under your
feet."
149) Our teacher said, "A little knowledge is a dangerous thing,"
150) He said to her, "Why are you pale today?"
Exercise No. 38
151) He said to me, "I shall give you the book tomorrow which you have been
asking me for these many days."
152) "Revise your lesson 'quietly and don't make a noise," said the tired teacher.
153) I said to her, "When will you return the book I gave you last week?"
154) The fox said to the crow, "How beautiful you look in your shining black
costume!"
155) He said to me, " I shall have sent you to the prison, you rogue."
156) Farman said to me, "When will you return my book?"
157) The commander said, "Fire."
158) "Bring me a sheet of paper," said the teacher to the boys.
159) Ikram said to me, "I am going to show you a wonderful thing I came by
today."
160) He said to the little boy, "Why are you moving about here? Don't you know
your way home ?"
Exercise No. 39
161) He said to me, "Please $it here till I return."
162) The little girl said, "How pretty I look with my new hat on!"
163) She says, "I shall attend the meeting tomorrow if I get the invitation."
164) The Headmaster said to us, "Be punctual and don't come late to your classes."
165) I said .to her, "What do you want now? Can I do anything more for you ?"
166) The teacher said to me, "What a lazy boy. you are! How badly you have done
your work !"
167) The boy said to the teacher, "Please do not punish me this time."
168) Mother said to me, "I shall give you this book if you promise not to tease your
sister this time."
SCHOLARS ACADEMY
169) Samina said to Adeeba, "Do you like the book I gave you?"
170) She said, "What a beautiful bird I see!"
Exercise No. 40
171) Father said to me, "Attend to your studies seriously and don't waste time."
172) He said to you, "When will you return my book?"
173) The teacher said to me, "What a stupid boy you are?"
174) He said to me, "I called at your house yesterday."
175) Ikram said to her, "I shall be grateful to you if you try to help my sister out of
this difficulty."
176) The old lady said. "My son, follow my advice if you want success in life."
177) The teacher said to me, "How beautifully you write!"'
178) She says to her brother, "I am ready to help you in English if you want my
help."
179) The manager said to the peon, "Why are you standing here? Don't you see I
am busy?"
180) Ikram said to me, "I am going to show you a came by today."
Exercise No. 41
181) The old lady said to me, "May you live long my son I"
182) The teacher said, "Afzal, keep quiet and don't disturb the class."
183) The teacher said to us, "Please treat the animals kindly and don't tease them."
184) The children said, "How sweet these mangoes taste!"
185) The teacher said to the boys, "If you follow my advice, you will find your
difficulty solved."
186) She said to the boys, "Isn't it the time when you should go and read your
books?"
187) She said to me, "I see that you are not up to the mark in English.”
188) Afzal said to her, "Please lend me your book for a few days, I want it badly."
189) The teacher said to the boys, "Do you understand me?"
190) The fox said to the-crow, "How sweet your voice should be!"
Exercise No.42
191) She said to me, "I shall lend you my book for a few days if you want it badly."
192) Mother said, "Afzal, how pleased I am at your brilliant success!" '
193) The teacher said to us, "Help your poor neighbours, don't look down upon
them."
194) Father said to me, "What are you doing here at this time of the day ?"
195) The boy said, "Father, I have lost the money you gave me for books."
SCHOLARS ACADEMY
196) The traveller said to the peasant, "can you tell me the way to the nearest inn?"
197) He says, "I shall go as soon as it is possible."
198) She said, "It gives me the greatest pleasure to be here this evening."
199) My teacher often says to me, "If you do not work hard, you will fail."
200) The lecturer said, "Akbar won the respect of all races and classes by his
justice."
Exercise No. 43
201) The soldier said, "It will be an honour to die for my country."
202) "Why did you not store up food during the summer?" said the ant to the
grasshopper.
203) They said, "Bravo ! Imran, what a shot."
204) My grandfather said, "Would that the Quaid-e-Azam were alive these days to
see our fate !"
205) "Walk on tip toes/She whispered to me, "and don't wake mother."
206) She said to her mother, "How lucky you are to win this prize'!"
207) Aslam said to me, "Brazil has defeated Italy in the final of the world cup."
208) My sister said to me, "Let us go together and ask for more money from
mother."
209) The visitor said to me, "Is there a good restaurant in this town?*
210) The doctor said to the patient, "Do not take eggs and sweets."
Exercise No.44
211) I said to him, "It is a fishy story from the beginning to the end."
212) The customer said to the shopkeeper, "Why do you always give a short
measure?"
213) She taught us, "The moon is satellite of the earth."
214) The teacher said, "What a foolish mistake!"
215) She said to him, "Let me press your clothes."
216) Sohail said, "We should observe the traffic rules."
217) I said to her, "Are you going to become a doctor?"
218) The hunter said, "Would that I had shot down many birds today!"
219) She said, Alas! All my hopes have dashed to the ground.
220) The teacher said, "He deserves punishment."
Exercise No. 45
221) He said to me, "I will see you tomorrow evening
222) The teacher said, "Don't waste your holidays in playing."
223) "Where are your manners?" said the father to his
SCHOLARS ACADEMY
224) "Haven't you learnt to speak politely?"

225) "Foolish" said the master, "Why have you disturb in my sleep?"
226) The teacher said to the students, "Look at the blackboard and do not write
anything."
227) We said, "What a great man our leader is!"
228) She said, "How nice of you to come here!"
229) They cried, "Aha! What a good news."
230) He said to me, "Why are you so pale today?"
Exercise No. 46
231) The father said, "My son, I live for you."
232) I said to my servant, "Go to the bazar and get me some fruit."
233) My mother said to me, "You should go to Lahore either by car or by train."
234) He said, "How sad she was!"
235) Mother said, "Child, go and comb your hair proper!
236) The father asked with impatience, "Are you going to keep me waiting for the
whole night?"
237) He said to me, "May you recover your stolen car today!"
238) They said, "Would that we had not failed to see that magic show!"
239) Samina said, "Alas! I have lost my precious necklace."
240) Ikram said to her, " I shall be grateful to' you if you try to help my sister out of
this difficulty.”
Exercise No. 47
241) My pen friend said to me, "If you .write to me about your country, I shall be
highly pleased."
242) The old man said to his sons, "I am dying and I wish you to get all my riches."
243) The beggar said to the rich lady, "will you not pity the suffering of an old and
miserable man?"
244) "Do you really come from America? How do you feel in Pakistan?" said I to the
stranger.
245) I said to him, "What do you mean by this? Are you trying to defraud me?"
246) My father said to me, "Beware of the fair weather friends."
247) I said to my friend, "Let us start a new business with our joint capital, but he
refused."
248) He said, "What a pitiable condition I am in !"
249) The merchant said to his friend, "Alas! I have been reduced to. poverty.”
250) Man is mortal and soul is immortal, "said the saint.
SCHOLARS ACADEMY
SYNTHESIS OF SENTENCES
Synthesis of Sentences is the opposite of transformation of sentences and means combination
of a number of simple sentences into one new sentence. That new sentence might be either
simple sentence or a compound sentence or a complex sentence.
The following are the chief ways of combining two or more Simple Sentences into one
Simple Sentence.
1. By using a Participle:
• He saw me. He ran away.
• seeing me, he ran away.
2. By using a noun or a phrase in apposition:
• This is my friend. His name is Ali.
• This is my friend Ali.
3. By using a preposition with noun or gerund:
• He has failed many times. He still hopes to win.
• Having failed for many times, he still hopes to win.
• Her husband died. She heard the news. She fainted.
• On hearing the news of the death of her husband, she fainted.
4. By using, Nominative Absolute Construction:
• The soldiers arrived. The mob dispersed.
• The soldiers having arrived, the mob dispersed.
• The town was enclosed by strong wall. The enemy was unable to capture it.
• The town having been enclosed by strong wall, the enemy was unable to capture it.
5. By using an infinitive:
• I have some duties. I must perform them.
• I have some duties to perform.
• We must finish this exercise. There are still three sentences.
• We have still three sentences in this exercise to finish.
• He wanted to educate his son. He sent him to London.
• He sent his son to London to educate him.
• He is very fat. He can not run.
• He is very fat to run.
6. By using an adverb or an Adverbial Phrase:
• He deserved to succeed. He failed.
• He failed undeservedly.
• The sun set. The boys had not finished the game.
• The boys had not finished the game by sunset.
SYNTHESIS OF SENTENCES BY USING CONJUNCTION
Synthesis of Sentences is the process of combining simple sentences, using Coordinative

Conjunctions, to form Compound Sentences.
Example :
The wind blew. The rain fell. The lightning flashed.
There are sentences. Now, we can combine all these three sentences to form a Compound
Sentence.
The wind blew, the rain fell and the lightning flashed.
This sentence is a Compound Sentence.
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CONJUNCTION
Conjunction is derived from a Latin word 'conjunctio' which means joining together.
Def: “Conjunction is a word used to join words or group of words, clauses and sentences”. Or
Examples:
1 The conjunctions in the following examples are printed in bold type.
We could go to the library, or we could go to the park.
2 He neither finished his homework nor studied for the test.
3 I went out because the sun was shining.
KIND OF CONJUNCTIONS
1 Co-ordinating
2 Sub-ordinating
A. CO-ORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS COORDINATORS:
Coordinating means “of equal ranks or equal status”
Def: “Conjunctions which join sentences of equal ranks are called Co-ordinating conjunctions”.
Coordinate conjunctions are used to join two similar grammatical constructions; for instance, two
words, two phrases or two clauses.
 My friend and I will attend the meeting.
 Kashmir is famous for its beauty and the hospitality of its people.
 The sun rose and the birds began to sing.
In the following table, each coordinate conjunction is followed by its meaning and an example of
its use. Note the use of inverted word order in the clause beginning with nor.
and: in addition She tried and succeeded.

but: however They tried but did not succeed.
or: alternatively Did you go out or stay at home?
nor: and neither I did not see it, nor did they.
yet: however The sun is warm, yet the air is cool.
CLASSES OF CO-COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
There are four kinds of co-ordinating conjunctions:
1. Cumulative
2. Adversative
3. Alternative
4. Illative
1.Cumulative or Copulative:
SCHOLARS ACADEMY
Def: “Those conjunctions which only add one statement to another statement.”
 Take this and give that.
2. Adversative Conjunctions:
Def: “Those conjunctions which only express opposition or contrast between two statements”.
 He is slow but is sure.
 I was upset, still I kept silent
3. Illative Conjunctions:
Def: “Those conjunctions which only express an inference”
 I saw him for I was there.
4. Disjunctive or alternative Conjunctions:
Def: “Those conjunctions which only express a choice between two alternatives.”
 Either he or his brother is at fault.
 Naeem or his friends are going there.
The coordinators may be reinforced by correlative expressions (of mutual relationship).
These Conjunctions are widely used in the process of Synthesis of Sentences.
1. Cumulative:
The Conjunctions which add one statement to another are called Cumulative.
Examples :
1. Night came on. The room grew dark.
Night came on and the room grew dark. Or
As the night came on, the room m grew dark.
2. He is a fool. He is a knave.
He is a fool and he is a knave.
He is not only a fool but also a knave.
He is a fool as well as a knave.
2. Adversative:
The Conjunctions which express opposition or contrast between two statements are called
Adversative. But, still, yet, nevertheless and however express a contrast between one sentence
and the other.
Examples:
1. He is slow. He is sure.
He is slow but he is sure.
2. I was annoyed. I kept quite.
I was annoyed, still I kept quite.
3. He failed. He persevered.
He failed, nevertheless he persevered.
4. He will not oppose my design. I can not approve of it.
He will not oppose my design; however, I can not approve of it.
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5. He was all right. He was fatigued.

He was all right; only He was fatigued.
3. Alternative:
The Conjunctions which express a choice between two alternatives are called Alternative.
The conjunctions or, either…or and neither…nor express a choice between two alternatives.
Examples:
• Make haste. You will be late.
• Make haste or you will be late.
• Come in. Go out.
• Come in or go out.
• Either come in or go out.
• Do be a borrower. Do be a lender.
• Be neither a borrower nor a lender.
4. Illative:
The Conjunctions which express an inference are called Illative. The conjunctions therefore, for,
so, then, hence etc… join sentences in which one statement is inferred from the other.
Examples :
1. He was obstinate. He was punished.

He was obstinate; therefore he was punished.
As he was obstinate, he was punished.
2. I can not see. It is very dark outside.
It is very dark outside so I can not see.
I can not see for it is very dark outside.
3. It is raining heavily. I shall stay at home.
It is raining heavily, so I shall stay at home.
SCHOLARS ACADEMY
2. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
Def: “Correlative conjunctions are used in pairs, in order to show the relationship between the ideas expressed in
different parts of a sentence.”
both ... and He is both intelligent and good-natured.

either ... or I will either go for a walk or read a book.
neither ... nor He is neither rich nor famous.
hardly ... when/before He had hardly begun to work, when he was interrupted.
no sooner ... than No sooner had I reached the corner, than the bus came.
not only ... but also She is not only clever, but also hard-working.
rather ... than I would rather go swimming than go to the library.
Lest ----should Walk carefully lest you should fall.
No less----than I am no less than you are.
No other-----than He was no other than Ali.
Would rather-----than I would rather you go by train. I would rather sleep than play.
Not to speak of------even Not to speak of milk even water is not available there.
Too-----to This hospital is too big to visit in a day.
The same-----as/that He is the same boy as/that I met last day.
al/though-----yet Although our coach was not efficient yet our team played well.
Such-----as I do not like such boys as are naughty.
Such a ------that I saw such a beautiful lady that I cannot tell you.
Nothing else----but It is nothing else but a lie.
whether----or Whether you go or not, I shall go to attend the party.
so that--------may He works hard so that he may get through the examination.
So ------as(negative) He is not so happy as I am. {not so +adjective + as +Pr/N
As------as He is as happy as I am. {as +adjective +as Pr/N}
The same-----as/that He is the same boy as/that I met last day.
al/though-----yet Although our coach was not efficient yet our team played well.
Such-----as I do not like such boys as are naughty.
Such a ------that I saw such a beautiful lady that I cannot tell you.
Nothing else----but It is nothing else but a lie.
whether----or Whether you go or not, I shall go to attend the party.
so that--------may He works hard so that he may get through the examination.
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Direct and Indirect

2. He tells me that he takes oranges. (Indirect)

3. Change of certain words:

10. I said to him, "Whom were you abusing yesterday?"

The Use Of Let

4) She said, " Alas ! I have lost my precious necklace."

(The Use Of Should, Must, Can, Could,

29) She said, "Alas ! How spendthrift I have been."

114) Asif said, "How lazy I have been !"

or I shall frame unfair means cases against you."

224) "Haven't you learnt to speak politely?"

SYNTHESIS OF SENTENCES BY USING CONJUNCTION

Synthesis of Sentences is the process of combining simple sentences, using Coordinative

and: in addition She tried and succeeded.

CLASSES OF CO-COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

There are four kinds of co-ordinating conjunctions:

These Conjunctions are widely used in the process of Synthesis of Sentences.

5. He was all right. He was fatigued.

1. He was obstinate. He was punished.

both ... and He is both intelligent and good-natured.

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