10 Basic Ship Construction Terms For Seafarers To Know - MySeaTime

29/12/2017 10 basic Ship construction terms for seafarers to know - MySeaTime
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Written by Capt Rajeev Jassal on October 13, 2016
url=https://www.myseatime.com/blog/detail/10-
simple-
terms-
to-
understand-
ship-
construction-
better&text=10
basic
Ship
construction
terms
for About Capt Rajeev
seafarers Jassal
to
know - Capt. Rajeev Jassal has sailed
MySeaTime&via=myseatime) for over 19 years mainly on
crude oil, product and
(https://www.myseatime.com/blogadm/wp- chemical tankers. He holds
(http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?
content/uploads/2016/10/Ship-Construction-terms.jpg) MBA in shipping & Logistics
mini=true&url=https://www.myseatime.com/blog/detail/10-
degree from London. He has
simple-
terms- done extensive research on
A seafarer may not be involved in the ship construction so
to- quantitatively measuring Safety
much. But that does not mean that they need not know
understand- culture onboard and safety
anything about it. For example if you see a crack in ballast
ship- climate ashore which he
construction-
tank, you should be able to tell exactly where the crack is. believes is the most important
better)
element for safer shipping.
It is only possible if you can identify the structures inside

(http://plus.google.com/share?
the ballast tank. Same applies to the other parts of the ship
too.
simple-
terms-
to-
We read about ship construction during our competency
understand-
https://www.myseatime.com/blog/detail/10-simple-terms-to-understand-ship-construction-better 1/17
understand
exams. Only problem is ship construction topics starts from
ship- Search Blog
construction-
the medium level and not from the basic level.
better)
For example if we need to draw the construction of double

bottom, learning just involves placing each component at its SEARCH
place without answering why.
The first step of studying the ship construction need to be

knowing about the basic terms of ship constructions.
simple-
In this post I will discuss and explain 10 basic terms used in
terms-
ship construction.
to-
understand-
ship-
But before we do that, first lets discuss briefly what ship is
construction-
made of.
better)
What are ships made of
simple-
terms-
Ships are made of steel and we all know that. But what all
to-
forms of steel are used in building ships. I mean what
understand-
shape of steel ?
ship-
construction-
better&text=10
Before learning anything about ship construction we need
basic
Ship
to know the shapes used in ship construction. Let us
construction
discuss few of these.
terms
for
seafarers
Plate
to
know -
We all know what we mean by plate. It is a rectangular
MySeaTime&via=myseatime)
shape steel with certain thickness. The most common place
you can see the plate in ship construction is the main deck
and side of the ship.
simple-
terms-
Bar
to-
understand-
There is only one principle difference between steel plate
ship-
and steel bar. The steel bar has lesser cross sectional width
construction-
than the steel plate.
better)
This table gives a fair idea what cross section of a steel can
be called a plate/sheet or a bar.
simple-
terms-
to-
(https://www.myseatime.com/blogadm/wp-
understand-
(https://www.myseatime.com/blogadm/wp
understand
ship-
content/uploads/2016/10/steel-plate-and-steel-bar.jpg)
construction-
better)
Beam
A beam is a structural element that increases load bearing
capability and avoid bending of the structure. Beams can
be categorized by many types but from point of ship
construction, we need to categorize it through cross
sectional shape.
For example, there are L-Shaped beams, C-shaped beams,
simple-
I-shaped beams and SI-shaped beams. SI shaped beams
terms-
to-
are I-shaped beams with slight curved cross section.
understand-
ship-
construction-
better)
content/uploads/2016/10/Type-of-steel-beams.jpg)
Shape of the beams are not limited to these ones. It can be
simple-
in many other shapes.
terms-
to-
understand-
Now that we know the shapes and structure of the steel
ship-
used in ship construction, we can discuss the ship
construction-
better&text=10
construction terms. But we have to understand that all
basic
these structure will be a form of plate, bar or beam.
Ship
construction
terms
for
1. Keel
seafarers
to
know - thing first. When we say “Keel of the ship”
First
(https://www.ebah.com.br/content/ABAAAfC7gAL/structural-
hull-components), we are referring to a steel plate. Though
it can also be in the form of steel bar but it is very rare
these days.
simple-
terms-
to-
Keel of the ship is the bottom most plate of the ship laid
understand-
along the entire length of the ship.
ship-
construction-
better)
content/uploads/2016/10/Keel-of-the-ship.jpg)
simple-
During construction of the ship this is the first thing that is
terms-
to-
placed on the blocks. Because of this, laying the keep is
understand-
understand
considered to be the time when construction of the ship
ship-
begins.
construction-
better)
Keel laying also has the importance with respect to many

IMO conventions as this is the date construction of the ship
starts.
So keel is the steel plate with slightly more thickness than

the other adjoining plates on its sides. This area need more
strengthening because the ship sits on this area on the
blocks, during construction as well as during dry docks.
simple-
terms-
to-
We can consider the keel of the ship as the backbone or
understand-
spine of the ship.
ship-
construction-
better)
Years back keel laying involved actually laying the keel of
the ship on the blocks. See below the keel of the titanic
being laid
(https://nmni.com/titanic/Home/Learning/Construction--the-
simple-
terms-
keel.aspx).
to-
understand-
ship-
construction-
better&text=10
content/uploads/2016/10/Keel-of-titanic.jpg)
basic
Ship
construction
Nowadays keel laying is considered to be the time when
terms
first piece of the ship structure is placed on the the wooden
for
seafarers
blocks. Like see below the keel laying of cruise ship
to
“Anthem of the seas
know -
(https://www.royalcaribbeanblog.com/2013/11/19/anthem-of-
the-seas-keel-laying-completed)“.
simple-
terms-
content/uploads/2016/10/Keel-laying-of-anthem-of-seas-.jpg)
to-
understand-
ship-
construction-
2. Shell plating
better)
Again when we say shell plating, we are referring to a steel

plate. In this case it is too obvious from the name.
simple-
terms-
Shell plating is the steel plate used on the shell of the ship.
to-
The dictionary meaning of the shell is “hard outer covering”.
understand-
understand
So shell plating is whatever we see on outer side of the
ship-
construction-
ship.
better)
One of the main purpose of shell plating

(https://cursa.ihmc.us/rid=1151540778859_1339027430_13118/Shell%20Plating.cmap)
is to provide watertight skin of the ship. Apart from that it
also adds to the longitudinal strength of the ship.
Ship construction requires us to be able to pin point each

component. So when we say shell plating, it is a huge area.
We can further divide this area in two broad parts, which is
simple-
terms-
to-
Bottom shell plating
understand-
ship-
construction-
better)Side shell plating
I am so much sure that you already would know what these

two terms mean.
simple-
terms-
to-
understand-
ship-
content/uploads/2016/10/Shell-Plating.jpg)
construction-
better&text=10
basic
Bottom shell plating is the shell plating on the bottom part
Ship
of the ship. Or we can can that bottom shell plating form
construction
the watertight skin of the bottom of the ship. It is the plate
terms
for
laid in the horizontal direction.
seafarers
to
know -
To a certain extent we can say that even keel of the ship is
also bottom shell plate.
Side shell plating is the shell plating on the sides of the
ship that forms the watertight skin along the ship side. It is
simple-
terms-
the plate laid in the vertical direction.
to-
understand-
ship-
construction-
3. Deck plating
better)
This is one is too obvious. Deck plating again is a plate. It is

steel plate that forms the main deck of the ship.
simple-
terms-
to-
understand-
t t/ l d /2016/10/D k Pl ti j )
understand
content/uploads/2016/10/Deck-Plating.jpg)
ship-
construction-
better)
As per the location, we can give a more specific name to
the deck plating. For example accommodation deck plating
or main deck plating.
4. Strake
To understand what strake is, we need to again understand

the construction of shell plating.
simple-
terms-
I am dead sure you know that ship’s side plate (Shell
to-
understand-
plating) is not made of single metal sheet. It is made of
ship-
smaller sections of steel plates. These smaller sections of
construction-
the plate are welded together.
better)
In old days these were riveted instead of welding.

simple-
Irrespective of with what method these plates are joined
terms-
together, these are placed in a certain pattern.
to-
understand-
ship-
Let us understand this with an example of box shaped ship.
construction-
better&text=10
The smaller plates that we are talking about would
basic
look something like this for the box shaped ship.
Ship
construction
terms
for
seafarers
content/uploads/2016/10/Shell-plating-of-box-shaped-
to
know -
vessel.jpg)
In naval architecture and ship construction each of these

plate has an identification. These are numbered in certain
pattern. For example the plates on the side shell plating are
simple-
terms-
numbered like this.
to-
understand-
ship-
The plates are identified by a letter and a number
construction-
better)
Each plate is given a letter in the vertical direction
starting with A from the bottom.
simple-
Each plate is given a number in the horizontal direction
terms-
to- starting from aft.
understand-
understand
ship-
Now based on these numbering system the identification of
construction-
better)
plates for the box shaped ship would look something like
this.
content/uploads/2016/10/Strakes-box-shape-vessel.jpg)
Each section of the plate placed in fore and aft direction is

called a “strake”.
simple-
terms-
to-
So in the above example, we have A-Strake, B-Strake and
understand-
so on.
ship-
construction-
better)
If we want to be more specific, We can say that we have
starboard A-Strake , starboard B-strake and so on. Similar
naming will be on the port side.
simple-
For the bottom shell plating, similar numbering is done for
terms-
to-
the plates forming it. For the bottom shell plating
understand-
ship-
construction-
Plates are given a letter starting with “A” to the plate
better&text=10
basic
adjacent to the keel plate.
Ship
construction
terms
Plates and given a number starting from the aft
for
seafarers
So the plate adjacent to the keel plate will have a
to
know identification
- of A1, A2 and so on starting with A1 from the
after most plate.
Now there are three type of strakes that you would hear in
ship construction. Let us see what these are.
simple-
terms-
to-
Shear Strake
understand-
ship-
Shear strake is the top most strake of the Side shell plating.
construction-
So if side shell plating has strakes from A to K, then K-
better)
strake is the shear strake. This is the strake that connects
with the deck plating.
Can you identify the shear strake in the box shape ship
simple-
terms-
example that i gave above ? Yes, you got it right. I-Strake is
to-
the shear strake in this case.
understand-
understand
ship-
construction-
Shear strake is usually of higher thickness and strength
better)
than other strakes. This is because this strake can have lot
of physical damages during the life of ship.
content/uploads/2016/10/Sheer-Strake.jpg)
Keel Strake
simple-
I earlier said that keel is a plate that is back bone of the
terms-
ship. But keel plate is also made up of smaller sections of
to-
understand-
the steel plates. These strake of plates that form the keel of
ship-
the ship is called Keel Strake.
construction-
better)
The plates in the keel strake are number from aft to forward

starting from the aft one which has the number “1”.
simple-
Unlike other strakes, keel strakes do not have letter
terms-
associated with its naming.
to-
understand-
ship-
Garboard Strake
construction-
better&text=10
Garboard strake is the first strake on each side of the keel
basic
strake. As we discussed in the bottom strakes, the first
Ship
construction
stake from the keel is named A-strake.
terms
for
seafarers
So we can also say that Bottom A-strake is called Garboard
to
know strake.
-
Now for the box shape ship, the naming of strakes might
look simple but for actual ship with curved sides and flared
bottom, it might not be that simple.
simple-
terms-
to-
The naming and construction of side and bottom shell
understand-
plating is provided in the “Shell expansion plan”.
ship-
construction-
better)
Next time you get your hands on a shell expansion plan of
your ship, try to read it to identify shear strake, keel strake
and garboard strake.
simple-
So below picture shows how shell plating and Strakes are
terms-
to-
connected with each other.
understand-
understand
ship-
construction-
better)
content/uploads/2016/10/Shell-plating-Strakes.jpg)
5. Stiffners
A steel plate of 2mm thickness can be easily bent. If you lift

this plate with the crane from its ends, it will most likely
bend at the center. Now what can you do to avoid it from
simple-
bending ?
terms-
to-
understand-
One easy solution is to increase the thickness of the plate
ship-
by welding two or more plates together. But in ship
construction-
better)
construction this is not a good idea. One among many
reasons for this is that we do not want to increase the light
weight of the ship.
simple-
The better option is to weld two of more flat bars either in
terms-
fore and aft direction or athwartship direction.
to-
understand-
ship-
In this case these flat bars will be called stiffners. Anything
construction-
better&text=10
that is used solely to provide strength to a ship structure
basic
can be called a stiffner.
Ship
construction
terms
A stiffner welded in longitudinal direction is called
for
“Longitudinal stiffner”. Same way a stiffners welded in
seafarers
to
transverse direction is simply called “transverse stiffner”.
know -
Longitudinal stiffners and transverse stiffners can further will
named according to various factors including the amount of
strength these provide to the structure.
simple-
terms-
Let us discuss few of these.
to-
understand-
ship-
construction-
6. Girder
better)
Girders are one form of longitudinal stiffners. These are

simple-Big size steel plate (or sometimes beams) connected to
terms-
to-
bottom of the ship
understand-
understand
ship-
Runs in fore and aft direction
construction-
better)
strengthen the ship against bending moment
Girders are also named according to its location. The girder

at the center of the ship is called center girder.
In double bottom tanks, the thick solid metal plate that

divides the ballast tanks into port and starboard tank is the
center girder.
simple-
terms-
to-
Apart from the center girder, there can be few girders on
understand-
each side of the ship or double bottom.
ship-
construction-
better)
Depending upon the breadth of the ship, there can be more
than one side girder on each side.
While center girder runs in full depth of the double bottom
simple-
terms-
tank, side girders may or may not run in full depth.
to-
understand-
ship-
Though below photo is not that of a ship, it is good
construction-
representation of a ship’s strengthening components. If you
better&text=10
see in this case girder is further strengthened with
basic
Ship
something we may call “Vertical Stiffners” as there is no
construction
other specific name for it.
terms
for
seafarers
to
know (https://www.myseatime.com/blogadm/wp-
-
content/uploads/2016/10/Girder.jpg)
7. Longitudinals
simple-
terms-
Longitudinal is short name for longitudinal stiffners.
to-
understand-
ship-
In most cases the longitudinals are beams (mostly L-beams)
construction-
and runs along the length of the ship. Double bottom space
better)
is the most common space where you can easliy identify
longitudinals.
simple-
Longitudinals are further named depending upon what
terms-
section these longitudinals are strengthening.
to-
understand-
understand
ship-
In double bottom ballast tank, longitudinals strengthening
construction-
the bottom are called “bottom longitudinals”. Longitudinals
better)
strenghtening the top of the ballast tank are called “top

longitudinals”.
If you have been to a double bottom tank, these

longitudinals are difficult to miss. The bottom longitudinals
are the one we sometime step on to avoid stepping in the
left over water (or mud) of the ballast tank.
simple-
I am sure you can locate the longitudinals in above picture
terms-
to-
that I shared. If you cannot, I share it again with marking of
understand-
longitudinals.
ship-
construction-
better)
content/uploads/2016/10/Ship-longitudinals.jpg)
simple-
terms-
8. Frames
to-
understand-
ship-
Frames act as major transverse stiffners. Frames are
construction-
better&text=10
basic Big size steel plate connected to bottom of the ship
Ship
construction
termsRuns in athwartship direction
for
seafarers
to strengthen the ship against buckling and bending.
know -
We can consider the frames to be similar to the girders but
with only one difference. Frames runs in transverse
(Athwartship) direction.
simple-
terms-
If keel is the backbone of the ship, the frames are
to-
understand-
considered to be the rib cage.
ship-
construction-
better)
Frames are numbered starting from aft perpendiculars.
9. Transverse
simple-
terms-
Transverse is the short name for “transverse stiffners”.
to-
These are different from frames in two ways. First unlike
understand-
understand y
ship-
frames these do not extend to full height of the
construction-
compartment. Second transverse are of lesser strength and
better)
thickness than frames.
Based on the location of transverse, these may be called

“bottom transverse”, “inner bottom transverse” or even
“deck transverse”.
content/uploads/2016/10/Transverse-ship-construction.jpg)
simple-
terms-
to-
understand-
10. Stringers
ship-
construction-
better)
In the above photo, notice how the girder is stiffned. The
stiffner is welded in vertical direction. If same stiffner is
required to be welded in horizontal direction, it will be
called stringer.
simple-
terms-
to-
One of the location where stringer is mostly used is the
understand-
forward part of the ship. Bow of the ship has to bear lots of
ship-
stress and so requires extra strengthening.
construction-
better&text=10
basic
Ship
construction
terms
content/uploads/2016/10/Stresses-on-bow-of-ship1.jpg)
for
seafarers
to
I will limit myself with discussion of bow construction just to
know -
understand stringers. I will cover bow construction in detail
some other day.
So among many other strengthening members, panting
simple-
beams are used in this area to counter these stresses.
terms-
to-
understand-
ship-
construction-
content/uploads/2016/10/Panting-beams-bow-
better)
construction.jpg)
But even these beams need to be stiffened at the point
where these connects with the side frame. Panting stringers
simple-
terms-
does this job. As I said stringers are horizontal stiffeners
to-
(parallel to the water line).
understand-
understand
ship-
construction-
better)
content/uploads/2016/10/Panting-Stringers.jpg)
Conclusion
Ship construction is something that requires a lot of

imagination to understand. But even if someone has a
strong imagination bone in the body, knowledge of ship
simple-
construction will still be difficult without knowing basic
terms-
terms used in it.
to-
understand-
ship-
These 10 terms are the basic of ship constructions and
construction-
better)
once we know these, ship construction will be a little easier
task.
simple-
terms-
to-
understand-
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28 Comments
understand-
ship-
construction-
better)
Akash Pachghare Oct 14, 2016
Sir i have recently completed my JET for 6 months. Now

preparing for class4. This information you gave is not new to me.
But the way you explained things was awesome. I am definitely
not going to forget this. Looking forward for same great stuff.
simple-
terms- Reply
to-
understand-
understand
ship- Rajeev Jassal Oct 16, 2016
construction- Glad you liked it Akash..
better)
Reply
NICOLAS Oct 14, 2016
Very good article..... Also try this one on the web..

http://www.libramar.net/news/dnv_hull_structure_course/2015-02-
25-2134.......It's about hull structure, It's very good...
Reply
Gopalakrishnan P
u=https://www.myseatime.com/blog/detail/10- Oct 15, 2016
simple- First of all l take this oppertunity to appreciate you, for your
terms- efffort taken to post this very usefull Blog. This blog is very
to- usefull to everyone in shipping field..
understand-
Reply
ship-
construction-
better) Rajeev Jassal Oct 16, 2016
Thank you Gopalakrishnan..
(http://twitter.com/share/? Reply
simple-
Abhishek Kumar Oct 15, 2016
terms-
to- Thanks a ton sir.Blogs are immensely helpful.
understand- Reply
ship-
construction-
better&text=10 Rajeev Jassal Oct 16, 2016
basic
Glad you found it helpful Abhishek..
Ship
construction Reply
terms
for
Soumen Guha Roy Oct 30, 2016
seafarers
to Sir,first of all i would like to thank you for the blogs,these are so
know - simply written so that everyone can understand,quite helpful also
to understand the basics.If you can write something about MS
Act 1958,it can be more helpful.
Reply
simple- Rajeev Jassal Oct 31, 2016
terms-
Thanks Soumen. Sure I will consider writing on MS
to-
act. Meanwhile if you have any particular question,
understand-
you can ask on our new section "Questions".
ship-
construction- Reply
better)
rahul k Dec 21, 2016
wonderful explanation sir

Reply
simple-
terms-
to- Rajeev Jassal Dec 29, 2016
understand- Glad you liked it Rahul
understand Glad you liked it Rahul..
ship-
Reply
construction-
better)
Aman Tandon Feb 1, 2017
I have been going through your blog from quite sometime

now.They are really helpful! Thank you :)
Reply
Rajeev Jassal Jul 2, 2017
Thanks, Aman...
Reply
simple-
terms- mokrane toufik Apr 13, 2017
to-
understand- really helpful,many thanks
ship- Reply
construction-
better)
Rajeev Jassal Jul 2, 2017
Thanks for reading Mokrane...

simple-
terms- ramon abad Jul 17, 2017
to-
this is very educational for me...
understand-
ship- Reply
construction-
better&text=10
Rajeev Jassal Nov 29, 2017
basic
Ship Glad to know that Ramon...
construction
Reply
terms
for
seafarers vignesh Sep 25, 2017
to
really good article easy to understand.
know -
Reply

Thank you Vignesh...
simple- Reply
terms-
to-
understand- Ridwan Parindang Sep 25, 2017
ship-
Informative article, easy to understand, thanks
construction-
better) Reply

Glad you liked it Ridwan...
simple- Reply
terms-
to-
understand- ARUNAVA MAZUMDER Sep 25, 2017
understand p
ship- Ur explanation is very helpful with supportive pictures. Even as a
construction- senior ranked engineer I felt ur article was much helpful. Thank
better) u. Keep it up & would like to read more of ur article.
Reply
Glad to hear that Arunava...

Reply
AYUSH SHARMA
(http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php? Nov 28, 2017
Sir, really thankful to you making such a clear and good
simple- explanation of ships construction, it was well labeled and very
terms- simple words used in explanation, and the image ugh too good.
to- Thanks.
understand-
Reply
ship-
construction-
better) Rajeev Jassal Nov 29, 2017
Glad you liked it Ayush...
simple-
Satya Pranay Dec 6, 2017
terms-
to- Hello Sir , Was going through the page and was confused about
understand- the part " identification of plates for the box shaped ship would
ship- look something like this" if i am not mistaken you were trying to
construction- explain about the shell expansion plan in here right. the Alphabet
better&text=10I would not be there if i am not wrong, and can you please throw
basic some light on shell expansion plan further. Wanted to know if
Ship thickness of side shell platings will be mentioned in the Shell
construction Expansion plan.
terms Reply
for
seafarers
to Satya Pranay Dec 6, 2017
know -
Btw great blog sir !!! Thanks for the detailed info :)
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R.crossLin Dec 10, 2017
simple- Very good basic explaination
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10 Basic Ship Construction Terms For Seafarers To Know - MySeaTime

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29/12/2017 10 basic Ship construction terms for seafarers to know - MySeaTime

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It is only possible if you can identify the structures inside

For example if we need to draw the construction of double

place without answering why.

The first step of studying the ship construction need to be

Keel laying also has the importance with respect to many

So keel is the steel plate with slightly more thickness than

Again when we say shell plating, we are referring to a steel

One of the main purpose of shell plating

Ship construction requires us to be able to pin point each

I am so much sure that you already would know what these

This is one is too obvious. Deck plating again is a plate. It is

To understand what strake is, we need to again understand

In old days these were riveted instead of welding.

In naval architecture and ship construction each of these

Each section of the plate placed in fore and aft direction is

The plates in the keel strake are number from aft to forward

A steel plate of 2mm thickness can be easily bent. If you lift

Girders are one form of longitudinal stiffners. These are

strengthen the ship against bending moment

Girders are also named according to its location. The girder

In double bottom tanks, the thick solid metal plate that

strenghtening the top of the ballast tank are called “top

If you have been to a double bottom tank, these

Based on the location of transverse, these may be called

Ship construction is something that requires a lot of

Sir i have recently completed my JET for 6 months. Now

NICOLAS Oct 14, 2016

Very good article..... Also try this one on the web..

Thank you Gopalakrishnan..

rahul k Dec 21, 2016

wonderful explanation sir

I have been going through your blog from quite sometime

Rajeev Jassal Jul 2, 2017

Thanks for reading Mokrane...

Rajeev Jassal Nov 29, 2017

Rajeev Jassal Nov 29, 2017

Rajeev Jassal Nov 29, 2017

Glad to hear that Arunava...

Glad you liked it Ayush...

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