Chapter 7 Power dividers and directional couplers

7.1 Basic properties of dividers and couplers

three-port network (T-junction), four-port network
(directional coupler), directivity measurement
7.2 The T-junction power divider
lossless divider, lossy divider
7.3 The Wilkinson power divider
even-odd mode analysis, unequal power division divider,
n-way Wilkinson divider
7.5 The quadrature 90 hybrid
branch-line coupler
7.6 Coupled line directional couplers
even- and odd-mode Zo, single-section and multisection
coupled line couplers

7-1 微波電路講義
7.7 The Lange coupler
7.8 The 180 hybrid
rat-race hybrid, tapered coupled line hybrid
7.9 Other couplers
reflectometer

7-2 微波電路講義
7.1 Basic properties of dividers and couplers
• N-port network

 S11 S12 S13  S1N 

1 4 S S22 S23  S2 N 
 21  Vi 
2
N-port  S31 S32 S33    Sij  
network   Vj 
       Vk 0,k  j
3 N
 S N 1 S N 2   S NN 

Discussion
1. matched ports  Sii  0
2. reciprocal network  symmetric property Sij  S ji
3. lossless network  unitary property
N N
 S ij  S ki S kj*  0
2
 1 j, i j
i 1 k 1

7-3 微波電路講義
 • three-port network (T-junction)

P2= a2P1 P1 =a2P2 + b2P3

2 2
P1 1
P2
divider 1 combiner
or coupler or coupler
3
P3 = b 2 P1 3 P3

Discussion
1. Three-port network cannot be lossless, reciprocal and matched
at all ports.
2. A lossless and matched three-port network is nonreciprocal
 circulator
1 0 0 1
2  
1 0 0
 
0 1 0 
3
7-4 微波電路講義
 1 2 0 1 0
 
0 0 1
 
3 1 0 0 

3. A matched and reciprocal three-port network is lossy  resistive

divider
4. A matched and lossy three-port network can have ∞ isolation at
two output ports (S23=S32=0)  Wilkinson power divider

7-5 微波電路講義
 (derivation of 1)
For a matched, reciprocal three-port network
S12  S13  1 S * S  0
2 2
0 S12 S13  13 23 S12  1
S 0 S23   S12  S23  1 , S12* S13  0  if S13  0, S23  0  lossy
lossless
2 2
 12
 S13 S23 0  S  S  1 S12S23  0
2 2 *
S13  1  0
13 23

(derivation of 2)
For a matched, lossless, nonreciprocal three-port network
S21  S31  1 S * S  0
2 2
 0 S12 S13 
S  lossless
31 32
if S21 =1  S31 =0,S23 =0,S13 =1,S12 =0,S32 =1
S23   S12  S32  1 , S12S13  0 
2 2 *
 21 0 if S21 =0  S31 =1,S32 =0,S12 =1,S13 =0,S23 =1
 S31 S32 0  S  S  1 21 23
2 2
S *
S  0
13 23

1
0 0 1  1 2
0 1 0  2

 1 0 0   0 0 1 
0 1 0  1 0 0 
3
3
7-6 微波電路講義
 • four-port network (directional coupler)
1 2
input port P1 P2 through port

isolated port P4 P3 coupled port

4 3
1 2 P1
coupling C (dB)  10 log  20 log S31 (>0dB)
P3
P3 P P S
directivity D(dB)  10 log  10log 3 1  20log 31 (>0dB)
P4 P1 P4 S41
4 3
P1
isolation I (dB)  10 log  C  D  20 log S 41 (>0dB)
P4
1 2
 C(dB)/ 20 V3
voltage coupling factor C  10   1
V1
V3
3 4 directivity D  10 D ( dB ) / 20
  1
V4
a measure of the coupler's ability to isolate forward and backward
port 1 port 3 P3 / P4
i/p  coupled  directivity : waves (or the coupled and isolated ports),
port 2 port 4 P4 / P3
the ability to differentiate two input signals from opposite directions

7-7 微波電路講義
Discussion
1. Matched, reciprocal and lossless four-port network  symmetrical
90 directional coupler or antisymmetrical 180 directional
coupler
0 a jb 0 0 a b 0 
   
a 0 0 jb  a 0 0  b
   
 jb 0 0 a b 0 0 a 
   
 0 jb a 0   0 b a 0 

2. C=3dB  90 hybrid (quadrature hybrid, symmetrical coupler),

180 hybrid (magic-T hybrid, rate-race hybrid)
0 1 j 0 0 1 1 0
   
1 1 0 0 j 1 1 0 0  1
   
2 j 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 1
   
0 j 1 0  0 1 1 0 
7-8 微波電路講義
 (derivation of 1)
For a matched, reciprocal and lossless four-port network
0 S12 S13 S14  row 1* , 2: S13* S23  S14* S24  0...(1) *
(1) S24  (2) S13
*
S 0 
S23 S24  row 3, 4 : S14 S13  S24 S23  0...(2)  S14* ( S13  S24 )  0
* * * 2 2
 12 
 S13 S 23 0 S34  row 1* , 3: S12* S23  S14* S34  0...(3) (3) S12 (4) S34
  34 )  0
2 2
  S 23 ( S12 S
 S14 S24 S34 0  row 2, 4*: S14* S12  S34* S23  0...(4)
S12  S13  1
2 2
0 S12 S13 0 S12  S34  a
S 0 0 S24  S12  S24  1 S13  S24 choose S13  b e j
2 2

case 1: S14  S23  0   12   

 S13 0 0 S34  S13  S34  1
2 2
S12  S 34 S 24  b e j
 
 0 S24 S34 0 
S 24  S34  1
2 2
a 2 +b 2 =1
row 2* ,3  S12* S13  S24
*
S34  0  e j  e  j  0      

(a) 90o directional coupler with      (b) 180o directional coupler with   0,   
2
a jb a  jb 0 a b 0 
0 0  0 0 
a 0 0  b 
a 0 0  
jb   a 0 0 
 jb   
 , b 0 0 a 
 jb 0 0 a   jb 0 0 a   
     0  b a 0 
0 jb a 0  0  jb a 0 
7-9 微波電路講義
0 S12 S13 S14  row 1* , 2: S13* S23  S14* S24  0...(1) *
(1) S24  (2) S13
*
S 0 
S23 S24  row 3, 4 : S14 S13  S24 S23  0...(2)  S14* ( S13  S24 )  0
* * * 2 2
 12 
 S13 S23 0 S34  row 1* , 3: S12* S23  S14* S34  0...(3) (3) S12 (4) S34
  34 )  0
2 2
  S 23 ( S12 S
 S14 S24 S34 0  row 2, 4*: S14* S12  S34* S23  0...(4)
S13  S24 choose S13  S24  j b (1) : j b ( S23  S14* )  0
case 2 : if  
S12  S34 S12  S34  a (3) : a ( S23  S14* )  0
(a) S14  S23  0  directional coupler as case 1
0 0 0 S14 
0 0 S23 0 
(b)a  b  0   , two decoupled two-port networks
0 S23 0 0
 
 S14 0 0 0 

1 2
input port P1, 1 P2 through port, a2

isolated port P4, 0 P3 coupled port, b2

4 3
7-10 微波電路講義
 3. directivity measurement
If C=20dB, D=35dB, RL=30dB (require <D=35dB!)
1
1 2 For Γ 
D
with the use of a sliding load  e j
-30dB C
3 4 P4 max  P1 (  C Γ )2
D
-20dB > -55dB (C/D) C
-85dB -50dB (ΓC) P4 min  P1 (  C Γ ) 2
D
13 (C, -20dB)4 (C/D, -55dB)
P3 D
V3 C  P3  C 2 P1 , M  
V3  CV1 , D    V4 
 
V1 P4 max 1  Γ D
V4 D
P4 max 1  Γ D
124 (C, -50dB)3 (C/D, -85dB) m 
C  P4 min 1  Γ D
V4  CV1 ( C 1  C 2 V1 ),V3  V1 2m
D DM
m 1
V 4-
1/D another solution : 3 different   circle of V4
CV1+
C 
 center po int V1  D : directivity
D
V-4min C/DV1+ V-4max 微波電路講義
7-11
 1 2 0.6
0.5 |b3/a1|
|b4/a1|
2
0.4

3 4 0.3

0.2
0.1
 b1   S11 S12 S13 S14   a1   b1   S11 S12 S13 S14   a1  0
b   S S24   a2  b2   S12 S24   2b2 
0 100

200 300

 2    12 S22 S23  
S22 S23
  

b3   S13 S 23 S33 S34   a3   b3   S13 S 23 S33 S34   0 

         
b4   S14 S24 S34 S44   a4  b4   S14 S24 S34 S44   0 
b1  S11a1  S12  2b2  0.07769o 0.6860.8o 0.684  89o 0.11424o 
 
b2  S12 a1  S22  2b2 Given 
0.6860.8o 0.09254o 0.11119o 0.686  92o 
0.684  89o 0.11119o 0.10672o 0.6800.1o 
b3  S13a1  S23 2b2  
 0.11424 0.686  92o 0.6800.1o 0.11464o 
o

b4  S14 a1  S24  2b2

S
S12  S31  0.684, C  3.3dB, 31  6, D  15.56dB
b2  a1 S 41
1  S22  2 
30
RL  30dB( D  15.56dB),  2  10 20 e j
b3 S12 b  b 
 S13  S23 2 mean  3  max  4 
a1 1  S22  2  a1   0.6840 =5.3089,m   a1   0.1288 =1.3004
M
b4 S12  b  0.1288 b  0.0990
 S14  S 24 2 max  4  min  4 
a1 1  S 22  2  a1   a1 
2m
DM  6.0022, 20log6=15.56dB
m 1
7-12 微波電路講義
7.2 The T-junction power divider

• lossless divider
2 Γ2
1
Z2
Zo jB
Γ1 Z3 Γ3
Yin
3

1 1 1
Yin  jB     B  0 "not practical"
Z 2 Z3 Zo
 A lossless divider has mismatched ports.

7-13 微波電路講義
Discussion
1. Ex. 7.1 Zo=50, P2:P3=1:2, calculate 2 and 3.
1 2 1 1 1
P1 : P2 : P3  1: :  : :
3 3 Z o Z 2 Z3
3
 Z 2  3Z o  150, Z 3  Z o  75
2
Z in  Z 2 // Z 3  50
50 // 75  Z 2 50 //150  Z 3
Γ2   0.666, Γ 3   0.333
50 // 75  Z 2 50 //150  Z 3

2. It’s a lossless and mismatched three-port divider, and not good

in isolation.

7-14 微波電路講義
• resistive (lossy) divider
R 2
+ Zo
R
V2
+ + _
1 Zo V1 V R
_ _
+
Zin V3 Zo
_ 3
Zo
matched ports  ( R  Zo ) //( R  Zo )  R  Zo  R
3
Discussion 2
Zo
R  Zo 2 3 2
1. Z in   Z o ,V  V1  V1
0 1 1  2 3 2
R  Zo 3
 S   1 0 1 
1
3
2
1 1 0  Zo 3 1
V2 ,V3  V  V  V1
Zo
 Zo 4 2
3
7-15 微波電路講義
 V
2 ( 1 )2
2
1V 1V 1 2 1 V12 Pin
2. Pin  1
, P2  P3   2
 
2 Zo 2 Zo 2 Zo 8 Zo 4
2 2
(V  V)
1 (V1  V ) 2 1 1 3 1 1 V12 Pin
Ploss , R @1  = = 
2 R 2 Z o 6 Zo 3
3
2 1 2
( V  V)
1 (V  V2 ) 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 V12 Pin
Ploss , R @ 2,3  =  
2 R 2 Z o 24 Z o 12
3
 lossy divider
3. It’s a lossy and matched three-port divider, and not good in
isolation.

7-16 微波電路講義
 7.3 The Wilkinson power divider

• basic concept
Zo
2Z o ,  / 4 2

Zo 1  0  j  j
 S  =  j 0 0 
1
2Zo
2
  j 0 0 
2Z o ,  / 4 3
Zo
Input port 1 is matched→ Port 2 and port 3 have equal voltage and power.
 2Z o ,  / 4
input port 2 or 3 → Port 2 and port 3 have perfect isolation.
=> a lossy, matched and good isolation (equal phase) three-port
divider

7-17 微波電路講義
 • even-odd mode analysis
A linear, symmetric network

2Zo 2Z o ,  / 4
Zo 4V
≡ 2V 2V
+|
even mode R/2
O.C. +
odd mode 2Zo R/2
S.C.
2Z o ,  / 4 Zo 2V -2V
even- odd-
mode excitation

7-18 微波電路講義
 even-mode
2Zo 1
2Z o ,  / 4 2 2V
Zo
+|

Zine  Z o
0 /4
ports 2, 3 matched  S  0, S  0 e
22
e
33

 V2e  V ,symmetry of ports 2 and 3  V3e  V

2 2 Γ 1
Γ  V1e  jV   j 2V
2 2 Γ 1
(derivation of V1e ) V ( z )  V  e  j b z  V  e j b z
2   2    
j j j j
   
V V e
2
e  4
V e  4
V e 2
V e 2
 jV  (1  )  V
2 2
1
1  2 2 V   j 4 V   j 2V
V1e  V   V   V  (1  )   j V j
1  2 2 2 2
1
7-19 2 2 微波電路講義
odd-mode
1
2Z o ,  / 4 2 2V
Zo
+|

R/2
Zino  Z o
R
 Z o  R  2Z o  ports 2 and 3 matched  S 22
o
 S33o  0
2
 V2o  V ,V3o  V ,V1o  0
V2e  V 
  V  V e
 V o
 2V
V2o  V 
2 2 2

V1e   j 2V 
 V3e  V 
  V1  V1  V1   j 2V , o   V3  V3  V3  0
e o e o

V1  0 
o
 V3  V 
V1 V1  j 2V 1
 S12     j  S 21  S31  S13
V2 S22  0, L1  0
V2 2V 2
V3 V3 0
 S32      0  S23
V2 V2 S22  0, L 3  0
2V
7-20 微波電路講義
 Discussion
1. A 3dB Wilkinson power divider has equal amplitude and phase
outputs at port 2 and port 3.
2. Ex. 7.2 A 3dB Wilkinson power divider has Zo=70.7 and R=100.
frequency response (p.332, Fig. 7.12)
3. 3dB Wilkinson power combiner  1 
 b1   0  j  j  0    j 2 (a2  a3 ) 
a2 b   1   j 0 0   a    
 2  0 
2   2
b1
a3 b3    j 0 0   a3   0 
 
 
1 1 1 1 1
if a2  a3  P1  ( a2  a3 )  ( 2a2 )  a2  ( a2  a3 )  P2  P3
2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
if a2  a3 , P1  ( a2  a3 )  a2  a3
2 2

2 2 4
1 1 a a a a 1 a2  a3 a3  a2
2 2
a2  a3 a2  a3 P1  ( 2 3  2 3   )
a2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 i / p  even , odd 
a3 a2  a3 a3  a2 1 a2  a3
2
1 1
     3 )  P2  P3
2 2 2
2 2 =2 a2 a3 ( a2 a
2 2 4 2
7-21 微波電路講義
 1 1
(Proof of P1  a2  a3  ( a2  a3 )  P2  P3
2 2 2
)
4 2
a2
b1
a3

a2  a3   a2  a3   a2*  a3*    a2  a3  a2 a3*  a2*a3 

1 1 1
P1 
2 2 2

4 4 4 
1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2
  a2  a3   Re[a2 a3* ]   a2  a3    a2  a3   a2  a3  P2  P3
2 2 2 2 2 2

4  2 4  4  2 2
a2  a3   a2  a3   a2*  a3*   a2  a3  a2 a3*  a2*a3
2 2 2

 a2  a3  2 Re[a2 a3* ]  0
2 2

1 1
 2 Re[a2 a3* ]  a2  a3  Re[a2 a3* ]   a2  a3 
2 2 2 2

2 4 

7-22 微波電路講義
 4. unequal power division (Wilkinson power divider)

 R2
Zin2 Zo2 , Zo4 Zo
4 2
(1) port 1 match  Z o  Z in 2 // Z in3
Zo
P3 V32 2 V2
2

1 R (2) K 
2
K
P2 Z in3 Z in 2

Zin3  (3) V2  V3  Z in 2  K 2 Z in3

Zo3 , 3
4 Zo5 Zo
R3
1 K 2
(1),(3)  Z in 2  (1  K ) Z o , Z in 3 
2
Zo
K2
Z Z
(2)  R2  K 2 R3 , let R2  KZ o  R3  o , Z o 4  K Z o , Z o5  o
K K
1 K 2
Zo2  Z in 2 R2  K (1  K ) Z o , Z o 3  Z in 3 R3 
2
3
Zo
K
7-23 微波電路講義
 Zo2 Zo4 2V
I2 Va Zo
Zo +|
IR
V1 R
Zo

I1’=0 “GND”
Zo3 I1 Zo5
I1 I2
 cos 
table jZ o sin   0 jZ o  V1  jZ o I 2
V1  
4.1
 V2   
 2 
V 
Zo ,  V2     j sin  I    j 0   I 2 
V1 j
 I1  cos    2 Z I1  V2
 Z o     o  Zo
2

V1 V V
I1  , I 2  a , 1  Zo
jZ o 3 jZ o 2 I 2
Va V jZ I Z I Z Z
I R  I1  0   1  o 2 2  o 2  jI 2 ( o 2  o )
R jZ o 3 R jZ o 3 R Z o3
Zo 2 Zo3 1  K 2
R  Z o , K  1 for a 3dB Wilkinson divider
Zo K
7-24 微波電路講義
5. N-way Wilkinson power divider (not in a planar shape)

N Zo , / 4 R=Zo
Zo

Zo R

Zo

NZo

7-25 微波電路講義
7.5 The quadrature 90 hybrid
• branch-line hybrid
Port 2 and port 3 have equal amplitude and 90 phase difference.

1 Zo / 2 , / 4 2
0 j 1 0
 
Zo , / 4 Zo , / 4 1  j 0 0 1 
S  = 
2 1 0 0 j
 
0 1 j 0
Zo / 2 , / 4
4 3

• even-odd mode analysis

1 1 1 2
, 1 b2
2 2 b1

1 1 b4 b3
,
2 2
4 3

7-26 微波電路講義
 even-mode odd-mode

1  1 1 1 1 2 1
1 , 2 Te 2 To
2 4 2 2 2
1 1
e  o
2  ,1 2
,1
8 8
O.C. O.C. S.C. S.C.
1 1

2 2
1 1 1
1
e 4 3 Te  o 4 3  To
2 2 2 2

1 1 1 1
 b1 b2 b3 b4 
b1   e   o  S11 , b2  Te  To  S 21 b b1 b4 b3 
2 2 2 2  2
1 1 1 1
b3  Te  To  S31 , b4  e   o  S 41 b3 b4 b1 b2 
2 2 2 2  
b4 b3 b2 b1 

7-27 微波電路講義
 table 4.1 
A B   cos  jZ o sin    0 jZ o 
Zo , / 4  
C
 D   jYo sin  cos      jYo 0 
2
 A B   1 0
C D   Y 1 
Y    
 Zo
open-circuit stub  Z in   j   jZ o  Yin  jYo
8 
tan
4
 
short-circuit stub  Z in  jZ o tan  jZ o  Yin   jYo
8 4
  1 0
even-mode: open-circuit stub  
8  jYo 1 

  1 0
odd-mode: short-circuit stub  
8   jYo 1 
AZ o  B  CZ o2  DZ o 2Z o
  S11  , T  S 
AZo  B  CZ o2  DZ o AZ o  B  CZ o2  DZ o
21

7-28 微波電路講義
  j 
A B

1 0  0   1 0   1  1 j 
C D    2
  j 1  
 e  j 1    2  j 1
j 2 0 
 j 
A B  1 0  0   1 0  1 1 j 
C D     2
  j 1  
 o  j 1    2  j 1
j 2 0 
1 1
  e  0 , o  0 ,Te  (1  j ), To  (1  j )
2 2
j 1 Zb
 b1  0, b2  , b3  , b4  0 Za Za
2 2
Zb
Discussion
1. Unequal power division branch-line coupler uses Za, Zb /4 lines
(prob. 7.18).
2. Ex. 7.5, frequency response (p.346, Fig. 7.25), BW: 10% ~ 20%
3. Multisection branch-line couplers can increase the operation BW.
7-29 微波電路講義
 4. Smith chart consideration

1 Zo / 2 , / 4 2 1 Zo / 2 , / 4 2

Zo ,  / 8 Zo 1 Zo ,  / 8 Z  jZ o , z  j, y   j
Z ,z  ,y  j
j j open short
even-mode odd-mode

(1  j ) G y  1 j (1  j )
G y  1 j y y
2 2

L y=1+j (1  j ) L y=1+j (1  j )
y y
2 2

7-30 微波電路講義
 7.6 Coupled line directional couplers
• coupled line theory
C12
W S W

C11 C22

even-mode excitation
Ce  C11  C22
+V +V
C11 C22 1
Z oe 
veCe
H wall
odd-mode excitation
2C12 2C12 Co  C11  2C12
1
+V -V C11 C22 Z oo 
voCo

E wall 7-31 微波電路講義

Discussion
1. In general vevo (∵effe>effo), only for TEM mode ve = vo = v.
2. Zoe, Zoo (W/b, S/b) (p.349, Fig. 7.29 and p.350, Fig. 7.30) are given
for coupled striplines and microstrip lines.
3. Zoe > Zoo, W/b  Zoe  Zoo , S/b  Zoe  Zoo and
Zoe, Zoo  Zo.
4. Ex.7.6 derive Zoe, Zoo of coupled striplines (p.347, Fig.7.26(b))
W W 4bW W
C11    2 , C 
(b  S ) 2 (b  S ) 2 b  S 2
12
S
b S Ce  C11 , Co  C11  2C12
1 b2  S 2
Z oe   Zo
W vCe 4bW  r
1 1
Z oo   Zo
vCo 2W  r [2b /(b 2  S 2 )  1/ S ]

7-32 微波電路講義
 • coupled line coupler 3  4

matched port  Z o  Z oe Z oo S
Z oe  Z oo 
C ,   1 2
Z oe  Z oo 2 W
 0  j 1 C2 C 0 
 
 j 1 C2
   
0 0 C
S 
C 0 0  j 1 C2 
 
 0 C j 1 C2 0 

1 C 1 C
design equations: Z oe  Z o , Z oo  Z o  S, W
1 C 1 C

7-33 微波電路講義
Discussion
1. Design procedure: given C and Zo, calculate Zoe and Zoo, then
use Fig. 7.29 or 7.30 to find W/b and S/b for stripline or
microstrip.
2. even-odd mode analysis
3  4
even odd
V -V + +
2V V3, I3 Zoe, Zoo I4, V4
V V
|+
1 2
+ I1 I2 +
V1 V2
even mode: I1e  I 3e , I 2e  I 4e ,V1e  V3e ,V2e  V4e
odd mode: I1o   I 3o , I 2o   I 4o ,V1o  V3o ,V2o  V4o
7-34 微波電路講義
I1  I1e  I1o , I 2  I 2e  I 2o , I 3  I1e  I1o , I 4  I 2e  I 2o
V1  V1e  V1o ,V2  V2e  I 2o ,V3  V1e  V1o ,V4  V2e  V2o
e o  Z o  jZ oe,o tan  Z ine,o V
Z ine,o  Z oe,o , V1e ,o  V e ,o , I1e ,o  e,o
Z oe,o  jZ o tan  Z in  Z o Z in  Z o
V1 V1e  V1o 2( Z ine Z ino  Z o2 )
Z in   e o  Z o  e ...(1)
I1 I1  I1 Z in  Z in  2Z o
o

 Z o  if Z o2 (  Z ine Z ino )  Z oe Z oo ...(2)

Z o  jZ oe,o tan 
V e ,o
V ...(3)
2Z o  j ( Z oe  Z oo ) tan 
1

j ( Z oe  Z oo ) tan 
V3  V  V  Ve o

2 Z o  j ( Z oe  Z oo ) tan 
1 1

Z oe  Z oo jC tan 
C  V3  V ...(4)
Z oe  Z oo 1  C  j tan 
2

微波電路講義
7-35
 Z ine Z ino
V e V o
V1 V1e  V1o Z in  Z o Z in  Z o
derivation of (1) : Z in   e o 
I1 I1  I1 V

V
Z ine  Z o Z ino  Z o
Z ine ( Z ino  Z o )  Z ino ( Z ine  Z o ) Z o ( Z ine  Z ino  2Z o )  2Z ino Z ine  2Z o2
 
Z ine  Z ino  2Z o Z ine  Z ino  2Z o
2( Z ine Z ino  Z o2 )
 Zo  e
Z in  Z ino  2 Z o
Z o  jZ oe tan  Z  jZ oo tan 
derivation of (2) : Z ine Z ino  Z oe Z oo o
Z oe  jZ o tan  Z oo  jZ o tan 
let Z oe Z oo  Z o2 Z oe Z oo  jZ oe tan  1/ Z oe Z oe Z oo  jZ oo tan  1/ Z oo
 Z oe Z oo  
Z oe  j Z oe Z oo tan  1/ Z oe Z oo  j Z oe Z oo tan  1/ Z oo
Z oo  j Z oe tan  Z oe  j Z oo tan 
 Z oe Z oo  Z oe Z oo  Z o2  Z in  Z o : i/p match
Z oe  j Z oo tan  Z oo  j Z oe tan 

微波電路講義
7-36
 Z o  jZ oe tan 
Z oe
Z ine Z oe  jZ o tan 
derivation of (3):V1  V e
e
V
Z in  Z o Z  jZ oe tan 
Z oe o  Zo
Z oe  jZ o tan 
Z oe Z o  jZ oe2 tan  1/ Z oe Z o  jZ oe tan 
V   V
2Z oe Z o  jZ oe2 tan   jZ o2 tan  1/ Z oe 2Z o  jZ oe tan   jZ oo tan 
j ( Z oe  Z oo ) tan 
V3  V1e  V1o  V
2 Z o  j ( Z oe  Z oo ) tan 
Z oe  Z oo
j tan 
Z oe  Z oo Z oe  Z oo jC tan 
derivation of (4):C   V3  V V
Z oe  Z oo 2Z o
 j tan 
2Z o
 j tan 
Z oe  Z oo Z oe  Z oo
Z oe  Z oo 2 ( Z oe  Z oo ) 2  ( Z oe  Z oo ) 2 2 Z oe Z oo 2Z o
1 C  1 (
2
)   
Z oe  Z oo Z oe  Z oo Z oe  Z oo Z oe  Z oo
jC tan 
 V3  V
1  C 2  j tan 

微波電路講義
7-37
V1e,o   cos  jZ oe ,o sin   V2e ,o 
 e ,o     
 I1   jYoe ,o sin  cos    I 2e ,o 
Zo
 V2e ,o V ...(5)
2 Z o cos   j ( Z oe  Z oo ) sin 
2Z o 1 C2
V2  V  V  V
e o
V
2 Z o cos   j ( Z oe  Z oo ) sin 
2 2
1  C 2 cos   j sin 
V4  V2e  V2e  0

3. frequency response at port 2 and port 3

1
|S21|2
1-C2
C2 |S31|2

0  2 
微波電路講義
7-38
derivation of (5)
V1e ,o   cos  jZ oe ,o sin   V2e ,o  V2e,o   cos   jZ oe ,o sin   V1e,o 
 e ,o      e ,o    e,o     jYoe ,o sin    e,o 
 1  
I jY oe , o sin  cos    I2   I2   cos    I1 
Z o  jZ oe ,o tan  Z o cos   jZ oe ,o sin 
(3)  V1e ,o  V V
2 Z o  j ( Z oe  Z oo ) tan  2 Z o cos   j ( Z oe  Z oo ) sin 
V Z o  jZ oe tan 
I1e  e , Z ine  Z oe
Z in  Z o Z oe  jZ o tan 
V V Z oe  jZ o tan 
I1e  e  V
Z in  Z o Z oe Z o  jZ oe tan   Z o Z oe ( Z o  jZ oe tan )  Z o ( Z oe  jZ o tan )
Z oe  jZ o tan 
Z oe  jZ o tan  1/ Z oe 1  j Z oo / Z oe tan  cos   j Z oo / Z oe sin 
V   V  V
2 Z oe Z o  j ( Z oe2  Z o2 ) tan  1/ Z oe 2 Z o  j ( Z oe  Z oo ) tan  2 Z o cos   j ( Z oe  Z oo ) sin 
cos   j Z oo ,e / Z oe ,o sin 
 I1e ,o  V
2 Z o cos   j ( Z oe  Z oo ) sin 
 V2e ,o  cos V1e ,o  jZ oe ,o sin I1e ,o
( Z o cos   jZ oe ,o sin ) cos  jZ oe ,o sin (cos   j Z oo ,e / Z oe ,o sin )
V V
2 Z o cos   j ( Z oe  Z oo ) sin  2 Z o cos   j ( Z oe  Z oo ) sin 
Z o cos 2   jZ oe ,o sin  cos   jZ oe ,o sin  cos   Z oe Z oo sin 2 
V
2 Z o cos   j ( Z oe  Z oo ) sin 
Zo
V 微波電路講義
2 Z o cos   j ( Z oe  Z oo ) sin 
7-39
4. selection of line length
  
 l    l 
2 4 2
V1  1 V1  1
V2   j 1  C 2 , P2  (1  C 2 ) P1 V2  1
V3  C , P2  C 2 P1 V3  0
V4  0 V4  0

 , V2 and V3 have 90o phase difference  quadrature coupler
2

5. In general vevo  eo, coupled line coupler is suited for a

weakly coupled coupler.
6. C=3dB  Zoe=120.7, Zoo=20.7  S becomes not practical
and coupled line theory is not applicable  Lange coupler

7-40 微波電路講義
 7. Ex.7.7 design a 20dB coupled stripline coupler, b=0.32cm,
r=2.2, Zo=50, f=3GHz.

C  1020 / 20  0.1  Z oe  55.28, Z oo  45.23

from p.349, Fig. 7.29, W / b  0.809, S / b  0.306  S  0.098cm
frequency response (p.356, Fig. 7.34)

• multisection coupled line coupler

3  4

C1 C2 C3 CN

1
2

7-41 微波電路講義
 C  1, N : odd
V3 jC tan  jC tan 
single section    jC sin e  j
V1 1  C 2  j tan  1  j tan 
V2 1 C2 1
   e  j
V1 1  C 2 cos   j sin  cos   j sin 
V
multisection 3  jC1 sin e  j  jC2 sin e  j e  j 2  .... jC N sin e  j e  j 2( N 1)
V1
if C1  CN , C2  C N 1 ,....
V3
 j sin e  j [C1 (1+e j 2( N 1)  )  C2 (e  j 2 +e j 2( N  2)  )  ....  CM e  j ( N 1)  ]
V1
1 N 1
 j 2sin e  jN  [C1 cos( N  1)  C2 cos( N  3)  ....  CM ], M 
2 2
V  V
C  3 (  ), 3 ()  Cn  S n , Wn
V1 2 V1 微波電路講義
7-42
Discussion
1. Ex. 7.8 design a 20dB coupler with binomial response, N=3,
Zo=50, fo=3GHz.

V3 1 1 1
C  2sin  [C1 cos 2  C2 ]  2C1 (sin 3  sin  )  C2 sin 
V1 2 2 2
 C1 sin 3  (C2  C1 ) sin 
dC d 2C 
 0,  10C  C  0, C ( )  C 2 -2C1  10 20 / 20  0.1
d    d   
2 1 2
2
2 2

C1  C3  0.0125 1 C 1 C
  Z oe  Z o , Z oo  Z o
C2  0.125 1 C 1 C
1
Z oe  Z oe3  50.63, Z oo
1
 Z oo
3
 49.38

Z oe2  56.69, Z oo2  44.1

frequency response (p.359, Fig. 7.37)

7-43 微波電路講義
7.7 The Lange coupler (interdigitated coupler)

3 2
/4

1 4

2 3 4
3

4
1 1 2
Unfolded Lange coupler

7-44 微波電路講義
 four-wire coupled line model even + + + +
odd + - + -
3 4
Cm Cm Cm

Cex Cex
Cin Cin
1 Ze4, Zo4 2
～Cex
approximate two-wire coupled line model Cex  Cin (Cm in series with Cex )
C C
3 4 nearest  Cin  Cex  ex m
neighbor Cex  Cm
Ze4, Zo4
coupling Ce 4  Cex  Cin
1 2 Co 4  Cex  Cin  3  2Cm
Cm
Ce  Cex
Cex Cex
Co  Cex  2Cm
7-45 微波電路講義
4-line model : Ce 4  Cex  Cin , Co 4  Cex  Cin  6Cm
2-line model : Ce  Cex , Co  Cex  2Cm
Ce (3Ce  Co ) C (3Co  Ce )
 Ce 4  , Co 4  o ...(1)
Ce  Co Ce  Co
1 Z  Z oe Z  Z oe
Zo   Z e 4  oo Z oe , Z o 4  oo Z oo ...(2)
vC 3Z oo  Z oe 3Z oe  Z oo
4C  3  9  8C 2
Z oe  Zo
Ze4  Zo4 prob .7.27 2C (1  C ) /(1  C )
Zo  Ze4 Zo4 , C   W,S
Ze4  Zo4 4C  3  9  8C 2
Z oo  Zo
2C (1  C ) /(1  C )

Discussion
1. Lange coupler is suitable for wideband 3dB 90 hybrid, and MMIC
design uses air bridges instead of bond wires.

7-46 微波電路講義
 Cex Cm
Cin  Cex 
Cex  Cm
Cex Cm
derivation of (1) : 4-line : Ce 4  Cex  Cin  2Cex 
Cex  Cm
Co  Ce
2-line : Ce  Cex , Co  Cex  2Cm  Cm 
2
Co  Ce
Ce CeCo  Ce2 2Ce2  2CeCo  CeCo  Ce2 Ce (3Ce  Co )
Ce 4  2Ce  2  2Ce   
Co  Ce C  C C  C Ce  Co
Ce  e o e o
2
Ce (3Ce  Co ) 3Ce2  CeCo  3Co2  3Ce2 Co (3Co  Ce )
Co 4  Cex  Cin  6Cm   3(Co  Ce )  
Ce  Co Ce  Co Ce  Co
1
derivation of (2) : Z o 
vC
1 1 1 Ce  Co 1/ vCeCo 1 1/ vCo  1/ vCe Z  Z oe
 Ze4       Z oe oo
vCe 4 C (3Ce  Co ) vCe 3Ce  Co 1/ vCeCo vCe 3 / vCo  1/ vCe 3Z oo  Z oe
v e
Ce  Co
1 1 1 Ce  Co 1/ vCeCo 1 1/ vCo  1/ vCe Z  Z oe
Zo4       Z oo oo
vCo 4 v Co (3Co  Ce ) vCo 3Co  Ce 1/ vCeCo vCo 3 / vCe  1/ vCo 3Z oe  Z oo
Ce  Co

7-47 微波電路講義
 7.8 The 180 hybrid
• rat-race (ring) hybrid (1) input port 1
port 1 match  2 Z o  Z o  2Z o
3 1 
1
   port 4 "GND"
2 4 4 2
()
/4 or isolated port
2Z o (2) input ports 2 and 3
/4  port 1:  port, port 4 : port
3 / 4
3
/4 0 1 1 0
 0  1
Zo 4  j 1 0
() 2 1 0 0 1
 
0  1 1 0

7-48 微波電路講義
 Discussion
1. even-odd mode analysis

2 1 , 2
1/2 4 2
Te
1/2 1/2 1 e
 3
, 2 , 2
8 8
O.C.
3 4
1/2 -1/2 O.C.


1 1 1 , 2 2
b1   e   o , 1/2 4 To
2 2 o
1 1
b2  Te  To  3
2 2 , 2 , 2
1 1 8 S.C. 8
b3   e   o ,
2 2
S.C.
1 1
b4  Te  To 微波電路講義
2 2 7-49
Zo , / 4 A B  0 jZ o 

C


D   jYo 0 

  1 0
  even - mode open - circuit /8 stub
  jYo 1
 1 0
even - mode open - circuit 3/8 stub
Y A B  
   jYo 1
C  
 D   1 0
odd - mode short - circuit /8 stub
   jYo 1
 1
 
0
 jY  odd - mode short - circuit 3/8 stub

  o 1

7-50 微波電路講義
  1 0  0 j 2  1 0
A B  1 j 2
 j     
C 
D e    j   
j 
 1 
 
1 0 1 j 2
 2   2   2
 1 0  0 j 2  1 0
A B    1 j 2
   
C D     j   j   j 
 
 o  1
 
0
 
1
  j 2 1 
 2  2   2 
j j j j
 e   , o  ,Te   , To  
2 2 2 2
j j
 b1  0, b2   , b3   , b4  0
2 2

2. input port 2  ports 1, 4 :180 phase difference, port 3 isolated port

input port 4  ports 2, 3 :180 phase difference, port 1 isolated port

7-51 微波電路講義
3. Ex. 7.9 3dB rat-race hybrid Zo=70.7, BW 20~30% (p.367, Fig.7.46)
4.
 b1  0 1 1 0 0  a 2  a3 
      
b2  j 1 0 0  1 a 2  j  0 
      
b3  2 1 0 0 1  a3  2 0 
      
b4  0 1 1 0   0   a 2  a3 

5. Unequal power division rat-race coupler uses Za, Zb lines

Za

Zb
Zb

Za

7-52 微波電路講義
 • tapered coupled line hybrid
1 1
b1  Te  To
2 Zoe ( z)Zoo ( z)  Zo2
2 2
1/2 -1/2 1 1 1
Zo b2   e   o
2 2
even odd 1 1
Z oe ( z ), Z oo ( z ) b3  Te  To
4 2 2
1/2 1/2 Zo 1 1
1 tapered uniform 3 b4   e   o
input at port 4 coupled line uncoupled line 2 2

Zo / k
Z oe ( z )  b1 b2 b3 b4 
b b1 b4 b3 
Zo
 2
kZo
Z oo ( z ) b3 b4 b1 b2 
0  k 1  
b4 b3 b2 b1 
coupling factor L 2L z

7-53 微波電路講義
 Even mode k :1

4 Z o , bL Z o , bL 3

Zo / k
Odd mode 1: k

4 Z o , bL Z o , bL 3

kZo
 k 0 
A B  cos  j sin     cos  j sin 
C 
D  e  j sin  cos    0
1 
j sin  cos  
(p.190, Table 4.1)
  
k 
 1 1  A B C  D
 k cos 2
  sin 2
 j( k  ) sin  cos   e 
k k A B C  D
 
 1 1  2
 j ( k  ) sin  cos   k sin 2   cos 2   Te 
 k k  A B C  D

7-54 微波電路講義
  1 
A B  cos  j sin   0   cos  j sin 
C D    k
  o  j sin  cos      j sin  cos  
 
 0 k 
 1 1  A B C  D
 k cos 2
  k sin 2
 j ( k  ) sin  cos    
A B C  D
o
k
 
 1 1 2  2
 j ( k  ) sin  cos   sin 2
  k cos   T 
A B C  D
o
 k k 
k  1  j 2 1  k  j 2 2 k  j 2 2 k  j 2
 e  e , o  e ,Te  e , To  e
k 1 k 1 k 1 k 1 1 1
b1  Te  To
k  1  j 2 2 2
 b1  0  S14 , b2  e  ae  j 2  S 24 ,
k 1 1 1
b2   e   o
2 k  j 2  j 2
2 2
b3  e  be  S34 , b4  0  S 44 1 1
k 1 b3  Te  To
2 2
a  b 1
2 2

1 1
b4   e   o
2 2

7-55 微波電路講義
input at port 2  input at port 4  S12  S34 , S22  S44 , S32  S14 , S42  S24
reciprocal  S23  S32 , S41  S14
1  k  j 2 k  1  j 2
input at port 1   e  e ,o  e
k 1 k 1
1 1 1  k  j 2
 b1  ( e   o )  0  S11 , b3  ( e   o )  e  ae  j 2  S31
2 2 k 1
input at port 3  input at port 1  S13  S31
0 b a 0 
 b 0 0 a 
  S   e j 2  
a 0 0 b 
 
 0 a b 0 

7-56 微波電路講義
 • waveguide magic-T
4 , E-plane arm

E H
2 3

1 , H-plane arm
4 4

2 3 2 3

input at port 1 input at port 4

port 4: 0 port 1: 0
port 2 and port 3: equal port 2 and port 3: 180 phase
amplitude and phase difference
7-57 微波電路講義
7.9 Other couplers
• reflectometer Vi Vr
Vi Vr 3 C/D C/D 4
C C
3 4 C<<1
 1


1 2 load
2


C C
Vi  C   e jθ ,Vr   C  e j
D D
1
 
Vr D , as D   Vr  

Vi max ,min  Vi
1
D
7-58 微波電路講義
Prob. 7.4 Two 90 8.34dB couplers are connected in cascade, find S2'1 ,S3'1
a a
1 2 1’ 2’

jb

4 jb 3 4’ a jb 3’

C  8.34dB  20 log b  b  0.383, a 2  b 2  1  a  0.924

V3'  aV4'  jb V1'  aV3  jb V2  a ( jb V1 )  jb(aV1 )
=2jab V1  0.70790o V1
V2'  aV1'  jb V4'  aV2  jb V3  a (aV1 )  jb( jb V1 )
=(a 2  b2 )V1  0.707V1 3 4 3’ 4’

V 0
4

 3dB quadrature coupler 1

connection problem in microstrip circuits 2 1’ 2’

7-59 微波電路講義
 Prob. 7.18 Design an unequal power branch-line coupler

Zb b b
Za Za a a a a
O.C. S.C.
Zb Z Z
(even mode) a  a , b  b (odd mode)
Zo Zo
A B  1 0  0 jb   1 0  b / a jb 
C  
 D  e  j / a 1   j / b 0   j / a 1   j / b  jb / a 2 b / a 
A B  1 0  0 jb   1 0  b/a jb 
C  

     
D  o   j / a 1   j / b 0    j / a 1   j / b  jb / a b / a 
2

j (b  1/ b  b / a 2 ) j (b  1/ b  b / a 2 ) 1 1
 Γe  , Γ  , Te  , To 
2b / a  j (b  1/ b  b / a ) 2b / a  j (b  1/ b  b / a ) b / a  jb b / a  jb
2 o 2

1 1 1
input match b1  ( e   o )  0  1  2  2  0...(1)
2 b a
1 j 1 1/ a a
b2  (Te  To )  , b3  (Te  To )  , P2  aP3  b2  a b3  1  2  a  a
2 2

2 b(1  1/ a )2
2 b(1  1/ a )
2
a
a a a
(1)  b    Z a  a Zo , Zb  Zo
1  a2 1 a 1 a

ADS examples: Ch7_prj

7-60 微波電路講義