Chapter 2.

Insulation Co-ordination and Standards

Chapter 2

Insulation Co-ordination and Standards

2.1 Introduction
Power equipment have to withstand the effect of transient overvoltages such as those
resulting from lightning strikes or switching during their service life. Assessment of the
electrical stresses within a power system is an important aspect of insulation coordination.
Specific high voltage test requirements, voltage levels, procedures etc. are specified and
written in international standards like The International Electro technical Commission (IEC),
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI), The Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE) etc.. The standards are regularly revised to suit the current needs of the
modern power system.

2.2 Insulation Co-ordination

Insulation coordination is defined in IEEE Std C62.82.1- 2010 [5] and IEC 60071-1, 2006 [1]
as ‘the selection of the insulation strength of equipment in relation to the voltages, which can
appear on the system for which equipment is intended and taking into account the service
environment and the characteristics of the available protective devices’. The objective of
insulation coordination is to design the insulation of a power system, with all its components,
so as to minimize damage and interruption to service as a consequence of steady state,
dynamic and transient overvoltages, and to do so economically. IEC 60071-2-1996 [70] and
IEEE 1313.2-1999 [71] present the guide for the application of insulation coordination.
Insulation coordination requires the following information [16]:
I. Determination of voltage stresses: the probable magnitude and frequency of
occurrence of ovevoltage surges, and the distribution of overvoltages between and
within the components.
II. Selection of the insulation strength to achieve the desired probability of failure when
equipment is exposed to overvoltage stresses.
III. Protection devices for protection against the effects of ovevoltages. The voltage
stresses can be reduced by the application of surge-protective devices, switching
device insertion resistors and controlled closing, shield wires, improved grounding,
etc.

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Chapter 2. Insulation Co-ordination and Standards

IV. Risk assessment and the cost of failure to get an effective and economical solution for
coordination.

2.3 IEEE/IEC Standard Lightning and Switching Impulse Waveforms

The impulse voltage test is done according to IEC 60071-1 “Insulation co-ordination – Part 1:
Definitions, principles and rules”, 2006 [1] to demonstrate the response of high voltage
power system apparatus to transient overvoltages due to natural lightning occurring under
normal operating conditions. The definitions and test requirements for lightning impulse
voltage test of electrical equipment are specified in IEC 60060-1 “High voltage test
techniques Part 1: General definitions and test requirements”, 2010 [72] and IEEE Std 4
“Standard for High-Voltage Testing Techniques”, 2013 [73].

2.3.1 Standard Full Lightning Voltage Impulse

The waveform is described as 1.2/50 µs as shown in Fig. 2.1 [72, 73]. The terms used to
characterize standard full lightning impulse voltage waveform are:
O is the actual origin.
T is the time interval between 30% and 90% of the peak.
O1 is the virtual origin of the lightning impulse where straight lines drawn through the
reference points A and B (A is 30% and B is 90% of the voltage peak) on the wave front
intersects with the time axis.
T1 is the front time of the lightning impulse and is defined as 1.67 times the interval T
between the instants when the impulse is 30% and 90% of the peak value on the test voltage
curve (points A and B).
T2 is time to half-value of a lightning impulse and defined as the time interval between the
virtual origin, O1, and the instant when the test voltage curve has decreased to half the peak
value.
The tolerances permissible for lightning impulse voltage are:
Test voltage value: ±3 %.
Front time: ±30 %.
Time to half-value: ±20 %.
Relative overshoot: 10 %.

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Chapter 2. Insulation Co-ordination and Standards

Fig. 2.1 Standard Full Lightning Voltage Impulse Waveform [72, 73]

The electrical strength of insulation of power equipment is often expressed in terms of the
crest value of a standard lightning impulse named as basic lightning impulse insulation level
(BIL). BIL may be either a statistical or a conventional BIL. Statistical BIL is applicable
specifically to self-restoring insulations. It is the crest value of a standard lightning impulse
for which the insulation exhibits a 90% probability of withstand (or a 10% probability of
failure) under specified conditions. The conventional BIL is applicable specifically to non
self-restoring insulations. It is the crest value of a standard lightning impulse for which the
insulation does not exhibit disruptive discharge when subjected to a specific number of
applications of this impulse under specified conditions [72, 73]. If the impulse waveform has
oscillations such that the frequency of oscillations is greater than 0.5 MHz or overshoot and
its duration is less than 1 μs, it is essential to draw the mean curve for the evaluation of the
peak value. If the oscillations are present on the front, the front time should be taken on the
mean curve drawn through these oscillations. These mean curves may be created manually or
with a mathematical tool [74].

2.3.2 Chopped Lightning Voltage Impulse

A chopped lightning impulse may occur because of a discharge in the internal or external
insulation of a test object. The disruptive discharge cause rapid collapse of the voltage
practically to zero value in a lightning impulse. The collapse can occur on the front, at the
peak, or on the tail. A tail-chopped lightning impulse is a standard impulse chopped by an
external gap 2 μs to 5 μs after the virtual origin (Fig. 2.2 (a)) and front-chopped lightning
impulse is a standard impulse chopped by an external gap 0.5 μs to 1 μs after the virtual
origin (Fig. 2.2 (b)) [72, 73]. The terms used to characterize chopped lightning impulse
voltage waveform are:

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Chapter 2. Insulation Co-ordination and Standards

O is the actual origin.

O1 is the virtual origin of the lightning impulse where straight lines drawn through the
reference points A and B (30% and 90% of the voltage peak value respectively) on the wave
front intersects with the time axis.
T1 is the front time of the lightning impulse and is defined as 1.67 times the interval between
the instants when the impulse is 30% and 90% of the peak value on the test voltage curve
(points A and B).
TC is time to chopping defined as the time interval between the virtual origin, O1, and the
instant of chopping. Instant of chopping is the instant at which the extrapolation of the line
between the 70 % and 10 % points (C and D) on the voltage collapse crosses the level
immediately before the collapse.

(a) (b)
Fig. 2.2 Lightning Voltage Impulse Chopped on a) Tail and b) Front [72, 73]

2.3.3 Standard Switching Voltage Impulse

The standard switching impulse voltage is an impulse having a time to peak, Tp of 250 μs and
a time to half-value, T2 of 2500 μs (Fig. 2.3). It is described as a 250/2500 μs impulse. The
terms used to characterize switching impulse voltage waveform are:
O is the actual origin.
TAB is the time interval between 30% (A) and 90% (B) of the peak.
T2 is time to half-value for a switching impulse i.e. the time interval between the actual origin
and the instant when the voltage has first decreased to half the peak value.
Td is the time interval during which the impulse voltage exceeds 90% of its peak value.

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Chapter 2. Insulation Co-ordination and Standards

The tolerances permissible for switching impulse voltage are:

Value of the test voltage ±3 %
Time to peak ±20 %
Time to half-value ±60 %

Fig. 2.3 Standard switching impulse voltage waveform [72, 73]

Test voltages actually appearing in a test circuit can contain oscillations at the peak as well as
oscillations on the front. These occur due to a variety of external factors such as external
electric and magnetic fields, weather conditions, etc. IEC 60060-3 “Definitions and
requirements for on-site testing”, 2006 [75] provides the details of the lightning and
switching impulse voltage of aperiodic or oscillating wave shape.

The electrical strength of insulation of power equipment is often expressed in terms of the
crest value of a standard switching impulse and is known as the basic switching impulse
insulation level (BSL). It may be either a statistical BSL or a conventional BSL. Statistical
BSL is applicable specifically to self-restoring insulations. It is the crest value of a standard
switching impulse for which the insulation exhibits a 90% probability of withstand (or a 10%
probability of failure) under specified conditions. Conventional basic switching impulse
insulation level (BSL) is applicable specifically to non self-restoring insulations. It is the crest
value of a standard switching impulse for which the insulation does not exhibit disruptive
discharge when subjected to a specific number of applications of this impulse under specified
conditions [72, 73].

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 Chapter 2. Insulation Co-ordination and Standards

2.3.4 Standard Lightning Current Impulse [73]

Specific current test waveforms to replicate lightning and switching waves shapes are
specified in IEEE C62.11-1999, 2005 [52]. Tests with high impulse currents are performed in
order to simulate the stressing of power apparatus in the grid caused by lightning strokes and
short-circuits. Two types of impulse currents are considered in IEEE Std. 4, 2013 [73]
namely exponential impulse and rectangular impulse current waveforms.
I. An exponential impulse current increases from zero to a peak value in a relatively short
time and thereafter decreases to zero. They are characterised by their front time and time
to half-value in microseconds (Fig. 2.4 (a) [73]). The standard exponential impulse
currents are:
a) The 1/20 impulse
b) The 4/10 impulse
c) The 8/20 impulse
d) The 30/80 impulse

II. The rectangular impulse current has an approximately rectangular shape and is defined by
the duration of the peak Td and the total duration Tt (Fig. 2.4 (b)). Rectangular impulse
currents have Td of 500 μs, 1000 μs, or 2000 μs, and Tt from 2000 μs to 3200 μs. The
terms used to characterize switching impulse current waveforms are [73]:
The virtual origin, O1, of an impulse current is the intersection with the time axis of a
straight line drawn through the 10% and 90% points on the front.
T1 known as virtual front time is defined as 1.25 times the interval between the instants
when the impulse is 10% and 90% of the peak value (point C and point B as shown in Fig.
2.4 [73])
T2 is virtual time to half-value and is time interval between the virtual origin and the
instant on the tail at which the current has decreased to half the peak value.
Td is the duration of peak of a rectangular impulse current and is defined as the time
interval during which the impulse current exceeds 90% of its peak value.
Tt is total duration of a rectangular impulse current and is defined as the time during which
the current is greater than 10% of its peak value.
The permissible tolerance limits for exponential currents are ±10 % for the peak value,
front time and time to half value and for rectangular currents are ±20 % for peak value and
duration of the peak.

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Chapter 2. Insulation Co-ordination and Standards

(a) Exponential current impulse waveform (b) Rectangular current impulse waveform
Fig. 2.4 Current impulse waveform a) Exponential and b) Rectangular [73]

2.4 IEEE/IEC Impulse Tests

Impulse testing is generally done in high voltage laboratory for assessing the insulation
strength of equipment. Equipment are designed according to the specification of the
standards. The ratings and design specifications assigned by the manufacturers are endorsed
by performing tests in the high voltage laboratory. During impulse testing, voltage sequences
are generated in the laboratory and applied to the equipment as per testing standards [29].

2.4.1 Power Transformers

The relevant test sequences for power transformer impulse tests are given in IEC 60076-3[76]
and IEEE C57.98-2011[77]. The impulse test is done with standard wave shape of 1.2/50 µs
as per IEC 60076-4, 2002 [78] and IEEE std. 4, 2013 [73]. During the test one reduced and
one full-wave impulse, or two full-wave impulses, with the standard wave shape of 1.2/50 µs
is applied on one side of the transformer winding, while keeping other end of the winding and
tank to ground through a low resistance. The winding currents are recorded by measuring the
voltage across the standard or known low resistance shunt. Failure detection is normally done
by examination of the oscillographic or raw data digital records of the applied test voltage
and the impulse response current. Effective diagnostic technologies using artificial neural
network (ANN), fuzzy systems, and wavelet-based analysis, granulation-based approach are
used for the classification and localization of fault within the transformer winding. For
Impulse testing of a three-phase winding, the impulse voltage is applied at one terminal at a
time. The other two terminals are shorted at that time and grounded through a resistance

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Chapter 2. Insulation Co-ordination and Standards

equal to the surge impedance of the line. Different test voltage levels depending on the
voltage rating of the transformer winding under test is given in Table 2.1 [79].
Table 2.1 Rated withstand voltages for transformer with highest voltage for equipment, Um
< 300 V [79]

Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage a

Highest voltage for
kVpeak
equipment, Um
kVrms List 1 List 2
3.6 20 40
7.2 40 60
12 60 75
17.5 75 95
24 95 125
36 145 170
52 250
72.5 325
123 450/550
145 550/650
170 550/650/750
245 750/850/950
a
The choice between List 1 and List 2 in this table for Um < 52 kV and the choice between
alternative rated withstand voltages for Um = 123, 145, 170, and 245 kV depends on the severity of
overvoltage conditions to be expected in the system and on the importance of particular installation.

2.4.2 Cables

IEEE Std. 82-2002 [80] and IEC 60230-1966 [81] describes the test procedure for impulse
testing of insulated conductors (cables) and cables with accessories installed (cable systems).
A standard 1.2/50 μs wave is used for lightning impulses and standard 250/2500 μs wave is
used for switching impulses. According to IEEE Std. 82-2002 [80], a minimum cable length
of 9 m between grounded ends of the test terminations, when no other accessories are
involved should be used for impulse testing. When other accessories are included in the test
circuit, a minimum cable test length of 4.5 m between the ends of accessories, and between
the accessories and grounded end of the test terminations, should be used. Both ends of the
cable conductor shall be connected to the impulse generator. The cable systems shall be
subjected to a series of 10 positive impulses at the voltage specified. A positive polarity
impulse of 50 %, then 65 %, and then 80 % of the intended test shall be applied to the
conductor, with the outer electrode grounded. Immediately after the application of the 10
positive impulses, the generator shall be re-calibrated for negative polarity, and a series of 10

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Chapter 2. Insulation Co-ordination and Standards

negative impulses of the same specified voltage shall then be applied to the cable systems.
The oscillographic records of at least the first and tenth impulses in each series should be
recorded. The voltage withstand strength is expressed in terms of basic insulation levels
(BIL). The BIL for different voltage levels are shown in Table 2.2 [80].

Table 2.2 Basic insulation level (kV) for different voltage class in cables [80]

Voltage Basic insulation level

(kV phase to phase) (kV)
2.5 60
5.0 75
8.0 95
15.0 110
25.0 150
35.0 200
46.0 250
69.0 350
92.0 450
115.0 550
138.0 650
161.0 750
230.0 1050
345.0 1300
500.0 1550

2.4.3 Surge Arresters

Arrester insulation withstand test is performed to verify that, under usual system conditions,
arrester housings will not flash over under defined impulse, switching, and power-frequency
conditions. Test samples are assembled insulating members of the arrester or of a single unit.
The internal parts of the arrester or unit are removed or rendered inoperative during the tests.
The test voltages are applied between the arrester line and ground terminals. IEEE Std
C62.11-2012 [82] define tests that demonstrate that an arrester can survive the rigors of
reasonable environmental conditions and system phenomena while protecting equipment
and/or the system from damaging overvoltages caused by lightning, switching, and other
system disturbances. For gapless arresters, the 1.2/50 impulse withstand test voltage of the
arrester shall be the 1.42 times the maximum discharge voltage for a 20 kA 8/20 discharge
current. An 8/20 current wave shape is used because it develops a voltage across the arrester
similar to a lightning surge. The 1.2/50 impulse protective level test series determines

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Chapter 2. Insulation Co-ordination and Standards

whether the arrester spark overvoltage for a standard 1.2/50 lightning impulse can exceed the
discharge voltage obtained from an 8/20 discharge current as per Table 2.3[82].
Table 2.3 Lightning impulse classifying current [82]

Impulse crest value

Classification of Arrester
(kA)
Station (800 kV)a 20
Station (550 kV)a 15
Station (below 550 kV)a 10
Intermediate 5
Distribution heavy duty 10
Distribution normal duty 5
Distribution light duty 5
a
Maximum system voltage

The 1.2/50 impulse spark over determination test is performed using at least five positive and
five negative waves. The maximum arrester voltage recorded during the five positive and five
negative polarity standard lightning impulses shall be compared to the discharge voltage
obtained with the currents in Table 2.3. If the classifying current discharge voltage exceeds
the voltage values measured during the impulse test no further testing is required on this
wave shape otherwise, the 1.2/50 impulse protective level has to be determined. The
magnitude and wave shape of the switching surge discharge-voltage wave for each wave
shape shall be a minimum of 1.2 times the arrester discharge voltage corresponding to the
switching surge classifying current specified in Table 2.4. The test consists of at least five
positive and five negative wave applications for each of the following times from zero to
crest on the prospective voltage wave:
a) 30 μs to 60 μs
b) 150 μs to 300 μs
c) 1000 μs to 2000 μs

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Chapter 2. Insulation Co-ordination and Standards

Table 2.4 Switching impulse classifying current [82]

Max. System voltage Station class Intermediate

(kV) Crest (A) Class (A)
3-150 500 500
151-325 1000 -
326-900 2000 -

The discharge-voltage test shall be applied to individual elements, sections, or complete

arresters. The current magnitude shall be in the range of 0.1 to 2 times the lightning impulse
classifying current. The wave shape shall be from 4/10 to 8/20.
IEC 60099-4, Surge arresters –Part 4: Metal-oxide surge arresters without gaps for a.c.
systems, 2005 [52], describes protective characteristics of an arrester as combination of the
following:
a) Residual voltage for steep current impulse
b) Residual voltage versus discharge current characteristic for lightning impulses
c) Residual voltage for switching impulse

Residual voltages are derived from the type test data and from the maximum residual voltage
at a lightning impulse current used for routine tests as specified and published by the
manufacturer. According to IEC standard, the arrester shall be subjected to a standard
lightning impulse voltage dry test as stated in IEC 60060-1, 2010 [72]. During the impulse
test fifteen consecutive impulses at the test voltage value are applied for each polarity. The
arrester shall be considered to have passed the test if no internal disruptive discharges occur
and if the number of the external disruptive discharges does not exceed two in each series of
15 impulses. The test voltage shall be equal to the lightning impulse protection level of the
arrester multiplied by 1. 3. The 10 000 A and 20 000 A arresters with rated voltages of 200
kV and above shall be subjected to a standard switching impulse voltage test according to
IEC 60060-1, 2010 [72]. Arresters for outdoor use shall be tested in wet conditions, arresters
for indoor use in dry conditions. Fifteen consecutive impulses at the test voltage value shall
be applied for each polarity. The arrester shall be considered to have passed the test if no
internal disruptive discharges occur and if the number of the external disruptive discharges
does not exceed two in each series of 15 impulses. The test voltage shall be equal to the
switching impulse protection level of the arrester multiplied by 1.25. Residual voltage type
test is performed to obtain the data necessary to derive the maximum residual voltage. It

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Chapter 2. Insulation Co-ordination and Standards

includes the calculation of the ratio between voltages at specified impulse currents and the
voltage level checked in routine tests. The latter voltage can be either the reference voltage or
the residual voltage at a suitable lightning impulse current in the range 0.01 to 2 times the
nominal discharge current depending on the manufacturer's choice of routine test procedure
[52].

2.4.4 List of IEEE/IEC Standards

Few important IEEE/IEC standards used for impulse testing of high voltage equipment and
their brief description are given below in Table 2.5.

Table 2.5 Few international standards used for impulse testing

Standards Description
This standard summarizes standard methods and basic techniques for
IEEE Std. 4 high-voltage testing applicable to all types of apparatus for
(2013) alternating voltages, direct voltages, lightning impulse voltages,
switching impulse voltages, and impulse currents [73].

IEEE Std. 998 This standard provides guide for direct lightning stroke shielding of
(2012) substations [83].

This standard provides information on technical requirements for the

IEEE Std. C37.122
design, fabrication, testing, and installation of high voltage Gas-
(2010)
Insulated Substations rated above 52 kV [84].

IEEE Std. 1122 This standard defines the requirements for digital recorders for
(1998) measurements in high voltage impulse tests [85].

This standard describes the recommended practice for routine

IEEE Std. C57.138
impulse test for liquid-immersed, single and three-phase distribution
(1998)
transformers [86].
This standard applies to impulse tests of power transformer. Test
IEEE Std. C57.98 connections, methods, circuit configurations, failure analysis of
(2011) lightning impulse, and switching impulse testing of power
transformers are addressed [87].
IEEE Std. 1410 This standard specifies the factors that contribute to lightning caused
(2010) faults on the line insulation of overhead distribution lines. It provides

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Chapter 2. Insulation Co-ordination and Standards

guide for improving the lightning performance of electric power

overhead distribution lines [88].
This standard specifies test procedure for the impulse testing of
IEEE Std. 82 insulated conductors (cables) and cables with accessories installed
(2002) (cable systems). This procedure can be used as a design or
qualification test for cables or for cable systems [89].
This guide assists engineers with understanding lightning impacts on
IEEE Std. 1243
electric power transmission lines and with applying methods to
(2007)
reduce the number of lightning-caused flashovers [90].
This standard summarizes recommended practice for electrical
IEEE Std. 844
impedance, induction, and skin effect heating of pipelines and
(2000)
vessels [91].
This standard provides test procedure for determining the ampacity
IEEE Std. 848 derating factor for cables installed in fire-protected conduits, trays,
(1996) free-air drops, cable penetration fire stops, or electrical separation
wrap systems [92].
IEEE Std. 634 This standard defines the requirements for cable-penetration fire stop
(2004) qualification test [93].
This standard describes the guide for selection and design of
IEEE Std. 635 aluminum sheaths for power cables. The guide provides information
(2003) on the application, selection, installation, and use parameters of
aluminum sheaths [94].
This standard applies to application of sheath-bonding methods for
IEEE Std. 575
single-conductor cables and the calculation of induced voltages and
(2014)
currents in cable sheaths [95].
This standard describe very low frequency (VLF) withstand and
IEEE Std. 400.2
other diagnostic tests and measurements that are performed using
(2013)
VLF energization in the field on shielded power cable systems [96].
This standard provides guidance for identification of jacketed
underground power cables and ducts. Various methods for
IEEE Std. 1235
identifying underground power cables and ducts, and the visual,
(2000)
chemical, and mechanical properties of the identification materials
and/or methods, and their impact on the properties of the overall

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Chapter 2. Insulation Co-ordination and Standards

jacket or duct as well as their impact on installation practices are also

provided [97].
This standard provides guidance to design, installation, and
IEEE Std. 525
protection of wire and cable systems in substations with the
(2007)
objective of minimizing cable failures and their consequences [98].
This explains the installing, splicing, terminating, and field proof
IEEE Std. 576
testing of cable systems in industrial and commercial applications
(2000)
[99].
This provides design test for shield resistance and a simulated fault-
IEEE Std. 592 current initiation for exposed semiconducting shields used on cable
(2007) accessories, specifically joints and separable insulated connectors
rated 15 kV through 35 kV [100].
This standard deals with impulse puncture testing in air of ceramic
IEC 61211 and glass insulator units of class B: cap and pin, pin type (including
(2004) pin-post type) and class B long rod insulators with nominal voltage
greater than 1000 V [101].
This part of the standard provides general principles to be followed
IEC 62305-1
for protection of structures against lightning, including their
(2010)
installations and contents, as well as persons [102].
This part of the standard describes the test techniques, general
definitions and requirements for high voltage test of equipment
IEC 60060-1
above 1 kV. It applies to dielectric tests with alternating voltage,
(2010)
dielectric tests with direct voltage, dielectric tests with impulse
voltage and dielectric tests with combinations of the above [103].
This standard applies to high-current testing and measurements on
IEC 62475 both high voltage and low voltage equipment. This standard also
(2010) covers fault detection during, for example, lightning impulse testing
[104].
This part of the standard applies to three phase and single phase
power transformers (including auto-transformer) with the exception
IEC 60076-1
of certain categories of small and special transformers, such as
(2011)
welding transformers, testing transformers, instrument transformers,
transformers for static convertors, starting transformers,, and traction

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Chapter 2. Insulation Co-ordination and Standards

transformers mounted on rolling stock [105].

This part of standard provides a method for calculating the phase
IEC 60287-1-1
currents and circulating current losses in single-core cables arranged
(2006)
in parallel [106].
IEC 60287-2-1 This part of standard is applicable to steady-state operation of cables
(1994) in alternating voltages, and direct voltages up to 5 kV [107].
This part of standard describes the method for the selection of a
IEC 60287-3-2 cable size taking into account the initial investments and the future
(2012) costs of energy losses during the anticipated operational life of the
cable [108].
This part of the standard provides method to perform test on oil-
filled and gas-pressure cables and their accessories, oil-filled, paper
IEC 60141-1
or polypropylene paper laminate insulated, metal-sheathed cables
(1993)
and accessories for alternating voltages up to and including 500 kV
[109].
This standard describes the nominal cross-sectional areas, in the
IEC 60228 range 0.5 mm2 to 2 500 mm2, for conductors in electric power cables
(2004) and cords of a wide range of types. Requirements for numbers and
sizes of wires and resistance values are also included [110].
This standard applies specifies test methods and requirements for
IEC 60840 power cable systems, cables alone and accessories alone, for fixed
(2011) installations and for rated voltages above 30 kV (Um = 36 kV) up to
and including 150 kV (Um = 170 kV) [111].
This standard gives guidance in the selection of the conductor size,
IEC 60183 insulation level and construction of cable to be used on three-phase
(1984) alternating current systems operating at voltages exceeding 1 kV
[112].
This standard provides a range of tests which may be required for
electric cables which have an extruded oversheath and where that
IEC 60229 oversheath performs a special protective function. The tests are
(2007) categorized for use as routine tests, type tests and tests after
installation. These tests comprise of electrical routine tests on cable
oversheath used in insulated or uninsulated systems, abrasion and

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Chapter 2. Insulation Co-ordination and Standards

corrosion spread type tests, electrical test on cable oversheath after

installation [113].
This specifies procedure for tests on electric and optical fibre cables
under fire conditions. The procedure for testing the resistance to
IEC 60332-1
vertical flame propagation for a single vertical electrical insulated
(2004)
conductor or cable, or optical fibre cable, under fire conditions is
given [114].
IEC 60811-100 This part of standard specifies test methods for non-metallic
(2012) materials in electric and optical fibre cables [115].
This standard gives a method for calculating the cyclic rating factor,
IEC 60853-3
for cables of all voltages, where partial drying out of the surrounding
(2002)
soil is anticipated [116].
This standard gives guidance on the short-circuit maximum
temperature limits of electric cables having rated voltages above 30
IEC 61443 kV (Um = 36 kV) up to the voltage limits given in IEC 60141 and
(2008) IEC 60840, with regard to insulating materials; oversheath and
bedding materials; conductor and metallic sheath materials and
methods of connection [117].
This standard specifies test methods and requirements for power
IEC 62067 cable systems, cables with extruded insulation and their accessories
(2011) for fixed installations, for rated voltages above 150 kV (Um = 170
kV) up to and including 500 kV (Um = 550 kV) [118].

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