Acknowledgement

We take immense pleasure to acknowledge the efforts of the following people who
helped our group to make this project a reality. We express my gratitude for their
suggestions, guidance and intellectual influence.

We express our sincere thanks to Dr Rashmi Pant, Core Faculty, for making this
project a reality.

We are thankful to all our Lecturers for their help and kind co-operation throughout
the course. Last, but not the least, I would like to thank our parents and friends who
always supported in all our endeavors.

AKSHI BHATIA -- (JIML -10-011)

ALOK SHUKLA -- (JIML-10-012)
AMANJOT KAUR -- (JIML-10-013)
AMIT GUPTA -- (JIML-10-014)
ANJALI SRIVASTAVA -- (JIML-10-015)
ANKIT SINGH -- (JIML-10-016)
ANKITA RISHI -- (JIML-10-017)
ANKITA SINGH -- (JIML-10-018)
ANKITA SINGH -- (JIML-10-019)
ANKITA TRIPATHI -- (JIML-10-020)
 Contents
Acknowledgement...................................................................................................1

Contents.................................................................................................................. 2

............................................................................................................................... 2

WIND ENERGY......................................................................................................... 3

THE GLOBAL STATUS OF WIND POWER...................................................................6

Wind power and India..............................................................................................7

National Wind Power Program: Vision 2020..........................................................10

SWOT Analysis.......................................................................................................13

References................................................................................................................15
 WIND ENERGY

Abundant and economical energy is the life blood of modern civilizations. Coal,
nuclear and hydro is used primarily to make electricity. Natural gas is widely used
for heating. Biomass, which usually means wood or dried dung, is used for heating
and cooking. Oil powers almost all machines that move and that makes oil uniquely
versatile. Oil powered airplanes carry 500 people across the widest oceans at nearly
the speed of sound. Oil powered machines produce and transport food. In North
America there are many more seats in oil powered vehicles than there are people.
Oil powered machines are ubiquitous. Clearly, we live in the age of oil, but the age
of oil is drawing to a close.

If oil production remains constant until it's gone, there is enough to last 42 years.
Oil wells produce less as they become depleted which will make it impossible to
keep production constant. Similarly, there is enough natural gas to last 61 years
and there is enough coal to last 133 years. Nearly everyone realizes oil and gas will
become scarce and expensive within the life times of living humans. Inevitably,
there will be a transition to sustainable energy sources. The transition may be willy-
nilly or planned-the choice is ours.

The bar graph shows oil, coal and natural gas together supplying 85 percent of the
world's energy supply in 2008.

The red sliver is wind and solar power, primarily. The red sliver may be small, but it
is the future because wind and solar power are sustainable. Although technology
has made oil extraction more efficient, the world has to struggle to provide oil by
using increasingly costly and less productive methods such as deep sea drilling, and
developing environmentally sensitive areas such as the Arctic National Wildlife
Refuge. The world's population continues to grow at a quarter of a million people
per day, increasing the consumption of energy. Although far less from people in
developing countries, especially USA, the per capita energy consumption of China,
India and other developing nations continues to increase as the people living in
these countries adopt more energy intensive lifestyles. At present a small part of
the world's population consumes a large part of its resources, with the United States
and its population of 300 million people consuming far more oil than China with its
population of 1.3 billion people. So there is an urgent need for the human
civilization to develop alternative source of energy which is sustainable, low in cost
and also eco-friendly. Wind power can be an effective solution to the energy crisis in
 the world. It is totally safe, low cost, and totally eco-
friendly i.e. it’s a source of clean and green energy.

Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a

useful form of energy, such as electricity, using wind
turbines. Humans have been using wind power for at
least 5,500 years to propel sailboats and sailing ships,
and architects have used wind driven natural
ventilation in buildings since similarly ancient times.
Windmills have been used for irrigation pumping and
for milling grain since the 7th century AD. The first use
of a large windmill to generate electricity was a system built in Cleveland, Ohio, in
1888 by Charles F. Brush. The Brush machine (shown at left) was a post mill with a
multiple-bladed "picket-fence" rotor 17 meters in diameter, featuring a large tail
hinged to turn the rotor out of the wind. It was the first windmill to incorporate a
step-up gearbox (with a ratio of 50:1) in order to turn a direct current generator at
its required operational speed. The development of modern vertical-axis rotors was
begun in France by G.J.M. Darrieus in the 1920s. Of the several rotors Darrieus
designed, the most important one is a rotor comprising slender, curved, airfoil-
section blades attached at the top and bottom of a rotating vertical tube. Major
development work on this concept did not begin until the concept was reinvented in
the late 1960s by two Canadian researchers. Wind energy as a power source is
attractive as an alternative to fossil fuels, because it is plentiful, renewable, widely
distributed, cleans, and produces no greenhouse gas emissions. At the end of 2008,
worldwide capacity of wind powered generators was 121.2 gigawatts (GW). In 2008,
wind power produced about 1.5% of worldwide electricity usage and is growing
rapidly, having doubled in the three years between 2005 and 2008. Several
countries have achieved relatively high levels of wind power penetration, such as
19% of stationary electricity production in Denmark, 11% in Spain and Portugal, and
7% in Germany and the Republic of Ireland in 2008. As of May 2009, eighty
countries around the world are using wind power on a commercial basis.

Basic technology of wind power

Wind electric generator converts kinetic energy

available in wind to electrical energy by using rotor,
gearbox and generator.

Main components of a wind electric generator are:

1. Tower
2. Nacelle
3. Rotor
4. Gearbox
5. Generator
6. Braking System
7. Yaw System
8. Controllers
9. Sensors

The Basic Process

The wind turns the blades of a windmill-like machine. The rotating blades turn the
shaft to which they are attached. The turning shaft typically can either power a
pump or turn a generator, which produces electricity. Most wind machines have
blades attached to a horizontal shaft. This shaft transmits power through a series of
gears, which provide power to a water pump or electric generator. These are called
horizontal axis wind turbines. There are also vertical axis machines, such as the
Darrieus wind machine, which has two, three, or four long curved blades on a
vertical shaft and resembles a giant eggbeater in shape. The amount of energy
produced by a wind machine depends upon the wind speed and the size of the
blades in the machine. In general, when the wind speed doubles, the power
produced increases eight times. Larger blades capture more wind. As the diameter
of the circle formed by the blades doubles, the power increases four times.

Why Wind Energy

• The project is environment friendly.

• Good wind potential to harness wind energy.
• A permanent shield against ever increasing power prices. The cost per kWh
reduces over a period of time as against rising cost for conventional power
projects.
• The cheapest source of electrical energy (on a leveled cost over 20 years).
• Least equity participation required, as well as low cost debt is easily available
to wind energy projects.
• A project with the fastest payback period.
• A real fast track power project, with the lowest gestation period; and a
modular concept.
• Operation and Maintenance (O&M) costs are low.
• No marketing risks, as the product is electrical energy.
• A project with no investment in manpower.

Essential requirements for setting up a wind farm

An area where a number of wind electric generators are installed is known as a wind
farm. The essential requirements for establishment of a wind farm for optimal
exploitation of the wind are

1) High wind resource at particular site

2) Adequate land availability
3) Suitable terrain and good soil condition
4) Proper approach to site
5) Suitable power grid nearby
6) Techno-economic selection of WEGs
7) Scientifically prepared layout

THE GLOBAL STATUS OF WIND POWER

• Wind turbines generate more than 1 % of the global electricity

• Worldwide Capacity at 93,8 GW– 19,7 GW added in 2007
• Wind energy is used in more than 70 countries – USA, Spain, India and China
take the worldwide lead.
Wind power is now established as an energy source in over 50 countries around the
world. Those countries with the highest total installed capacity are Germany
(18,428 MW), Spain (10,027 MW), the USA (9,149 MW), India (4,430 MW) and
Denmark (3,122 MW). A number of other countries, including Italy, the UK, the
Netherlands, China, Japan and Portugal, have reached the 1,000 MW mark (data
prior2004).
 Wind power and India

The development of wind power in India began in the 1990 and showed a
significant increase in it in the last few years.

The worldwide installed capacity of wind power reached 12,078 GW by the end of
2008. USA (25,170 MW), Germany (23,903 MW), Spain (16,754 MW) and China
(12,210 MW) are ahead of India in fifth position.

As of November 2008 the installed capacity of wind power in India was 9587.14 MW.
Suzlon, an Indian-owned company, emerged on the global scene in the past decade,
and by 2006 had captured almost 8 percent of market share in global wind turbine
sales. Suzlon is currently the leading manufacturer of wind turbines for the Indian
market, holding some 52.4 percent of market share in India.

Suzlon’s success has made India the developing country leader in advanced wind
turbine technology.

Capacity of the various wind turbines installed in India

1) Tamil Nadu is the state with most wind generating capacity: 4132.72 MW at
the end of 2008. The Muppandal wind farm which the largest in Asia is
located near the once impoverished village of Muppandal, supplying the
villagers with electricity for work.
 The village had been selected as the showcase for India's $2 billion clean
energy program which provides foreign companies with tax breaks for
establishing fields of wind turbines in the area.

2) Maharashtra produces around 1837-85 mw and is second only to Tamil

Nadu in terms of generating capacity. Suzlon has been heavily involved.
Suzlon operates what was once Asia's largest wind farm, the Vankusawade
Wind Park (201 MW), near the Koyna reservoir in Satara district of
Maharashtra.

3) Gujarat occupies the third position in terms of generation of power through

wind power and has a capacity of 1432.71 mw. Samana in Rajkot district is
set to host energy companies like China Light Power (CLP) and Tata Power
have pledged to invest up to Rs.8.15 billion ($189.5 million) in different
projects in the area. CLP, through its India subsidiary CLP India, is investing
close to Rs.5 billion for installing 126 wind turbines in Samana that will
generate 100.8 MW power.

Tata Power has installed wind turbines in the same area for generating 50
MW power at a cost of Rs.3.15 billion. ONGC Ltd has commissioned its first
wind power project. The 51 MW project is located at Motisindholi in Kutch
district of Gujarat.

4) Karnataka produces around 1184.45 MW. There are many small wind farms
in Karnataka, making it one of the states in India which has a high number of
wind mill farms. Other states such as Madhya Pradesh (187.69 MW), Kerala
(23MW), West Bengal (1.10 MW) etc are also engaged in producing power
through wind energy.

The state wise potential and installed capacity is given in the table below:

State Gross Potential in Total Installed Capacity in MW

MW

Demonstration Private Sector Total Capacity

Projects (MW) Projects (MW) (MW)

Andhra 8275 5.40 87.20 92.60

Pradesh
Gujarat 9675 17.30 149.60 166.90
Karnataka 6620 2.60 93.60 96.20
Kerala 875 2.00 0.00 2.00
Madhya 5500 0.60 22.00 22.60
Pradesh
Maharashtra 3650 6.40 392.80 399.20
Orissa 1700 6.40 18.70 25.10
Rajasthan 5400 19.40 875.60 895.00

Tamil Nadu 3050 1.10 0.00 1.10

West Bengal 450 1.60 0.00 1.60
Total 45195 62.80 1639.50 1702.30

Wind power potential and achievements as on 31 December 2004

National Wind Power Program: Vision 2020
Wind Resource Assessment Program

The Wind Resource Assessment Program is being implemented by C-WET (Centre

for Wind Energy Technology) in coordination with state nodal agencies. An annual
mean wind power density greater than 200 W/m2 (watts per square meter) at 50-
metre height has been recorded at 211 wind monitoring stations, covering 13 states
and union territories, namely Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh,
Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa,
Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttaranchal, and West Bengal. Handbooks titled Wind
Energy Resource Survey in India have been published covering the wind data
already generated.

Master plans

Master plans are available for 97 potential sites for wind power in Andhra Pradesh,
Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil
Nadu, and West Bengal. The master plans provide information on the availability of
wind, land, grid availability, and accessibility to the site, which enables project
promoters and state nodal agencies to undertake proper planning and
implementation of the projects. The master plans have been provided to the state
nodal agencies and are made available to project promoters, developers, and
consultants through C-WET at a nominal cost.
MNRE (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy) are implementing the world's
largest wind resource assessment program, which forms the backbone of their wind
exploitation efforts. Preliminary estimates indicate a potential of about 45,000 MW.
Scientific surveys are being intensified to identify specific viable and potential sites.
A recent study undertaken to reassess the potential, places it at about 60,000 MW.
Assuming a grid penetration of 20%, a technical potential of about 15192 MW is
already available for exploitation in the potential States. 160 sites have so far been
identified in 13 States. Survey work is in progress in 24 States / UTs. The States of
Rajasthan and West Bengal have also shown wind potential. Today, we have a wind
power installed capacity of 7320 MW in the country, out of which about 7250 MW is
accounted for by commercial installations. About 33.5 billion units of electricity
have been fed to the grid so far. A good local production base for wind turbines now
exists in the country, with 8 manufacturing companies active in this sector. Today,
the capital cost of wind power projects range between Rs. 4 to 5 crores per MW.
This gives a level cost of energy generation in the range of
Rs. 2.00 to Rs. 2.50 KWh, taking into consideration the fiscal benefits extended by
the Government.
The government has introduced a package of incentives which includes tax
concessions such as 80% accelerated depreciation, tax holidays for power
generation projects, soft loans, customs and excise duty reliefs, liberalized foreign
investment procedures, etc.
 SWOT Analysis

The wind energy program in India is a positive development. In this context, a

SWOT analysis has been attempted with the viewpoint of enhancing the uptake of
this program in the future years.

a) Strengths

• Continuing demand- supply gap and escalation in the cost of fossil fuel-based
power generation and electricity tariffs for industry and organized sector.
• Encouragement by Central and State Government policies - fiscal incentives
such as accelerated depreciation and reasonable tariffs for industry and
organized sector.
• Growth in wind manufacturing sector- joint ventures as well as indigenous
industry contributing to adoption of the emerging technologies, up-scaling
size of machines and cost cutting initiatives.
• Massive nation-wide efforts for wind resource assessment covering 25 states,
comprising 900 stations and micro-survey of sites.
• Setting up a well managed C-WET, an institution in the public sector with EU
support testing, R & D and advisory functions.
• Tactical project management orientation by wind industry, which involves
land procurement, site selection, installation of the wind generation facilities
on a turnkey basis by the project developers/ equipment suppliers.

b) Weaknesses

• Low capacity utilization of the wind generation plants.

• Over- capacity due to biasing of the market mechanism to tax incentives for
installing of wind farms rather than efficient operation. This led to inadequate
resource assessment in advance of construction and poor engineering.
• Forced outages due to technical factors such as weak grid integration,
mechanical problems, etc.
• Dearth of O & M skills and service organizations.
• Small wind power generation program not successful due to techno-
economic considerations and inadequacy of the demonstrative efforts taken
up so far.
• Rising land costs and developmental issues.

c) Opportunities

• Substantial untapped market- off- shore and on- shore.

• Enhancing productivity of existing installations by re- powering existing ones.
• CDM credits for clean technologies.
• Tried and tested technologies for such small applications is under developed
due to mismatch, poor project design, dearth of trouble shooting skills and
barriers in commercial operations. The small wind industry implementation
Strategy (SWIIS) project, co-coordinated by Socie’te’ d’ Etudes Et de
Development (SEED) to increase the sector’s impacts through provision of
tools such as sectoral market analyses, a catalogue of manufacturers,
comprehensive listing of available turbines, their applications and detailed
information on hybrid technologies such as wind-diesel and wind-PV. Similar
initiatives are needed in the Indian context.

d) Threats

• Technical progress and financial outlays may not keep pace with the
prospective markets in the future years.
• Wind power subsidies may be rationalized or pegged down discouraging
prospective buyers.
• Cost cutting may not work out favorably- land costs may shoot up & cost-
cutting ideas by equipment suppliers may dry up.
 References

1) www.greenpeace.org
2) www.gwec.net
3) www.greenbusinesscentre.com
4) www.geni.org
5) http://mnes.nic.in/
6) Centre for Wind Energy Technology (www.cwet.tn.nic.in)
7) Maps of India http://www.mapsofindia.com
8) The Energy & Resources Institute (TERI) http://www.teriin.org/
9) www.ewea.org
10) http://www.ieawind.org/
11) (American Wind Energy Association (http://www.awea.org)
12) www.wwindea.org
13) www.world-wind-energy.info