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BY
CLARA PIRLITEANU
CLASS: HSS
Signature_______________ Date______________
1
The differences between anatomy and physiology
Anatomy and physiology are closely related concepts that are often studied together. In a few words,
anatomy is a study of the physical structure of an organism, while physiology involves the study of the
functions of individual structures and systems within an organism, as well as the function of an organism
as a whole. An understanding of anatomy is critical to the study of physiology, and learning about
physiology is important to people who want to understand how anatomical structures work.
In this assignment I will explain how the digestive and respiratory system works from an anatomical and
physiological point of view. After this I will make a survey interviewing 2 different people about their
digestive and respiratory illnesses. Based on my knowledge accumulated from making this assignment
and bases on the responses given by the 2 people I will try to explain the illnesses. At the end I will
explain what I have learned by doing this assignment.
The questions I chose to ask in my survey were chosen to know as much as possible about the person’s
illness. I tried to put clear and simple questions that are easily understand by people. I wanted to know
about the symptoms, if there is a cure and about the medication. The persons I interviewed are two
friends: one suffers of Stomach ulcers and the other one of Tuberculosis.
The digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic
nutrients to feed the entire body. Food passes through a long tube inside the body known as the
alimentary canal or the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). In addition to the alimentary canal, there are
several important accessory organs that help your body to digest food but do not have food pass through
them. Accessory organs of the digestive system include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver,
gallbladder, and pancreas.
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Digestive System Anatomy
Mouth
In the oral cavity teeth chop food into small pieces, which are moistened by saliva before the tongue and
other muscles push the food into the pharynx.
Pharynx
The pharynx is responsible for the passing of masses of chewed food from the mouth to the esophagus.
Esophagus
Is a muscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach. It carries swallowed masses of chewed food
along its length.
Stomach
This major organ acts as a storage tank for food so that the body has time to digest large meals properly.
Small Intestine
The folds of the small intestine are used to maximize the digestion of food and absorption of nutrients. By
the time food leaves the small intestine, around 90% of all nutrients have been extracted from the food
that entered it.
Liver and Gallbladder
The main function of the liver in digestion is the production of bile and its secretion into the small intestine.
The gallbladder is used to store and recycle excess bile from the small intestine.
Pancreas
The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine to complete the chemical digestion of
foods.
Large Intestine
The large intestine absorbs water and contains many symbiotic bacteria that aid in the breaking down of
wastes.
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Digestive System Physiology
Ingestion of food
Secretion of fluids and digestive enzymes
Mixing and Movement of food and waste through the body
Digestion of food into smaller pieces
Absorption of nutrients
Excretion of waste
Digestive
Food Particles
Organ Movement Juices
Broken Down
Used
Mouth Chewing Saliva Starches
Esophagus Swallowing None None
Upper muscle in stomach relaxes to let food
Stomach
Stomach enter and lower muscle mixes food with Protein
acid
digestive juice
Small
Starches,
intestine
Small intestine Peristalsis protein, and
digestive
carbohydrates
juice
Pancreatic Starches, fats,
Pancreas None juice and
protein
Liver None Bile acids Fats
The person I interviewed suffers from Peptic ulcer of the stomach. Stomach ulcers or gastric ulcers are
painful sores that develop in the stomach lining. They occur when the thick layer of mucus that protects
your stomach from digestive juices is reduced. The cause of stomach ulcers can be from an infection with
the bacteria Helicobacter pylori or by the long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines
(NSAIDs) such as aspirin and ibuprofen.
The person I interviewed has a stomach ulcers caused probably by the long term use of NSAIDs. If he
had an infection with Helicobacter pylori then the treatment would have consisted in the use of 2 different
antibiotics such as metronidazole and clarithromycin. He is taking just Zantac that reduces the amount of
acid the stomach produces, Bisodol that is an antiacid and treat the pain and discomfort caused by the
acid, and Cytotec that is used in the management and prophylaxis of peptic ulcers associated with use of
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In most patients Cytotec will heal the ulcers in 4 weeks.
The pain is caused by the ulcer and is aggravated by stomach acid coming in contact with the ulcerated
area.
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The respiratory system
The respiratory system provides oxygen to the body’s cells while removing carbon dioxide, a waste
product that can be lethal if allowed to accumulate. There are 3 major parts of the respiratory system: the
airway, the lungs, and the muscles of respiration.
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Bronchi and Bronchioles
At the inferior end of the trachea, the airway splits into left and right branches known as the primary
bronchi. The left and right bronchi run into each lung before branching off into smaller secondary bronchi.
The secondary bronchi split into many smaller tertiary bronchi within each lobe. The tertiary bronchi split
into many smaller bronchioles that spread throughout the lungs.
Lungs
The lungs are a pair of large, spongy organs found in the thorax lateral to the heart. Each lung is
surrounded by a pleural membrane that provides the lung with space to expand as well as a negative
pressure space relative to the body’s exterior. The negative pressure allows the lungs to passively fill with
air as they relax. The interior of the lungs is made up of spongy tissues containing many capillaries and
around 30 million tiny sacs known as alveoli.
Pulmonary Ventilation
External Respiration.
Internal Respiration
Transportation of Gases.
Homeostatic Control of Respiration
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Explaining the respondent’s illness
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Conclusions
Bibliography
http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-the-difference-between-anatomy-and-physiology.htm
http://anatomy11.tumblr.com/post/4089127519/the-difference-between-anatomy-and-physiology
http://www.innerbody.com/image/digeov.html
http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/yrdd/
http://www.medicinenet.com/peptic_ulcer/page2.htm#what_are_the_causes_of_peptic_ulcers
http://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/respiratory#full-description
http://www.healthcentral.com/encyclopedia/408/123.html#encyc_description?ic=506019
https://www.scribd.com/doc/121749759/Tuberculosis
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Survey
4. Is there a cure?
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Survey 1: Person suffering from a digestive illness
Stomach ulcers
Vomiting
Heartburn
Bloating
Sometimes the stomach pain is so big that it wakes me up at night and I can’t fall asleep a couple of
hours.
4. Is there a cure?
Yes it is. It can be cured with the proper medication, changing the lifestyle eliminating the substances
that cause the ulcers like smoking and drinking and limiting dairy.
Yes. I am taking:
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Survey 2. Person suffering from a respiratory illness
Tuberculosis
Coughing
Chest pain
Fever
Night Sweats
Chills
Usually the worst thing is the excessive coughing and chest pain. At night I wake up very often
because of the sweats and chills.
4. Is there a cure?
Yes it is. It can be cured with the appropriate antibiotics treatment taken 6 months or longer.
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