Stem Cells

Grant Delarosa, Hugo Pinto, Ian Ugale, Max Radic

 What are Stem Cells?
- Microscopic ball-like cells that differentiate
- Stem cells form after the zygote.
- They can be used to repair any of the body’s 200
cell type.
- Two major types:
- Embryonic
- Somatic

Grant Delarosa
 Adult Stem Cells
- Found throughout the human adult
body
- Limit to multiplying and grow into
different types of tissues
- Made specially for functions in body
- Repairs one specific cells and that
one only
- Scientists attempt to direct the adult
stem cell to behave more as an
embryonic stem cell

Grant Delarosa
 Bone Marrow
- Treat consequences of degenerative
diseases
- Long term replenishment
- Migrate in the body in its niches
- Become functional myocytes,
osteocytes and hepatocytes

Grant Delarosa
 Stem Cell Bank?
- Veena Agarwal planned to store stem cells for future
transplant for her child with leukemia
- Stored umbilical cord stem cells (ESC) from her
second-born child and store bone marrow cells (ASC)
- Transplant was done eight years later and was successful
- Insurance policy for future self or children

Stem Cells

Grant Delarosa
Stem Cell-Based
Therapies for
Ischemic Stroke

Hugo Pinto
 Introduction to Ischemic Strokes
- Major cause of
death.
- Morbidity and
mortality keep
increasing.

Products - Data Briefs - Number

194 - March 2015. (2016). Cdc.gov.
Retrieved 7 November 2016, from Hugo Pinto
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/produc
ts/databriefs/db194.htm
 Ischemic Stroke
Thrombotic: Embolic:
- Arteries become - Lacking oxygen and
blocked. nutrients.
- Blood clot forms in
brain.

*limited by narrow
time of 3-4.5 hours.*
Hugo Pinto
Example:

Hugo Pinto
 Results of a Ischemic Stroke
- Remain disabled. - Loss of nerve cells.
- Rehabilitation.
- Natural
- Forced

Hugo Pinto
How can Ischemic
Stroke be cured?

Hugo Pinto
 Embryonic Stem Cells (ESC)
● Pluripotent, no limit to multiplying,
become any cell in the body.
● Differentiates and remains that type of cell
for the rest of its life span.

Hugo Pinto
 Takagawa, J., Zhang, Y., Wong, M., Sievers, R., Kapasi, N., &

Testing Done on Mice

Wang, Y. et al. (2016). Myocardial infarct size measurement in
the mouse chronic infarction model: comparison of area- and
length-based approaches. Retrieved 7 November 2016, from
http://jap.physiology.org/content/102/6/2104

Middle Cerebral Artery

Occlusion
- Improve motor
- Reduce infarct size
- 30% chance of teratoma
formation within 4-8
weeks.
Hugo Pinto
Middle Cerebral Artery
Hugo Pinto
Inducible Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
- Exhibit morphology
and growth
properties of ESC.
- Behavior was not
improved.
- iPSCs have 70%
chance of forming
teratoma after
transplantation.
4 different
teratomas
formed after
transplantation.
Seminatore, C., Polentes, J., Ellman, D., Kozubenko,
N., Itier, V., & Tine, S. et al. (2016). The Postischemic
Environment Differentially Impacts Teratoma or
Tumor Formation After Transplantation of Human
Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Neural Progenitors.
Retrieved 7 November 2016, from
http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/41/1/153
Hugo Pinto
 Neural Stem Cells (NSCs)
- Weakest
- Survival rate for neuron is
low.
- Direct injection;
- Injures area of brain.
- Overall death rate of
Ischemic Stroke patient
was significantly higher. Hugo Pinto
Hugo Pinto
 “
“Why are we not funding
this?”

Hugo Pinto
 Ethical Issue Surrounding Embryonic
Stem Cells
- Development, use, and destruction of human embryos.
- June 30th, 2010 Canada prohibited all creation of human embryos.

Hugo Pinto
Permissive
Flexible
Restrictive Stem Cell Policy: World Stem Cell Map. (2016). Mbbnet.umn.edu. Retrieved 7 November 2016, from
http://www.mbbnet.umn.edu/scmap.html
Hugo Pinto
The CSC Theory

Max Radic
Cancer Stem Cells

- Similar to a stem cell, how it can produce

other cell types that are found in a cancer
sample
- Considered a theory because of
circumstances where CSCs couldn’t be
identified
- If you remove regular tumor cells, CSCs
cause the tumor to relapse
- If you remove CSCs, the tumor simply dies
off
- Initiates tumors, and promotes cancer http://intrigue.ie/media/2014/03/ELA.png
progression

Max Radic
Isolating CSCs

- The method of distinguishing

CSCs from regular tumor cells
1. Isolate from H23, HTB-58,
A549, H441, and H2170
2. Resistant to cisplatin,
doxorubicin, or etoposide
treatment
3. ALDH-positive cells
https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.files.wordpress.com/2013/0
3/3708ld1.jpg

Max Radic
CSC Treatments

- Conventional chemotherapy kills the

bulk of the tumor, but not CSCs, so this
could cause the tumor to relapse
- Look for markers that differentiate CSCs
from normal cells
- Nanoparticles with MiR-34a &
ammonium bicarbonate
- So far, treatments have been performed
on animal trials, but mice life spans http://dreamcatcherreality.com/wp-content/uploads/201
5/12/Cancer-cells-prevent-cure.jpg
makes tumor relapse studies difficult to
test Max Radic
Specifics to CSC Treatment

- Ratio of CSCs to normal

tumor cells is unknown
(may be linked to
malignancy)
- Use of “CSC spheroids”
- Limited to specialized
http://callisto.ggsrv.com/imgsrv/FastFetch/UBER1/ZI-2IHD-2010-
labs AUG19-IDSI-15-1

Max Radic
The Potential Of Stem
Cell Therapies For
Neurological Diseases

Ian Ugale
 Introduction
◎ Stem cell therapies have helped
millions of people since they were first
discovered
◎ Stem cell therapies are usually used to
treat diseases surrounding the
Hematopoietic systems
◎ The success of stem cells over the years
has created high expectations for the
field of medicine
◎ Next challenge for stem cells is
neurological diseases
◎ Preventative rather than restorative
Ian Ugale
 Sources of Stem Cells
Three main sources:
◎ Brain
◎ Bone marrow/Cord
blood
◎ Preimplantation
embryo

Ian Ugale
Ian Ugale
Ian Ugale
Current Therapies
◎ Cellular Replacement Therapy ◎ Enzyme Replacement Therapy

Ian Ugale
Possible New Stem Cell Therapy
◎ Combination stem cell therapy ◎ “Remyelinate rather than
rewire”

Ian Ugale
Possible what is ur problems
◎ Rejection

Ian Ugale
Grant Delarosa’s References
Holt, S. (2009, December). Stem cell support: the nutraceutical induction of adult stem cell recruitment (IASCR).
Townsend Letter, (317), 64+. Retrieved from
http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&sw=w&u=ko_k12hs_d62&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA213722868&asid=79d5
cbcfa132e2db53d8322e7bc2a94c

Stem cell banking? (2009, July 31). Prevention [India Edition]. Retrieved from
http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&sw=w&u=ko_k12hs_d62&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA212162280&asid=8b95
078e7f8d6263e96e153103124775

Dyer, Nicole. "Stem cells: the next cure? (Life/Tech Science: Stem Cells * Disease)." Science World, 12 Nov. 2001, p.
14+. General OneFile,
http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&sw=w&u=ko_k12hs_d62&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA80449075&asid=97848
52530b591ba90261e4277c6c6d2
Hugo Pinto’s References
Hao, L., Zou, Z., Tian, H., Zhang, Y., Zhou, H., & Liu, L. (2014). Stem cell-based therapies for ischemic stroke. BioMed
Research International. Retrieved from
http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&sw=w&u=ko_k12hs_d62&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA427023176&asid=5a06
001603354a7395da13e3f7ee63e2

Products - Data Briefs - Number 194 - March 2015. (2016). Cdc.gov. Retrieved 7 November 2016, from
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db194.htm

Stem Cell Policy: World Stem Cell Map. (2016). Mbbnet.umn.edu. Retrieved 7 November 2016, from
http://www.mbbnet.umn.edu/scmap.html

Seminatore, C., Polentes, J., Ellman, D., Kozubenko, N., Itier, V., & Tine, S. et al. (2016). The Postischemic
Environment Differentially Impacts Teratoma or Tumor Formation After Transplantation of Human Embryonic Stem
Cell-Derived Neural Progenitors. Retrieved 7 November 2016, from http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/41/1/153

Takagawa, J., Zhang, Y., Wong, M., Sievers, R., Kapasi, N., & Wang, Y. et al. (2016). Myocardial infarct size
measurement in the mouse chronic infarction model: comparison of area- and length-based approaches. Retrieved
7 November 2016, from http://jap.physiology.org/content/102/6/2104
Ian Ugale’s References
Lin, H., Otsu, M., & Nakauchi, H. (2016). Stem cell therapy: an exercise in patience and prudence. Retrieved 7
November 2016, from

Schwartz, P. H. (2006). The potential of stem cell therapies for neurological diseases. Expert Review of
Neurotherapeutics, 6(2), 153+. Retrieved from
http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&sw=w&u=ko_k12hs_d62&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA224260835&asid=56ae
046c097b46f7862f7c0ae409866a

Barriga, F., Ramírez, P., Wietstruck, A., & Rojas, N. (2016). Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: clinical use and
perspectives. Retrieved 7 November 2016, from
Max Radic’s References
Eramo, A., Haas, T. L., & De Maria, R. (2010). Lung cancer stem cells: tools and targets to fight lung cancer. Oncogene,
29(33), 4625+. Retrieved from
http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&sw=w&u=ko_k12hs_d62&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA235623735&asid=b130f
7d41aa29eb9260f08d05cc4619e

Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. (2016). Pharmaceuticalintelligence.files.wordpress.com. Retrieved 7 November
2016, from https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/3708ld1.jpg