Rain Alarm:

Water is basic need in every one’s life. Saving and proper usage of water is very important. Here
is an easy project which will give the alarm when there is rain, so that we can make some actions
and save the rain water. As a result, we can increase the water levels of underground water by
using underwater recharge technique. Rain water detector will detect the rain and make an alert;
rain water detector is used in the irrigation field, home automation, communication, automobiles
etc. Here is the simple and reliable circuit of rain water detector which can be constructed at low
cost.

Rain Alarm Project Block Diagram:

Rain water sensor is the main component in the circuit. For this rain sensor, no need to go and
buy in the market or online. We can do it ourselves just by taking the piece of Bakelite or mica
board and aluminum wire. Bakelite or mica board should be made completely flat and aluminum
wire should be pasted on the flat board as shown in the figure below of rain water sensor. Care
should be taken that there should be no spaces between the wire and board. When the rain water
sensor is completed, it should get connected to the circuit and voltage should be passed through
the wires.

CLAP SWITCH:

Clap switch is an interesting hobby circuit which turns on the lights with a clap sound. Although its name
is “Clap switch”, but it can be turned ON by any sound of approximately same pitch of Clap sound. The
main component of this clap switch circuit is the Electric Condenser Mic, which has been used as a
sound sensor. Condenser Mic basically converts sound energy into electrical energy, that in turns used
to trigger 555 timer IC, through a Transistor. And triggering of 555 IC would turn ON the LED, which will
be automatically turned OFF after some time. I have made this circuit as simple as possible, you can find
many complex Clap switches (using 555 IC) with some more components in it, and merely doing the
same thing. Even make things simpler require more effort than making it complex.

Working Explanation

Here we are using Electric Condenser Mic for sensing the sound, transistor to trigger the 555
timer IC and 555 IC to turn ON the LED through a low voltage trigger.

Cycle:
The intention of this project is to build a straight forward human powered generator from a used
bicycle and to use it to power light bulbs, blenders, cell phones, laptops, and other small
appliances. This project will help one develop engineering skills while learning about a clean
way of generating electricity.

The project was created as part of Infrastructure Academy's environmental technology

curriculum for high school students, so it is intended to be both achievable and affordable.

Note: The bicycle generator could be accomplished by skipping steps 5, 6, 7, and 8, to save
money, but connecting anything other than a halogen lamp directly to the motor is not
recommended due to the varying voltages.

Hydro power

1. Hydroelectricity is a renewable energy source.

Hydroelectricity uses the energy of running water, without reducing its quantity, to produce
electricity. Therefore, all hydroelectric developments, of small or large size, whether run of the
river or of accumulated storage, fit the concept of renewable energy.

2. Hydroelectricity makes it feasible to utilize other renewable sources.

Hydroelectric power plants with accumulation reservoirs offer incomparable operational

flexibility, since they can immediately respond to fluctuations in the demand for electricity. The
flexibility and storage capacity of hydroelectric power plants make them more efficient and
economical in supporting the use of intermittent sources of renewable energy, such as solar
energy or Aeolian energy.

3. Hydroelectricity promotes guaranteed energy and price stability.

River water is a domestic resource which, contrary to fuel or natural gas, is not subject to market
fluctuations. In addition to this, it is the only large renewable source of electricity and its cost-
benefit ratio, efficiency, flexibility and reliability assist in optimizing the use of thermal power
plants.

4. Hydroelectricity contributes to the storage of drinking water.

Hydroelectric power plant reservoirs collect rainwater, which can then be used for consumption
or for irrigation. In storing water, they protect the water tables against depletion and reduce our
vulnerability to floods and droughts.

5. Hydroelectricity increases the stability and reliability of electricity systems.

The operation of electricity systems depends on rapid and flexible generation sources to meet
peak demands, maintain the system voltage levels, and quickly re-establish supply after a
blackout. Energy generated by hydroelectric installations can be injected into the electricity
system faster than that of any other energy source. The capacity of hydroelectric systems to reach
maximum production from zero in a rapid and foreseeable manner makes them exceptionally
appropriate for addressing alterations in the consumption and providing ancillary services to the
electricity system, thus maintaining the balance between the electricity supply and demand.

6. Hydroelectricity helps fight climate changes.

The hydroelectric life cycle produces very small amounts of greenhouse gases (GHG). In
emitting less GHG than power plants driven by gas, coal or oil, hydroelectricity can help retard
global warming. Although only 33% of the available hydroelectric potential has been developed,
today hydroelectricity prevents the emission of GHG corresponding to the burning of 4.4 million
barrels of petroleum per day worldwide.

7. Hydroelectricity improves the air we breathe.

Hydroelectric power plants don't release pollutants into the air. They very frequently substitute
the generation from fossil fuels, thus reducing acid rain and smog. In addition to this,
hydroelectric developments don't generate toxic by-products.

8. Hydroelectricity offers a significant contribution to development.

Hydroelectric installations bring electricity, highways, industry and commerce to communities,

thus developing the economy, expanding access to health and education, and improving the
quality of life. Hydroelectricity is a technology that has been known and proven for more than a
century. Its impacts are well understood and manageable through measures for mitigating and
compensating the damages. It offers a vast potential and is available where development is most
necessary.

9. Hydroelectricity means clean and cheap energy for today and for tomorrow.

With an average lifetime of 50 to 100 years, hydroelectric developments are long-term

investments that can benefit various generations. They can be easily upgraded to incorporate
more recent technologies and have very low operating and maintenance costs.

10. Hydroelectricity is a fundamental instrument for sustainable development.

Hydroelectric enterprises that are developed and operated in a manner that is economically
viable, environmentally sensible and socially responsible represent the best concept of
sustainable development. That means, "development that today addresses people's needs without
compromising the capacity of future generations for addressing their own needs" (World
Commission on the Environment and Development, 1987).

Quadcopter
Most obvious would be to use it for aerial imagery and spying.
1) Less obvious would be it can be used as assistance bot for people working in dangerous
heights like building exterior workers.
2) Bomb search and disposal if possible.
3) Assistance bot for people working in enclosed spaces. Like pipeline workers.
4) Cleaning bot
5) Cloth drier during rainy seasons
6) Search & rescue operations, Fire rescue assistance