Experiment 3

1. Objective
After this experiment, we are expected to be able to:
a. Understand the function of each block of FM Transmitter
b. Understand the frequency modulation and the FM signal spectrum

2. Apparatus
This experiment uses the PUDAK company’s product FM TRANSCEIVER TRAINER
PT94330. This equipment is included with the FM Transmitter and FM Receiver part. For
this experiment, we have to use both FM Transmitter which contain:
 Power supply module PTE-018-06
 Stereo MPX Encoder module PTE-018-01
 FM Transmitter module PTE-018-02
3. Experimental procedure
3.1. Stereo MPX Encoder
Install the Power Supply module and the Stereo MPX Encoder into the rail of the panel rack.
Connect the panels as in Figure 3.12.

Figure 1 Connection between Power Supply module and Stereo MPX Encoder module

The “L” signal is 1KHz and “R” signal is 3KHz.

Check again for proper connections of the panels. If OK, turn the power supply on.
By using the oscilloscope, observe the waveform at TP1, TP2, TP8, TP5, TP7, TP9, TP3, TP4
and TP6, frequency, peak-to-peak value, mean value, maximum value and minimum value,
fft function on the oscilloscope to observe their spectrum and save their spectrum.
 TP1
 Waveform

Waveform TP1

• The value of Frequency of TP1: .

• The value of Mean of TP1: .
• The value of Max of TP1:
• The value of Min of TP1:
• The value of Peak to Peak of TP1:

 Spectrum by using fft function

Magnitude

• The value of Magnitude of TP1: .

 Frequency

• The value of Frequency of TP1 by verifying with fft:

 TP2

Installation of TP2

 Waveform

Waveform TP2
 • The value of Frequency of TP2: . !!
• The value of Mean of TP2: .
• The value of Max of TP2: !!
• The value of Min of TP2: !
• The value of Peak to Peak of TP2: .

 Spectrum

Magnitude

• The value of Magnitude of TP2: .

Frequency by using fft

• The value of Frequency of TP2 by using fft function:

 TP4
 Wavefrom

Waveform of TP4

• The value of frequency of TP4: .

• The value of Mean of TP4: .
• The value of Max of TP4:
• The value of Min of TP4:
• The value of Peak to Peak of TP4:

 Spectrum

Magnitude of TP4

• The value of Magnitude of TP4: .

 Frequency of TP4 by using fft function

• The value of frequency of TP4 by using fft function:

 TP5
 Waveform

Waveform

• The value of frequency of TP5: .

• The value of Mean of TP5: .
• The value of Max of TP5: .
• The value of Min of TP5: .
• The value of Peak to Peak of TP5: . !
 Spectrum

Magnitude

• The value of Magnitude of TP5: !

Frequency by using fft function

• The values of Frequency of TP5:

 TP6
 Waveform

Waveform of TP6
 • The value of frequency of TP6: .
• The value of Mean of TP6: .
• The value of Max of TP6:
• The value of Min of TP6; : !
• The value of Peak to Peak of TP6: !
 Spectrum

Magnitude of TP6

• The value of magnitude of TP6:

Frequency of TP6 by using fft

• The value of Frequency of TP6 by using fft function:

 TP7
 Waveform

Waveform of TP7

• The value of Frequency of TP7: .

• The value of Mean of TP7: .
• The value of Max of TP7: . !
• The value of Min of TP7: .
• The value of Peak to Peak of TP7:
 Spectrum

Magnitude of TP7

• The value of Magnitude of TP7: .

 Frequency of TP7 by using fft function

• The value of frequency of TP7 by using fft function: !

 TP8
 Waveform

Waveform of TP8

• The value of frequency of TP8: .

• The value of Mean of TP8:
• The value of Max of TP8: . !
• The value of Min of TP8: .
• The value of Peak to Peak of TP8: .
 Spectrum

Magnitude of TP8

• The value of Magnitude of TP8: .

Frequency of TP8 by using fft function

• The value of Frequency of TP8 by using fft function: !

 TP9
 Waveform

Waveform of TP9
 • The value of frequency of TP9: .
• The value of Mean of TP9: .
• The value of Max of TP9: !
• The value of Min of TP9: !
• The value of Peak to Peak of TP9: . !
 Spectrum

Magnitude of TP9

• The value of Magnitude of TP9: .

Frequency of TP9 by using fft function

• The value of frequency of TP9 by using fft function: !

3.2. Stereo FM Transmitter

Install Power Supply module, Stereo MPX Encoder and FM Transmitter in the rail of the panel
rack. Connect the MPX OUT of the encoder to MPX IN of transmitter as in the Figure 3.13.
Connect the transmitter RF OUT with the dummy load as the substitute for the antenna. 4.2 Stereo
FM Transmitter
Installation Guide
Choose the transmitter frequencies as 95 MHz.

The terminals provided at the panel are:

TP1: Input Signal TP5: Compared frequency
TP2: DC control to VCO TP6: Pre-scaler = 1/10 VCO freq
TP3: VCO frequency out TP7: RF Amplifier output
TP4: Reference frequency TP8: RF Amp. and LPF output

Task:
By using the oscilloscope, observe the waveform at TP1, TP2, TP3, TP4, TP5, TP6, TP7 and
TP8. Measure their frequency, peak-to-peak value, mean value, maximum value and minimum
value. Save their waveform. Use fft function on the oscilloscope to observe their spectrum and
save their spectrum.

Connect the oscilloscope probes CH1 with TP4 and CH2 with TP5, observe and compare the
phase difference.

 TP1
 Waveform

Waveform of TP1

• The value of frequency of TP1: .

• The value of Mean of TP1:
• The value of Max of TP1:
 • The value of Min of TP1:
• The value of Peak to Peak of TP1: !

 Spectrum

Magnitude of TP1

• The value of Magnitude of TP1:

Frequency of TP1 by using fft function

• The value of frequency of TP1:

 TP2

Installation of TP2

 Waveform

Waveform of TP2

• The value of frequency of TP2: # 5%&'

• The value of Mean of TP2: ()*+ 93.5./
• The value of Max of TP2: (*0 4.56/
• The value of Min of TP2: (3+ 2.24/
• The value of Peak to Peak of TP2: 56 56 6.40/
 Spectrum

Magnitude of TP2

• The value of Magnitude of TP2: .

Frequency of TP2 by using fft function

• The value of frequency of TP2 by using fft function:

 TP4

Installation of TP4
 Waveform

Waveform of TP4

• The value of frequency of TP4:

• The value of Mean of TP4: .
• The value of Max of TP4: .
• The value of Min of TP4: .
• The value of Peak to Peak of TP4: .

 Spectrum

Magnitude of TP4

• The value of Magnitude of TP4: .

 Frequency of TP4 by using fft function

• The value of frequency of TP4 by using fft function:

 TP5

Installation of TP5

 Waveform

Waveform of TP5

• The value of frequency of TP5:

• The value of Mean of TP5: .
 • The value of Max of TP5: .
• The value of Min of TP5: .
• The value of Peak to Peak of TP5: .

 Spectrum

Magnitude of TP5

• The value of Magnitude of TP5: .

Frequency of TP5 by using fft function

• The value of Frequency of TP5 by using fft function:

 TP6

Installation of TP6

 Waveform

Waveform of TP6

• The value of frequency of TP6: .

• The value of Mean of TP6: .
• The value of Max of TP6: !!
• The value of Min of TP6: !
• The value of Peak to Peak of TP6: .

 Spectrum
 Magnitude of TP6

• The value of Magnitude of TP6: .

Frequency of TP6 by using fft function

• The value of frequency of TP6: !

 TP7

Installation of TP7
 Waveform

Waveform of TP7

• The value of frequency of TP7: .

• The value of Mean of TP7: .
• The value of Max of TP7: .
• The value of Min of TP7: .
• The value of Peak to Peak of TP7: .!

 Spectrum

Magnitude of TP7

• The value of Magnitude of TP7: .!

 Frequency of TP7 by using fft function

• The value of frequency of TP7 by using fft function:

4. Describe the process or function of these two modules: Stereo MPX Encoder module
and FM Transmitter module.

4.1.Stereo MPX Encoder

• A transmitter will only process one information signal, which in turn will modulate the carrier
signal. Therefore, if there are two information signals to be processed (stereo), the two signals
must first be processed to become just one signal. One of the techniques to process two signals
to become one signal is to use a multiplexer. A multiplexer is a circuit that converts two audio
signals (left/right) into just one signal. To obtain the desired signal, a process known as
matrixing has to be carried out.
• Two channels from the sound source enter the matrix circuit via the pre-emphasis circuit,
which has the function to raise the relative strength of the frequencies above 3 kHz (high-
frequency components of audio signals) of the frequency response of the audio signal, and so
will improve the signal-to-noise ratio.
• The outputs of these pre-emphasis circuits are applied to the matrix circuit, which produces
two outputs, the sum (L+R) and the difference (L-R). The (L+R) signal is a monaural
transmission signal which will be received, demodulated and reproduced by a mono FM
receiver when receiving a stereo transmission broadcasting. The other signal, i.e. the (L-R)
signal, is processed through the stereo demodulator in the FM stereo receiver radio, in which
the (L-R) signal will be added to the (L+R) signal. The sum will produce L the signal and the
difference will generate R the signal. Briefly illustrates the process in a stereo MPX encoder,
where the input signal are: Left (L): 1kHz and Right (R): 3kHz.

4.2.Stereo FM Transmitter
• The most important part of a transmitter is the modulator, which works as a processor of the
unification of the information and carrier signals.
• an audio signal can be carried by a carrier signal by modulating it. There are many methods of
modulation system, as we have frequently heard; there are the amplitude modulation and the
angular modulation, which comprises phase modulation and frequency modulation.
• A phase modulation (PM) is an angular modulation in which the phase angle of the carrier is
deviated from its basic value equal to a quantity proportional to the amplitude of the
modulation signal. Briefly, in PM there is a phase change proportional to the modulation
signal.
• A frequency modulation (FM) is an angular modulation where the instantaneous frequency of
the sinusoidal carrier wave deviates from the carrier frequency by some proportion with
respect to the instantaneous value of the modulation wave.
• Frequency modulation has theoretical and practical aspects that are more complex than the
amplitude modulation. Some advantages of the frequency modulation method compared with
the amplitude modulation are: FM is more immune to noise, hence the signal to noise ratio is
higher, the power needed to modulate is small and the audio bandwidth as the sound source is
wider than that of AM.
• When the information signal is inserted, the carrier frequency increases in the first half cycle
of the modulation signal and decreases during the half cycle of the opposite polarity.

Conclusion
After this experiment, we can understand and realize how FM Transmitter is working. The most
important thing about this 3rd experiment, it is about how to apply what we have studied from the
course then practice to see how does it work. Basically end of this experiment, we realize that we
can understand more about two important blocks of this FM Transmitter Stereo MPX Encoder
module PTE-018-01 and FM Transmitter module PTE-018-02. Not only these, we learn to test more
by each TP inside those blocks. The purpose that we are doing these, is to understand exactly about
Frequency Modulation and the FM signal spectrum. From each TP to TP all of their Waveform and
Spectrum are really different. Anyway even we succeed to end of this experiment, we still not get the
best result, because we may error by our installation, equipment, technical problem, environment or
lack of careful sometimes.