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Additional Quick-Look Methods

Wellsite Log Interpretation for Field Professionals


To this point…

ƒ Determine lithology.
ƒ Quick-look methods.
ƒ Cross-plot
Cross plot charts.
charts

ƒ Estimate saturation.
ƒ Resistivity shale baseline (qualitative).
ƒ Archie model (quantitative).

ƒ Qualitative permeability indications.


ƒ Spontaneous potential.
ƒ Separation of resistivity traces.

ƒ What more can we do at the wellsite?

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What we will see

ƒ Quick-look wellsite methods.


ƒ Bulk volume water (BVW).
ƒ Moveable hydrocarbon index (MHI)
(MHI).
ƒ Ratio water saturation (Swr).

ƒ Like the Archie model, each requires assumptions.

ƒ Each can be accomplished quickly.


quickly

ƒ Each can supplement what is already known from your qualitative


and quantitative (Archie) evaluation.

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Bulk volume water (BVW)

ƒ Percentage of the entire rock volume that is water.

Oil
Matrix Porosity

Sw = 25%
BVWWater
= 12.5%

ƒ Depends
D d upon surface-to-volume
f t l ratio
ti off pores.
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BVW applications

ƒ Core data tells us two things about BVW values.

ƒ Values that are constant (or very close to constant) are an


indication that the formation is at or near irreducible saturation.

ƒ Swirr = saturation
t ti att which
hi h water
t will
ill nott be
b producible
d ibl ((allll b
bound).
d)

ƒ For those formations that actually are at Swirr, BVW values can tell us
something about grain size or pore type
type.

ƒ Carbonates with BVW values greater than 0.04 typically produce


either a lot of water or only water
water.

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Bulk volume water

ƒ Use BVW with caution!

ƒ Always consider BVW together with Sw.

ƒ A constant trend is what you are looking for.

ƒ The same factors which cause resistivity to be low also cause BVW
to be too high.
ƒ Shaliness.
ƒ High porosity.

ƒ MRIL is a much better option for investigating irreducible vs. free


fluids!

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Water saturation

ƒ Uninvaded zone saturation (Archie).


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⎛ a Rw ⎞ n
S w = ⎜⎜ m × ⎟⎟
⎝Φ Rt ⎠
ƒ Flushed zone saturation (Archie).
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⎛ a Rmf ⎞ n
S xo = ⎜⎜ m × ⎟⎟
⎝Φ R xo ⎠

ƒ What does the Sw/Sxo ratio tell us?

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Moveable hydrocarbon index (MHI)

ƒ Nothing but a ratio of resistivities…

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S w ⎛ R xo R t ⎞ n
MHI = = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
S xo ⎝ Rmf R w ⎠

ƒ Values < 1 can be an indication of moveable hydrocarbon.

ƒ Ideally, all environmental corrections must be performed before


computing
p g MHI.

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Moveable hydrocarbon index (MHI)

ƒ Use MHI with extreme caution!

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S w ⎛ R xo R t ⎞ n
MHI = = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
S xo ⎝ Rmf R w ⎠

ƒ Works well in saltwater-based mud where Rmf/Rw ≈ 1.

ƒ In fresh water-based mud (where Rmf/Rw >> 1), MHI can provide
false indications of moveable hydrocarbon.
y

ƒ MHI artificially low because of high value of denominator.

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Taking MHI one step farther

ƒ What if we assume Sxo = 100% (complete flushing?).

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S w ⎛ R xo R t ⎞ n
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
S xo ⎝ Rmf R w ⎠

ƒ Can solve for Sw … without having to know porosity.

ƒ Useful for evaluating Sw in old wells where no porosity log is


available.

ƒ Useful for evaluating potential pay zones when resistivity and


porosity
p y tools are p
pulled in separate
p p
passes.

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Ratio water saturation (Swr)

ƒ Use Swr with extreme caution! (always compare with Swa)

0.625
⎛ R xo R t ⎞ exponent expresses average relationship
S wr = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ between Sw and Sxo in permeable rocks
containing moveable hydrocarbon
⎝ Rmf R w ⎠
ƒ Same issues as with MHI…

ƒ Good results in saltwater-based mud where Rmf/Rw ≈ 1.

ƒ Can underestimate water (Swr too low) in fresh water-based mud


because of high value of denominator.

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Tools in our bag

ƒ Determine lithology.
ƒ Quick-look methods.
ƒ Cross-plot
Cross plot charts.
charts

ƒ Estimate formation water resistivity.


Where can we go
ƒ Inverse Archie.
from here?

ƒ Evaluate potential pay


pay. Ready for a
ƒ Resistivity shale baseline. challenge?
ƒ Archie model.
ƒ Bulk volume water.
ƒ Moveable hydrocarbon index.
ƒ Ratio
R ti watert saturation.
t ti
ƒ Qualitative permeability indications.
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Problems in Carbonate Reservoirs

Wellsite Log Interpretation for Field Professionals


Carbonates can be difficult

ƒ Not that common (~15% of reservoirs).

ƒ Can
C b be complex
l reservoirs.
i
ƒ Low porosity.
ƒ Natural fractures (high rates from low Φ).
ƒ Multiple (and complex) pore types.
ƒ Internal reservoir seals.

ƒ Unfamiliar logging environment.


ƒ Saltwater-based mud Æ DLLT/MSFL

ƒ Lack of traditional indicators.


ƒ No spontaneous potential (Rmff/Rw ≈ 1)
1).
ƒ Oftentimes no shale reference.
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What if no resistivity shale baseline?

ƒ Remember properties of the “average” shale.


ƒ Resistivities usually between 1 and 10 Ω-m.
ƒ Average shale resistivity ≈ 6 Ω-m.
Ωm
ƒ Trying inventing an “artificial shale.”

ƒ What does separation of resistivity traces tell you?

ƒ Induction logs (Rmff/Rw >> 1)…separation


1) separation tells us that invasion
occurred.

ƒ Laterologs (Rmf/Rw ≈ 1)
1)…separation
separation tells us two things:

ƒ Invasion occurred.
ƒ Hydrocarbons
H d b were moved
d during
d i iinvasion.
i

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Watch the separation!

Sw = 100% Sw = 25% (moveable)


Rmf ≈ Rw Rmf ≈ Rw

Will we see separation? Will we see separation?

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What about permeability indicators?

ƒ SP might be absent because Rmf ≈ Rw.

ƒ Sonic
S i ttools
l are extremely
t l beneficial.
b fi i l
ƒ Total – effective = isolated.
ƒ Isolated porosity might help explain some high resistivity responses.

ƒ Comparison of Archie Swa and Ratio Swr.


ƒ Similarity can be an indication that pore space is effective.
effective
ƒ Many problems to this method and time consuming – so don’t worry
about trying it here.

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Lithology indicators

ƒ In carbonates…the more, the better.


ƒ Gamma ray.
ƒ PE – in many cases a must have.
have
ƒ Density-neutron.

ƒ CSNG also beneficial.

ƒ GEM would be excellent


excellent…especially
especially for mixed mineralogies
mineralogies.

ƒ Core is also extremely helpful.

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Associate Field Professional – Open Hole

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