What’s in a Name?

Understanding a Plant’s Botanical Name

For many people botanical names are intimidating, pretentious and difficult to pronounce. Common names on the
other hand are familiar words, passed down from generation to generation and much easier to say.
Especially among home gardeners the question is asked “Why do I have to know the botanical name?”
In some situations the answer is “You don’t!” So, what’s in a name? Why should we pay attention to the botanical
name? Two reasons:

Information! Information! Information!

A plant’s botanical name gives you specific information. Typically the colour, shape, surface texture or pattern,
fragrance, bloom time, habitat or country of origin is revealed. The botanical name may also include the name of
the person who discovered the plant or cultivated it. Or it might be commemorative.

World-Wide Recognition!
The botanical name is universal to all countries and languages. People travel. Plants relocate. Professional and
amateur gardeners exchange information. The botanical name is precise and constant¹. There is no confusion as
each plant has a specific name. There is no ‘lost in translation’.
Still not convinced?
In 2017 the Master Gardeners of Ontario (MGOI) led a movement to officially designate one plant as Canada’s
National Flower. They came up with a short list of plants that are found across Canada and through an on-line
ballot asked Canadians to vote. The winner was --- the Bunchberry!

Do you know what a Bunchberry looks like? Below are some images found from a Google image search using the
word ‘Bunchberry’. Which is the Bunchberry that won the vote?
The botanical name for the nominated Bunchberry is Cornus canadensis. Below are the images that match
Bunchberry Cornus canadensis. However, depending on where you live in Canada the common name is not always
Bunchberry. In Ontario it is Bunchberry but in other parts of Canada it is the Canadian dwarf cornel, quatre-temps,
crackerberry, or creeping dogwood. And in other parts of the world there are even more common names.

Common names cause confusion. Given that there are over 400,000 plant species in the world, it’s good that there
is an internationally recognized naming protocol that records with certainty and accuracy the precise name of every
plant.

Decoding the Botanical Name

In the 1700s, Swedish naturalist and explorer Carl Linnaeus developed a way to name and organize species. Simply
put, he created a protocol based on a hierarchical classification system and that system has a two-part naming
method (binomial nomenclature).² It was also Linnaeus who determined that names would be written in Latin as it
was confirmed that any language in the world could translate the Latin words into their native language.

Linnaeus in the traditional dress

of the Sami people of Lapland,
holding the twinflower, later
known as Linnaea borealis, that
became his personal emblem.³

³
google image

Taxonomic Description: Taxonomy is the science that finds, describes, classifies and names living things.

Gardener’s Latin
For gardeners the important details start at the word Family. Like a family tree, descendants are split into
subfamilies. For plants a subfamily is called a genus. The genus can also be thought of as a category. The genus is a
noun and the first word in the two-name binomial system. The second word in the two-name (binomial) is species.
The species is an adjective which describes the noun.
Remember this two-name system was developed about 250 years ago; its utilization of Latin has since been adapted
for modern-world users. Nowadays when looking at plant names a common phrase used is botanical Latin. For a
few reasons we all know some Latin. The English language is partially derived from Latin. If you speak a bit of
French, Spanish or other romance languages, you’ll know even more Latin. Perhaps you are of an age when Latin
was compulsory in secondary school? All this is to say that by looking at botanical names you will also be reminded
of word origins.

genus» genes» genuine

rubra» ruby» red
pendula» pendulum» drooping or weeping
folia» foliage» leaves

Remember the Cornus canadenis? Genus species

(Bunchberry) Cornus canadensis

In creating the two-name protocol. Linnaeus established that

the first word (genus) would begin with a capital and the
second word (species) would be all lower-case letters.

Cornus is a noun. It is Latin for horned, likely comparing the

hardness of the wood to animal horn. Cornus ends in us
which means it is masculine and singular. In lower-case
canadensis is an adjective that describes the noun, also
masculine and singular. Canadensis is botanical Latin for
Canada.

Cornus canadensis
In addition to the genus and species, the naming of a plant may also include a commemorative name.
Or, it might include the name of the person who discovered the plant or first cultivated it.

Clematis ‘Jackmanii’ Rosa Kordesii ‘John Cabot’

Genus from the Greek klematis an old name applied to Bred in Canada by Dr. Felicitas Svejd (explorer roses).
climbing plants. Cultivar named after the 19th-century Hybrid Kordesii Roses, a series of shrub roses developed
British nurseryman, George Jackman. by Kordes Roses, Germany. John Cabot, Venetian
explorer’s 1497 arrival in New Found Land
If you’re ready to start learning some botanical names there are plant characteristic charts in both botanical Latin
and English. There are also several user-friendly plant dictionaries and websites for gardeners that convert the
common name to botanical name or vice versa. A few are listed under References & Suggested Readings.
Below are examples of the chart format from two websites.
⁴
Colours Habitat Form
alba » white alpinus » alpine contorta » twisted
azur» blue maritima » seaside globose » rounded

Leaves
aquifolium » pointed leaves
Ilex aquifolium » common holly
crispum/crispa » curly
Petrolselinum crispum »
curly leaved parsley
Flower Type
centifolia » 100 leaves/petals
Rosa centifolia » cabbage rose
regale » magnificent
Lillium regale » regal lily
⁵
How it Grows
arboreum» tree-like
Aeonium arboretum» tree houseleek
compacta »compact
Ilex glabra ‘Compacta’ » compact
inkberry

The hardy, disease-resistance and spectacular blooming daylilies do not belong to the genus Lilium (Lily). The genus
for daylilies is hemerocallis. The word hemerocallis means ‘beautiful for a day’. And they are!

Botanary⁶ (davesgarden.com) is an excellent website to quickly find the meaning of a Latin word.

Hemerocallis ‘Dancing on Air’ Hemerocallis ‘Chicago Knockout’ H. ‘Chicago Knockout’

Another way to learn the botanical name is to read the story behind the name. Books like Bill Neal’s Gardener’s
Latin give you the history and the ‘lore’. How did the Heliopsis helianthoides (False Sunflower) get its name? Who
named the Hydrangea quercifolia (Oakleaf Hydrangea) and why name a hydrangea after an oak tree?

What’s your favourite plant? What is your must-have 2018 plant? Find out its botanical name and decode its
binominal name. Who discovered it? What does the name tell you about its characteristics and origins?

Spell it out! Say it out loud! Enjoy the name!

References & Recommended Readings:

¹The introduction of DNA to identify and classify plants has resulted in some changes and more changes are possible.
“Gardeners Latin classed plants according to structure, originally what could be seen with naked eye, then
microscopes of increasing strength and now DNA. DNA is shaking up the botanical tree!” Ursula Karalus,MG
Ursula recommended reading:
Why Plant Names Change: A plant’s botanical name is more than just a label! (Friends of the Garden Daily News)
The Father of DNA Barcoding: Professor Paul Hebert, Department of Integrative Biology, U. of Guelph

²Carl Linnaeus, ‘Father of Modern Taxonomy’ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus

³ Carl Linnaeus (photo and caption)https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus

⁴Botanical Nomenclature Guide: The Meaning of Latin Plant Names

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/info/latin-plant-names.htm

⁵Botanical Terms and their definitions

http://www.wildchicken.com/nature/garden/ga007_botanical_words_and_definitions.htm

⁶Searching Botanary
https://davesgarden.com/guides/botanary/search.php?search_text=clethr

Dictionaries
Coombes, Allen J. Dictionary of Plant Names, Timber Press, Portland, Oregon 1995, ISBN: 0881922943
Language Gardeners Speak: Naming Plant Name (excellent quick reference)

Harrison, Lorraine, Latin for Gardeners, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois 2012 ISBN – 13: 9780226009193
(over 3000 plant names, plus explicit drawings and some ‘stories’)

________________ Horticulture - Plant Names Explained: Botanical Terms and Their Meaning,
Horticulture Publications, Boston, Mass, 2005 ISBN: 1558707476 (plant name plus some history and stories)

Hodgson,Larry, How to Remember Botanical Names (Canadian!)

https://laidbackgardener.blog/2015/01/27/how-to-remember-botanical-names/

Roach, Margaret, Decoding Botanical Latin

https://awaytogarden.com/decoding-botanical-latin/

Yoest, Helen, Decoding Botanical Latin

http://gardeningwithconfidence.com/blog/2014/12/20/decoding-botanical-latin/

Pronouncing botanical Latin names often flusters and intimidates people. First remember that we are used to
saying some names e.g. trillium, clematis, geranium, crocus, hydrangea.

“Courage is the best principle: just have a go. Say the word aloud several times to hear how it sounds. In most
cases the stress is placed on the second or third syllable. There is often no wrong or right way: ask tree
taxonomists and you may well get three different versions. Never mind: we can all enjoy saying ‘silly bum’
for Silybum marianum, the milk thistle.” Jane Sterndale-Bennett, Plant Names Explained

Prepared by Grey County Master Gardeners for use by home gardeners & community groups.
For other use, please email greycountymg@gmail.com February 2018pdw