Carbonate Rocks-1 PDF

Premonowati
premonowati@gmail.com; 081804192227,
Pin 228D4DBF
Department of Geological Engineering

FTM-UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta
September, 2012
Prem-Carbonate Rocks 1
CARBONATE ROCKS (111672)
SEMESTER CLASS (2 X 50’), LABORATORY (2 X 50’)
CREDIT UNIT (SKS) AND FIELD TRIP
SEMESTER : 7 (SEVEN)
LECTURER: Dr. Premonowati (Geological Department)
premonowati@gmail.com
Hp. 081804192227
LEARNING UNIT 14 Chapter: 11 times Classroom, 1 time Laboratory,
1 time for Field Trip (Wonosari Reef Complex)
1X Midtest (Chapter I-VII); 1X Final test (Chapter VIII-XIV
READING TASK Learning Material is a similar in each Chapter
PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK GEOLOGI

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI MINERAL
UPN „VETERAN‟ YOGYAKARTA
SEPTEMBER 2012
Please turn-off ur mobile phone during the
classroom or to be silent
for a better learning situation
XV. CARBONATE FIELDS XVI.
C FINAL TEST
XIV. PETROGRAPHIC CARBONATE
A
XIII. INTEGRATING WELL DATA FOR CARBONATE RESERVOIR CHAR.ZT
R
XII. FIELD TRIP (WONOSARI REEF COMPLEX-PLATFORM)
B
O IXI DISSOLUTION AND KARSTING
N X.DOLOMITIZATION AND DEEP BURIAL (DEEP SUBSURFACE)
A IX. SEALEVEL CHANGES AND SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY

T VIII.
VII. DIAGENESIS: NEOMORPHIC CRYSTAL MORPHOLOGY
E MID TEST
VI, DIAGENETIC ENVIRONMENTS
V. DIAGENETIC PROCESSES
R
O IV. CLASSIFICATION AND ORIGIN OF CARBONATE ROCKS
C III. CARBONATE BUILD-UPS, REEF VS BANK

Lecturer:
K II. CARBONATE ROCK TYPE
Dr. Premonowati
S I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
4
Prem-Carbonate Rocks
REFERENCES
Bathurst, R.B.C., 1975, Carbonate sediments and their diagenesis, second enlarge
edition, 4-th Iimpression 1981 Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company,
Amsterdam, 658p.
Boggs, S. Jr., 1992, Petrology of sedimentary rocks. Macmillan Publishing Company,
New York, 707p.
Dunham, R.J., 1962, Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional
texture. In: Classification of carbonate rocks (Ed. By. W.E Ham), AAPG
Mem. (1), p. 108-121.
James, N.P. (1983), Reef environment, in Carbonate depositional environments,
Scholle, P.A., Bebout, D.G., and Moore, C.H., Editor, The AAPG Memoirs,
33, Tulsa, 346 – 440.
Read, J.F., 1985, Carbonate platform facies models. AAPG Bull., v. 69, n. 1, p. 1-21.
Tucker, M.E. and Wright, V.P., 1990, Carbonate sedimentology, Reprinted Blackwell
Scientific Publication, London. 482p.
Wagner, C.W., 1964, Manual of Larger Foraminifera, BIPM N.V., The Hague.
Wilson, J.L., 1975, Carbonate Facies in geologic history. Springer-Verlag New York.
471p.
I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION:
• Concept of carbonate rocks and

• Concept of carbonate
deposition
CONCEPT OF CARBONATE ROCKS
• CARBONATE ROCKS OF CARBONATES ARE

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS WHICH CONSISTS OF
CARBONATE MINERALS.
• THEY COMPRISE OF LIMESTONES AND
DOLOSTONES (DOLOMITES).
• CARBONATE ROCKS ARE PRACTICALLY
MONOMINERALIC CONSISTING OF CALCIUM
CARBONATE MINERALS WITH FEW INSERTION OF
MAGNESIUM IN THE CRYSTAL LATTICE.
• CARBONATES ARE CHARACTERIZED AND
DIFFERENTIATED BY ITS FABRIC AND TEXTURE
RATHER THAN BY ITS MINERAL COMPOSITION.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CARBONATE
ROCKS
• CARBONATE ROCKS COMPRISES LESS

THAN 30% OF THE STRATIGRAPHIC
SECTION.
• WIDE-SPREAD CARBONATE ROCKS
INDICATE A SPECIAL TECTONIC CONDITION:
TECTONIC QUISCENCE.
• CARBONATE ROCKS ALSO INDICATE A
SPECIAL DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT:
CLEAR, WARM AND GENERALLY SHALLOW
MARINE DEPOSIT.
LIMESTONE IN RELATION
TO SILICICLASTICS
LIMESTONE
MARL
RELATIONSHIP
The term marl is not used

in the petroleum industry or
American literature, the
term calcareous shale is
used instead.
Marl is used as a special
term for lacustrine shales
CARBONATE SEDIMENTATION
• CARBONATE SEDIMENTATION IS CONTROLLED BY A SINGLE

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION:
H+ + HCO4- + Ca2+ CaCO3 + H2O + CO2
Increase of CO2 concentration in the solution will shift the equation to the
left, resulting dissolution of the calcium carbonates.
Increase of CO2 concentration may due to increasing depth (PCO2)
Input of meteoric water or input of CO2 due decay of organic material
Decreas of CO2 concentration will shift the equation to the right, resulting
into carbonate deposition
Decrease of CO2 concentration may be due to:
Evaporation, increase of temperature due heating of the sea water by the
sun, escpecially in shallow waters
CO2 capture by organism, especially algae for photo-synthesis
CHEMICAL CONTROLS OF
• DEPOSITION AND DISSOLUTION ARE CONTROLLED

BY
– Concentrations of Ca ++ ions
– Concentrations of CO3 – ions
• SATURATION OF Ca ++ IONS IS CONTROLLED BY
– Evaporation and
– Temperature
• SATURATION OF CO3 – IONS IS CONTROLLED BY
PARTIAL PRESSURE,
– Temperature,
– Atmospheric and
– Biogenic activities/ particularly photosynthesis.
Degree of Saturation
CARBONATE
Calcite
COMPENSATION
ACD
DEPTH
D
e
p
t Aragonite
h
I Isocline
n
CCD
K
m
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Carbonate Compensation Depth
(CCD)
• Deep-ocean waters undersaturated with calcium
carbonate & opalline silica.
• Biogenic particles dissolve in water column and on
sea floor
• Pronounced for carbonates
• Calcareous oozes absent below CCD depth
• CCD varies from ocean to ocean
– 4,000 m in Atlantic.
– 500 - 1,500 m in Pacific
• Siliceous particles dissolve more slowly as sink & not
so limited in distribution by depth
• Nutrient supply controls distribution of siliceous
sediments
CARBONATE DEPOSITIONAL
ENVIRONMENTS
• Carbonates are generally warm water

sediments.
• Carbonates are generally shallow water
sediments; deep water carbonates are
restricted to pelagic limestones.
• Carbonates are generally deposited in
clear marine waters, free of fine clastics
GEOCHEMICAL CYCLE
OF CARBONATES
WORLD WIDE DISTRIBUTION OF
WET TROPICAL AREAS COINCIDING WITH WITH
REGIONS OF ABUNDANCE OF SILICICLASTIC INPUT
DEPTH DISTRIBUTION OF
Deep Water Carbonate Deposits
• Deep water pelagic sediments accumulate slowly

(0.1-1 cm per thousand years) far from land, and
include:
– abyssal clay from continents cover most of deeper ocean
floor
• carried by winds
• ocean currents
– Oozes from organisms' bodies; not present on continental
margins where rate of supply of terriginous sediment too
high & organically derived material less than 30% of
sediment
PROCESSES OF CARBONATE
DEPOSITION
• SECRETION - SKELETAL COMPONENTS

• ACCRETION – NON-SKELETAL COMPONENTS
• AGGREGATION- SKELETAL & NON-SKELETAL
• PARTICULATION – NON-SKELETAL
Controls on Carbonate
Accumulation
• Temperature (climate) -Tropics & temperate regions
favor carbonate production: true of ancient too!
• Light – Photosynthesis drives carbonate production
• Pressure – “CCD” dissolution increases with depth
• Agitation of waves - Oxygen source & remove CO2
• Organic activity - CaCO3 factories nutrient deserts
• Sea Level – Yield high at SL that constantly
changes
• Sediment masking - Fallacious!
Limestones – Chemical or
Bochemical
Distinction between biochemical & physico-chemical
blurred by ubiquitous cyanobacteria of biosphere!
• Shallow sea water is commonly saturated with
respect to calcium carbonate
• Dissolved ions expected to be precipitated as
sea water warms, loses CO2 & evaporates
• Organisms generate shells & skeletons from
dissolved ions
• Metabolism of organisms cause carbonate
precipitation
Carbonate Mineralogy
• Aragonite – high temperature mineral

• Calcite – stable in sea water & near surface
crust
– Low Magnesium Calcite
– High Magnesium Calcite
• Imperforate foraminifera
• Echinoidea
• Dolomite – stable in sea water & near surface
• Carbonate mineralogy of oceans changes with
time!
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II. CARBONATE ROCK TYPE
Carbonate Components – The Key
• Interpretation of depositional setting of
carbonates is based on
– Grain types
– Grain packing or fabric
– Sedimentary structures
– Early diagenetic changes
• Identification of grain types commonly used in
subsurface studies of depositional setting
because, unlike particles in siliciclastic rocks,
carbonate grains generally formed within
basin of deposition
• NB: This rule of thumb doesn’t always apply
Carbonate Rock Components
• Organic Frame work (Bioliths):

– Frame Builders and
– Frame Binders
– Frame Bafflers
• Grains:
– Skeletal Grains and
– Non Skeletal Grains.
• Matrix: Micrite and Limemuds
• Macro-crystalline compones:
– Cements and
– Neomorphics
CARBONATE ROCK COMPONENTS
ORGANIC FRAMEWORK
Names given to organic framework in different

classifications:
• SKELETAL FRAMEWORK
• BIOLITH (Folk, 1962)
• BOUNDSTONE (Dunham, 1962)
ORGANIC FRAMEWORK
Boundstone - Biolith
Organic framework can be constructed by:
• FRAME BUILDERS
– formed entirely of skeletal frames secreted by
organism
• SEDIMENT BINDERS
– formed by carbonate grains and fragments bound by
organically secreted carbonate encrustations (red
algae etc)
• SEDIMENT BAFFLERS:
– formed by sparse frame-builders (corals) and
carbonate sediments trapped in between
ORGANIC FRAMES TYPES
Bafflers Binders Frame-builders
FRAME BUILDERS AND NON FRAMEBUILDERS
FRAMEBUILDERS NON-FRAMEBUILDERS
Sediment Binders Sediment Bafflers
Massive & Tabular Blue-green Algae Fenestrate Bryozoan

Stromatoporoids
Massive Tabulate Corals Encrusting Red Phylloid Algae
Algae
Hexacorals Tubular Forams Dendroid
Stromatoporoids
Hydrozoans Tubiphytes Dendroid Corals
Rudists Encrusting Bryozoan Branching Red Algae
Calcareous Sponge Branching Bryozoan
Richtofenid Brachiopods Segmented Green Algae
Tetra-corals
Crinoids
(Asquith, 1979) Prem-Carbonate Rocks 36
FRAME-BUILDERS
• Calcium carbonates are secreted by the

organism to create a sedentary external skeletal
frame to protect the soft body of the organism
• Tertiary frame-builders are mainly corals and
subordinate bryozoans
• Frame-builders constructs different types of
skeletal frame and are usually depositional
energy indicators
• Mud and grains may be trapped in between the
skeletal frames
COMMON SKELETAL COMPONENTS AND
THEIR MINERALOGY
MINERALOGICAL
EVOLUTION OF BENTHIC
AND PLANKTONIC
EVOLUTION DURING
PHANEROZOIC TIME
TYPE OF SKELETAL ORGANISM VARIATION WITH
LATTITUDE
ABUNDANCE OF CARBONATE ORGANISM TYPE
RELATIVE TO LATTITUDE
CARBONATE GRAINS
• SKELETAL GRAINS
– BIOCLASTS
– CLASSIFIED BY THE FOSSIL NAMES
• NON-SKELETAL GRAINS
– LIME-CLASTS
• Exoclasts
• Intraclast
– COATED GRAINS
• Oolite
• Pisolite
• Oncolite
– PELOIDS
• Ovoids
• Pellets
• Grapestones
• Lumps
COATED GRAINS
SKELETAL GRAINS
• NON-FRAGMENTAL SKELETAL
GRAINS:
– IN SITU ACCUMULATION
– BENTHIC AND PLANKTONIC FORAMS
• FRAGMENTAL SKELETAL GRAINS
– TRANSPORTED/ WAVE AGITATED
– CORALGAL
EFFECT OF CLIMATE / LATTITUDE ON
SKELETAL GRAIN COMPOSITION
EFFECT OF CLIMATE ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF
NON-SKELETAL GRAINS
CARBONATE MATRIX
MICRITE –(LIME)MUDS
• ACRONYM FOR MICRO-CRYSTALLINE (Folk, 1960)
• CONSISTS OF DENSE FINE-GRAINED CALCITE
CRYSTALS
• GRAIN-SIZE: < 62 MICRONS
• UNDER THE MICROSCOPE APPEARS DARK.
• NOT NECESSARILY CONTAINS CLAYS
• OTHER NAMES:
– Fine crystalline to aphano-crystalline calcite
– Limemud or mud (Dunham, 1960)
– Calcilutite (Grabau, 1902)
MACRO-CRYSTALLINE
CARBONATE COMPONENT
• CARBONATE CEMENT
• NEOMORPHICS:
– PSEUDO-SPAR
• MICROSPAR
CARBONATE CRYSTAL
TERMINOLOGY
• MACROCRYSTALLINE
– SPAR : General term for visually visible clear
transparant calcite, usually reserved for
cement.
– PSEUDO-SPAR: Clear carbonate crystals as
the result of recrystallization (neomorphism)
• MICROSPAR
• MICRITE (MICRO-CRYSTALLINE): often
referred to as lime-mud (MUD)
CARBONATE CRYSTAL
MORPHOLOGY
• EQUANT
• BLADED/ COLUMNAR
• NEEDLES
• FIBROUS
CARBONATE CRYSTAL SHAPE
MINERAL FABRIC
• Mineral fabric is the arrangement of

crystals of similar morphology.
• Different arrangements of crystals are
usually outlined and constitute carbonate
rock components.
• The carbonate rock components are
framework, grains, matrix, cement and
neomorphic crystals.
Crystal in Recent Oolite
CRYSTAL FABRIC DEFINING
PISOLITES
Crystal Fabric in Oncoids
Crystal Fabric Pelecypod Fragment
SPAR MICROSPAR PSEUDOSAPR
CARBONATE TEXTURES
Carbonate texture are the arrangement and

mutual relationships between cabonate
rock components:
• Grain to matrix relationship
• Grain to grain relationship
• Framework to matrix relationship
• Framework to grain relationship
GRAIN TO GRAIN RELATIONSHIPS IN
PACKED TEXTURE
Usually in reference of compaction

• POIN/TANGENTIAL CONTACT
• PLANAR CONTACT
• CONCAVO-CONVEX CONTACT
• SUTURED/INTERLOCKING CONTACT
TYPES
OF GRAIN
TO GRAIN
CONTACT
GRAIN TO MATRIX
RELATIONSHIP
• FLOATING GRAINS IN MATRIX

• PACKED GRAINS
TEXTURAL SPECTRUM OF
CARBONATE TEXTURE
FRAMEWORK – MATRIX
RELATIONSHIP
• FRAMEWORK TRAPPED MUD

– MUD INFILL BETWEEN TIGHT BRANCHES
OF FRAMEWORK
• FRAMEWORK BAFFLED MUD
– MUD DEPOSITED IN WIDELY SPACED
BRANCHES OF FRAMEWORK DUE TO
BAFFLING EFFECT
CHANGES IN
MINERAL
FABRIC WITH
DIAGENESIS
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Carbonate Reservoir Geometry
CARBONATE BUILD-UPS
REEF VS BANK
CARBONATE BUILD-UPS
• BIOHERMS AND BIOSTROMES
• REEFS AND BANKS
Carbonate Buildup vs
Carbonate Mass
THE MODERN REEF GROWTH WINDOW
( after James and Bourque , 1992 with modification)
Skeletal Limestones
• Transported or fragmental
skeletal Limestones
(Allochtonous)
• In place accumulated skeletal

Limestones (autotochtonous)
Terms Related to in place accumulated
skeletal Limestones
• Geometric (External Shape):

–Bioherm
–Biostrome
• Genetic (Internal Structure)

–Reef
–Bank
Bioherm:
(Cummings, 1932)
"... a reef, bank, or mound; for reeflike,
moundlike, or lenslike or otherwise
circumscribed structures of strictly
organic origin, embedded in rocks of
different lithology." (p. 333)
Translation: a strictly morphological

term, disregard of internal structure
(external shape).
Present term: Carbonate

Build-up 73
Biostrome
(Cummings, 1932)
• "... purely bedded structures, such as

shell beds, crinoid beds, coral beds,
etcetera, consisting of and built
mainly by sedentary organisms, and
not swelling into moundlike or
lenslike forms, ..., which means a
layer or bed." (p. 334)
Biostrome vs Bioherm
Breadth: Height Ratio
for distinguishing Bioherm
from Biostrome
• Range from 1.3:1 to 264:1
• Useful Guide: 1 : 30
Reef:
Lowenstam (1950)
• “a skeletal limestone deposit

formed by organisms possessing
the ecologic potential to erect a
rigid, wave-resistant,
topographic structure”.
• Tranlation: A carbonate (high

relief) build-up with skeletal
framework as internal structure
Bank
(Lowenstam, 1950)
• “a skeletal limestone deposit formed

by organisms which do not have the
ecologic potential to erect a rigid,
waive-resistant structure”.
• Tranlation: a low relief carbonate
build-up with no (minor)skeletal
frame-work as internal structure
consisting mainly of skeletal grains
and mud.
Stratigraphic Reef vs
Ecologic Reef
FRAME BUILDERS AND NON
FRAMEBUILDERS
FRAMEBUILDERS NON-FRAMEBUILDERS
Sediment Binders Sediment Bafflers
Massive & Tabular Blue-green Algae Fenestrate Bryozoan
Stromatoporoids
Massive Tabulate Encrusting Red Algae Phylloid Algae
Corals
Hexacorals Tubular Forams Dendroid Stromatoporoids
Hydrozoans Tubiphytes Dendroid Corals
Rudists Encrusting Bryozoan Branching Red Algae
Calcareous Sponge Branching Bryozoan
Richtofenid Segmented Green Algae
Brachiopods
Tetracoorals
(Asquith, 1979) Crincids
Reef types in a
Reef-dominated Platform Margin
(Wilson, 1975)
a. Type I: Downslope accumulations (mud

mounds)
b. Type II: Knoll reefs along gentle slope profiles
c. Type III: Frame-built organic reef
d. Type IV: Low Relief Carbonate Mud Banks
Transition between down-slope lime-mud and
knoll reefs along gentle slope profiles, :
(proposed by Longman, 1993)
Reef facies model Wilson, 1975
“REEF TYPES”
(Longman, 1985):
1.Walled Reefs
2.Low Relief Carbonate Mud
Banks
Low Relief Carbonate Mud Banks:
(Longman, 1985)
a. An abundance of skeletal packestones and
wackestones containing branching coral
fragments
b. Abundant depositional micrite matrix
c. An absence of rigid framework and marine
cements
d. A generally low relief , lenticular shape
e. Development of a relatively flat carbonate
shelves with associated argillaceous
carbonates being deposited
contemporaneously in slightly deeper water
off the build-upPrem-Carbonate Rocks 85
Reef Types
(Tucker and Wright (1992)
• Skeletal Frame-built Reef.

– Also called walled reefs, composed of robust
metazoan colonies capable of forming high
relief structures, such as barrier reefs.
• Reef Mounds.
– a skeletal bank or mudbank in Cumming’s
definition, but could also be a bioherm.
Reef Mounds:
• Carbonate buildups formed biogenically, but

lacking a prominent in situ skeletal framework,
often rich in bioclastic material or predominantly
mud, largely formed by the trapping and binding
of sediments by various organism and by the
high local rate of skeletal material.
• This would called a a skeletal bank or mudbank
in Cumming’s defintion, but could also be a
bioherm.
.
Internal Structure of a Reef Mound
SUMMARY OF REEF TERMINOLOGY
• The term “reef” has been used loosely by different

authors not strict to the definition
• Ideally the term reef should be used only for build-ups
(bioherm) with organic/skeletal frame
• Reef: Walled Reef (Longman, 1985), Skeletal Frame-
build reef (Tucker and Wilson, 1992), and Organic reef
and Knoll reef (Wilson, 1975)
• Banks: Mud mounds (Wilson, 1975), Reef mounds
(Tucker and Wilson, 1992), Mud banks (1985)
• However, management would only considers reef as
good prospects
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IV. CLASSIFICATION AND ORIGIN
OF CARBONATE ROCKS
REEF CLASSIFICATION
BASED ON LATERAL EXTENT
• NON-LINEAR REEFS
– Patch Reefs
– Table Reefs
– Pinnacle Reef
• LINEAR and CIRCULAR REEFS
– Fringing Reef
– Barrier Reef
– Atols
Non Linear :Reef Types
Non Linear: Reef Types
Non Linear Reef
: Zonation
LINEAR/CIRCULAR REEF
COMPONENTS
• Fore reef:
– the seaward side of the reef trend, composed primarily of reef
detritus, interfinger with the reef and basin sediments.
• Reef Core or Reef Wall
– composed of rigid framework built in the reef crest and reef
front of a living reef.
• Back reef:
– the landward side of the reef trend, largely reef-derived fossil
debris, calcarenite, and calcilutite, which may interfinger with
both the reef and lagoonal facies, may include the reef flats or
recent reefs.
• Lagoon :
– The area between the reef complex and the shoreline or in the
area completely circumscribed by the reef complex.
TYPICAL REEF
: ZONATION
Wave energy and coral zonation in reef
: and Wave Energy
Coral Growth Shapes
Stages in Reef Core Facies
Development :(James, 1979)

The wall-like
margin of a low
relief patch reef
(Belize shelf,
Scholle, 1980)

PULAU SERIBU REEF
an example of circular reef

PULAU SERIBU REEF
CROSS-SECTION

PULAU SERIBU REEF ZONATION

HYPOTHETICAL
DEVELOPMENT
OF P. SERIBU
REEF

REEFS IN STRATIGRAPHIC
:
SECTIONS
• The final structure and facies distribution

of reefs and banks is determined by rate of
reef growth, sealevel changes and
subsidence.

Sketch of the four stages of reef development
that can be generated by: ecological succession
( After Walker , 1992 )

GROWTH STRATEGIES OF REEFS
:
DURING RISING OF SEA LEVEL

( after James and Bourque , 1992 )
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All the chemical, physical, and biological changes
undergone by a sediment after its initial deposition
(preburial processes), and during and after its
lithification, exclusive of surficial alteration
(weathering) and metamorphism.
Processes:
•Biological (encrustation, bioerosion, and soft tissue
destruction)
•Geological (mechanical destruction and cementation)

Bates and Jackson (1980)
MAJOR CARBONATE DIAGENETIC
PROCESSES
a. CEMENTATION
b. COMPACTION
c. DISSOLUTION
d. NEOMORPHISM
a. INVERSION
b. RECRYSTALLIZATION
e. REPLACEMENT

The diagenetic events are controlled by:
1. Changes in the sediments prior to burial.

2. Burial conditions (burial time, maximum
depth of burial, temperature).
3. Tectonic activity (pressure, stress)
4. The nature of the connate waters.

The Diagenetic Stages
Early Diagenetic Changes (Eogenesis)
• Condition are favourable for diagenesis initial reservoir
characteristics can be modified quickly before and after
lithification.
• Processes that modify porosity prior to lithification

include bioturbation, burrowing, algal and bacterial
processes and dissolution of organic matter.
• After lithification the development of a pore network

depends on the activity of organism and microorganism;
physical and chemical factors; nature of the original
sediment.
:
Carbonate Cement Fabrics
• Crust or rims coat grains

• Syntaxial overgrowth – optical continuity
with skeletal fabric
– Echinoid single crystals
– Brachiopod multiple crystals
• Blocky equant - final void fill

Isopachus Marine Cement

:

:

Evaporation
of mixed
Waters
Influx of
Magnesium
Rich
Influx of Continental
sea water 1. Aragonite Ground
2. Gypsum Waters
3. Anhydrite
4. Dolomite
5. Halite
accumulate
in this order

:

:
DOLOMITE
SUCROSIC (SUGAR LIKE) CRYSTALLS
High relief crystalls, colourless in ARS staining,

Equant blocky form in grain size
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VI. DIAGENETIC ENVIRONMENT

Stylolite :
s
Two-dimensional cross-sectonal views of

• Dissolution seam(A),
• Stylolite (B),
• Highly serrate stylolite (C)
• Deformed stylolite (D).
A few grains are shown schematically to emphasize the
change in scale from the previous figure
(after Bruce Railsback)
Stylolites :
Intergranular contacts as seen in thin section
• Tangential (A)
• flattened (B)
• concavo-convex (C)
• sutured (D) Prem-Carbonate Rocks (after Bruce Railsback)
134
:
Stylolites
After Bruce Railsback

:
REALMS OF DIAGENESIS AND TYPES OF
CARBONATE CEMENT PORE-FILLING

The dynamic action of water to affect sediment after
deposition.
1. Deposits may be reworked to form intertidal breccias and

flat-pebble conglomerates with lime mud may trapped or
infiltrate in porous deposits in high energy zones.
2. Disintegration of organic matter.
3. Dessication is an important superficial process –-
shrinkage fracture system and brecciation.
4. Physical and chemical processes.
5. Cementation by precipitation of fibrous aragonite and
fibrous or cryptocrystalline high-Mg calcite.

:
The Marine Phreatic Zone
Invasion of the sediment by seawater.
• Pore space saturated with marine water (high Mg,
fairly high salinity). Marine water contains 5x as much Mg as
Ca.
• Varies from minimal to active water circulation
• Micritization & minor intergranular cement occur under
inactive; intergranular cement under active.
• Cement types – fibrous & micritic aragonite; cloudy fibrous,
bladed & micritic high-Mg calcite; isopachous cement rims
• Dissolution of grains can occur in deep, cold water.
Three near-surface water zone depends heavily on climate

which is influences movement of water and evaporation.
:
The Marine Vadose Zone
• Supratidal zone of episodic marine wetting and drying.
• Varies from virtually not present to evaporitic (sabkha)

to grain or mud prone non-evaporitic supratidal flats
depending on climate, dilution by freshwater and substrate.
• Evaporation produces calcretes, evaporite, and beachrock

cementation.
• Commonly an ephemeral environment. May or may not leave

a significant diagenetic signature.

:
The Freshwater Phreatic Zone:
1. Permanent freshwater flow

2. Cementation
3. Aragonite non preserved in this zone
4. Water are saturated with CaCO3,, low Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio
5. Cement: drusy calcite spar in intra- and interparticle
porosity.
6. Primary aragonite particles are replaced by a calcite spar.

:
DIAGENETIC ENVIRONMENTS

DIAGENETIC
ENVIRONMENTS

DIAGENETIC MODEL OF A REEF

Relationship between Diagenetic Stages and
Porosity Development
Changes in a sediment as the result of interaction with near-
surface waters may modify or eliminate primary porosity.
Water have different patterns of distribution in different
settings:
1. Vadose zone, the zone above the groundwater table.
2. Freshwater phreatic zone below the groundwater table.
3. Marine phreatic zone
The Vadose Zone:

1. Intermitten flow of freshwater
2. Dissolution --- pore formation
3. Vadose cement: calcite
4. Climatic influence --- solution and cementation
DIAGENETIC ENVIRONMENTS AND ITS PRODUCTS
( Loucks and Brown , 1988 )

Late Subaerial Alteration (Telogenesis)
• Decompression of rocks
• Interaction with water percolating through fractures.
• Pedogenesis
Results:
• Corrosive and intensive dissolution, it form caves, big fissures.
• Collapse breccia.
• Underground river
• Dolomitisation/dedolomitisation

DISSOLUTION
• Leaching of carbonates by undersaturated fluids.

Limestone especially important in carbonate cause they are
soluble.
• Seawater expect for deep marine is oversaturation so is

not going to leach carbonates.
• Most commpon fluid to leach carbonates is near surface

freshwater. It is commonly undersaturated due to having
high partial pressure of CO2 from plant and atmosphere
contribution.
• Partial less than 1 micron sized are super-soluble.

Meniscus cement

:
Corrosive and intensive dissolution, it form caves,
big fissures
Karst topographic of Talangkembar (Tuban) with caves and big fissures

DIAGENETIC ENVIRONMENTS
:
(Longman, 1981)
Longman, 1981, recognized the following
succession of diagenetic environment for
carbonate rocks:
– Marine phreatic
– Mixed Marine-fresh water phreatic.
– Fresh water phreatic.
– Fresh water vadose.
– Marine water vadose (added)

C FINAL TEST
A
R
B

T VIII.
E MID TEST
R

Lecturer:
Dr. Premonowati
151
VII. DIAGENESIS: NEOMORPHIC
CRYSTAL MORPHOLOGY

CEMENTATION
Modern marine cement and their geometries

COMPACTION
Compaction postdating cementation in ooids
Moderately deformed ooid

The textures may indicate that cementation
was late relative to deformation.
Strongly deformed ooids
Prem-Carbonate Rocks Scholle, 1982154

Fossils can be leached, leaving a series of unfilled micrite envelope.

:
RECRYSTALLIZATION
Recrystallization of micrite to microspar

and pseudospar
Recrystallization of micrite to microspar

and pseudospar
Strain recrystallization

: REPLACEMENT
Replacement by aphanocrystalline
dolomite.
A medium crystalline replacement

dolomite.
Medium crystalline
complete replacement
dolomite


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Premonowati

Department of Geological Engineering

READING TASK Learning Material is a similar in each Chapter

PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK GEOLOGI

N X.DOLOMITIZATION AND DEEP BURIAL (DEEP SUBSURFACE)

A IX. SEALEVEL CHANGES AND SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY

C III. CARBONATE BUILD-UPS, REEF VS BANK

• Concept of carbonate rocks and

• CARBONATE ROCKS OF CARBONATES ARE

• CARBONATE ROCKS COMPRISES LESS

The term marl is not used

• CARBONATE SEDIMENTATION IS CONTROLLED BY A SINGLE

H+ + HCO4- + Ca2+ CaCO3 + H2O + CO2

• DEPOSITION AND DISSOLUTION ARE CONTROLLED

• Carbonates are generally warm water

• Deep water pelagic sediments accumulate slowly

• SECRETION - SKELETAL COMPONENTS

• Aragonite – high temperature mineral

N X.DOLOMITIZATION AND DEEP BURIAL (DEEP SUBSURFACE)

A IX. SEALEVEL CHANGES AND SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY

C III. CARBONATE BUILD-UPS, REEF VS BANK

• Organic Frame work (Bioliths):

Names given to organic framework in different

• BIOLITH (Folk, 1962)

• BOUNDSTONE (Dunham, 1962)

Bafflers Binders Frame-builders

Sediment Binders Sediment Bafflers

Massive & Tabular Blue-green Algae Fenestrate Bryozoan

Richtofenid Brachiopods Segmented Green Algae

• Calcium carbonates are secreted by the

• Mineral fabric is the arrangement of

Carbonate texture are the arrangement and

Usually in reference of compaction

• FLOATING GRAINS IN MATRIX

• FRAMEWORK TRAPPED MUD

N X.DOLOMITIZATION AND DEEP BURIAL (DEEP SUBSURFACE)

A IX. SEALEVEL CHANGES AND SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY

C III. CARBONATE BUILD-UPS, REEF VS BANK

• BIOHERMS AND BIOSTROMES

• REEFS AND BANKS

• In place accumulated skeletal

• Geometric (External Shape):

• Genetic (Internal Structure)

Translation: a strictly morphological

Present term: Carbonate

• "... purely bedded structures, such as

• Range from 1.3:1 to 264:1

• “a skeletal limestone deposit

• Tranlation: A carbonate (high

• “a skeletal limestone deposit formed

a. Type I: Downslope accumulations (mud

• Skeletal Frame-built Reef.

• Carbonate buildups formed biogenically, but

• The term “reef” has been used loosely by different

N X.DOLOMITIZATION AND DEEP BURIAL (DEEP SUBSURFACE)

A IX. SEALEVEL CHANGES AND SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY

C III. CARBONATE BUILD-UPS, REEF VS BANK

Prem-Carbonate Rocks 100

Prem-Carbonate Rocks 101

Prem-Carbonate Rocks 102

Prem-Carbonate Rocks 103

Prem-Carbonate Rocks 104