1

‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻣﱳ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻵﺟﺮّوﻣﻴّﺔ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬

Ājrrūmiyyah’s Introduction

To

Arabic Grammar

Part Two

Edited and Translated by

Imām Will
Ella Collins Institute
 Preface

Praise is due to God alone. God’s peace and prayers upon our master, Muhammad, all of the
prophets and those who follow them.

It is with great pleasure that I present part 2 of an “Introduction to Arabic Grammar:

Explanation of Ājjrumiyyah.” This text forms the second in Ella Collins Institutes’ Arabic
language Program.

I’m sure there will be mistakes on my part so I remind folks as al-Harirī reminded folks in
his work,

ِ" ِ# ْ%َ ‫ِ*) َوأ‬+ "َ ,-.‫"ِ ا‬#

0 َ%َ‫و‬ ِ" ِ# ْ1َ 23#ُْ 5‫ ا‬6َ َ-َ7 )*ْ8.َ ِ‫ إ‬6ْ ُ-ْ7)َ:
“View it with the eye of seeker of good and have a good assumption of it, strive for
excellence.”

;َ<‫ ِ= َو‬8ِ: َ>ْ8<َ ? "ْ @َ ,A َBَ: َ;Cَ D

َ .‫ ا‬E, #َ
ُ : ً )3Gْ8<َ Eْ ِ B3َH ‫ّو إِ ْن‬
“If you find any mistakes, the fix them. (All) glory is due to the one who has no mistakes, the
most high!”

God’s peace and blessings upon our Prophet and all of the prophets and their followers.
Imam Will
Boston, Massachusetts
Spring 2013
 1Verbs

Introduction

The word for verb in Arabic is f ’il (AْKَ:) and its plural is af ’al (‫َ)ل‬Kْ:َ‫)أ‬. When the word is used in
the language it means and action. Allah says,

A8M.‫)ب ا‬1OP+ Q+‫ ر‬AK: S8T ‫ى‬6H V.َ ‫أ‬

“Did you see how your lord dealt with the companions of the elephants?”

And
‫ن‬WCKMH ? )@ ‫ن‬W.WXH V.
“Why do you say what you don’t do.”

In the context of grammar

6@‫)رع وأ‬Z@‫ و‬,‫ @)ض‬:\];^.‫ز@_\ ا‬a‫ ا‬E%P+ b762c‫*) وا‬#M7 d: e_K@ eC< ‫ل‬EH \fCT
“A word that carries its own meaning, coupled with one of three tenses: past, future,
present.”

1.1 The Types of Verbs

‫ب‬6g‫ب وا‬6Zh‫ب و‬6g : W17 6@‫)رع وأ‬Z@‫@)ض و‬ ٍ : \];] ‫)ل‬K:a‫ا‬
“There are three types of verbs: past, past imperfect and orders.” 1

There are three types of verbs in Arabic, past, present and future. The first is called madi
(‫)@)ض‬, the second type is called mudar’i (‫)رع‬Z@) and the third is called amir (6@‫)أ‬. Imam al-
Hariri noted the three forms in his poem about the arabic language,2

‫)ل‬jkl‫ى ا‬EO Q_< eCB_8. ..................‫)ل‬K:a‫\ ا‬f#c ‫وإن أردت‬

‫)رع‬Z5‫ وا‬6@a‫ ا‬AK:‫@)ض و‬.................o+‫*" را‬. )@ ‫ ];ث‬d*:

“If you want to know the division of verbs

to remove any confusion from you,
then they are three, not four
past, present and future.”

1This is the opinion of the majority. However, there were some scholars from the Kufi
school who contended that the were only two types of verbs, past and present.
2 To be taught in Ella Collins Arabic Grammar 2.0
The Past Tense Verb and Verb Measures
The past tense verb is called madi (dg)@) and it is recognized by a few exclusive signs. The
most important sign of madi is that its meaning is restricted to the past tense. Imam al-
Hariri wrote,
qْ
ِ G3.َ 6ِ ْ8rَ +ِ ‫@)ض‬
ٍ =,7Pِ : qْ@َ‫= أ‬8: ُsCُ th )@ Aj:
“Then (every word) that excepts the past tense
then, without a doubt it is madi.” 3

The second sign is that it accepts what is called ta al-tanith - the female ta at its ending like
b.)c (she said). In actuality, it accepts the ta of any speaker:

1. I said - ٌbْCcٌ
2. You (male) said - َbCc
3. You female said - ِbCc
4. You three or more males said - Vُ 23Cc
5. Your three or more females said - vْ , ُ Ccُ
6. He said - ‫)ل‬c
7. She said - ْb.)c
8. They two males said - ?)c
9. They two females said - )2.)c
10.They three or more males said - ‫ا‬W.)c
11. They three or more females said - "َ Cْ cُ

In each example above the past tense verb ends with a ta, or a letter, that represents the one
speaking.

Al-Hariri wrote about this sign,

w
ُ ُMْ7َ‫ُ أ‬b#8. q8. d: V*.WXT ‫ّث‬E1h "@ ‫)ء‬H =2X1. ‫أ َو‬
“Or the ta of the one who talks is fixed to its ending
Like their statement regarding not, ‘I’m not coughing.’”

3 Thereare conditions of its opposite - if the madi was met with an article of condition it’s
tense would change to the present one. That will be discussed latter, inshallah.
 2The ‘Irab of Verbs

2.1 The ‘Irab of the Past Tense Verb4

ً ‫ا‬E+‫ أ‬6yz‫ح ا‬W2M@ dg)5):

“The past tense verb always ends in fatha.”

That implies that Madi’s ending will always be fatha regardless of its form 5,
Three letter (plain) form - qَ َ C َ| - he sat
Three letter (added) form - qَ َ .) َ| - he sat amongst a group of people or next to a person
Three letter (added) form- qَ َ .) َBَH
Three letter (added) form - qَ َ C ْBَ 23}‫ا‬
ْ - He asked me to sit
Four letter form - qَ
َ C ْ|َ ‫ أ‬- He made (someone) sit

Notice that in each form the word ends in fatha. Thus, we say that madi is mabni al-fath
s2M.‫ ا‬eC< d_G@ ‫ @)ض‬AK:
2.2 An Important Point
Just like words that take ‘irbab, a fixed word’s bina could be clear,

ُ>َ _3ْhَ‫ْ ز‬bَG3~َ َ‫ذ‬

“Zaynab went.”

or assumed,
ُAْM€
ِ .‫ ا‬e•َ
َ @
“The child walked.”
‘Irab of Each Sentence:

1) Dhabat (she went) f ’il (verb) madi (past) mabni (fixed) ‘ala (on) al-fath (the place of fatha).
Wa (and) al-Ta (the letter ta) ta al-tanith (the female ta) mabni (fixed) ‘ala (on) sukun la
(no) mahla (place) laha (for it) min (in) al-‘irab (the grammatical analysis). Zaynab fa’il (the
subject) marf ’u (in the raf ’ case) bi (with) dama (the vowel doma). al-thahira (that is clear).
‫ع‬W:6@ ‫)ل‬K: >_h‫ ز‬.‫اب‬6<l‫*) @" ا‬. ‫)ل‬1@ ? ‫ن‬Wj} eC< d_G@ w87P2.‫)ء ا‬H ‫)ء‬2.‫ و ا‬.s2M.‫ ا‬eC< ّd_G@ ‫@)ض‬
ٍ ُAْKَ: , َ>َ~َ‫ذ‬
.‫ة‬6~)-.‫\ ا‬fZ.)+
2) Masha (he walked) f ’il (verb) madi (past) mabni (fixed) ‘ala (on) al-fath (the place of fatha)
man’a (prevented) min (from) thuhuriha (showing it) al-ta’adhur (impossible because of alif

4 The past tense verb does not take ‘Irab, just like the imperative. This will be discussed later,
inshallah
5 Remember this word, form
 lazima). Tiflu (child) fa’il (subject) marf ’u (in the raf ’ case) wa (and) ‘alamatu (its sign) al-
dama (the vowel dama) thahira (clear).
.‫ة‬6~)-.‫\ ا‬fZ.‫= ا‬K:‫ع و<;@\ ر‬W:6@ A<): AM€.‫ ا‬.6~)-.‫ ا‬s2M.‫ ا‬eC< d_G@ ‫ @)ض‬AK: ,e•@
2.3 Some Exceptions
There are some exceptions to this rule - madi is still mabni, but no on fatha,

1. If it is connected with a pronoun that represents the subject

ُbْG3~َ َ‫ذ‬
“I went.”

)_ْG3~َ َ‫ذ‬
“We went.”

ƒَ
َ ْ ~َ‫ذ‬
“Those group of women went.”
In each example we say, f ’il madi (past tense verb) mabni (fixed) ‘ala (on) sukun.
‫ن‬Wj#.‫ ا‬eC< d_G@ ‫ @)ض‬AK:
2. If it is connected to the pronoun waw that represents three or more people

‫ا‬WُG3~َ َ‫ذ‬
“The went.”

In each example we say, f ’il madi (past tense verb) mabni (fixed) ‘ala (on) al-dama (the vowel
dama).

Perhaps you saying, “How could this scholar make this mistake?” There are a few ways to
look at it. First, always make excuses for the scholars and avoid hunting their errors. Two, a
large group of scholars offered a different analysis of these verbs, Ibn Ajjrrum being one of
them. Instead of saying these verbs were mabni they noted that the Arabs did not prefer for
a word to have four letters or more and none of them were sukun. Thus, in in order to avoid
that, the made the second to the last letter in these verbs sakin (with sukun), avoiding that
problem. Thus, these scholars (God bless them and have mercy upon them) said:

‫)رض‬K.‫ن ا‬Wj#.)+ A15‫)ل ا‬r2k‫ره ا‬W*… "@ o_@ ‫ه‬6y‫ آ‬eC< ‫ر‬EX@ s2< eC< e_G@ ‫@)ض‬ ٍ ٌAK: ,‫)ل‬K:a‫ @" ~‡ه ا‬E%‫ وا‬Aj:
.E%‫ا‬W.‫\ ا‬fCj.)T W~ )f8: ‫)ت‬T612@ o+‫ أر‬d.‫ا‬WH \~‫ا‬6T o:E.
“Each one of thse verbs are past tense verbs fixed on an assumed fath on their ends, that was
kept from showing because its place was occupied by a sukun used to prevent the word from
having for vowels in a row.”

2.4 The Verb Forms and How to Use an Arabic Dictionary

The past tense verb, as well as the other verbs, is made up of nine basic forms: 6

I. Is the root of the word ‫ ل‬- ‫ ع‬- ‫ف‬

II. f ’ala - AK:
III. faala - A<):
IV. af ’ala - AK:‫أ‬
V. taf ’aal - AّKMH
VI. tafaa’al - A<)MH
VII. infa’al - AKM7‫إ‬
VIII. ift’al - AK2:‫إ‬
IX. if ’all - ّAK:‫إ‬
X. istaf ’al - AKM2}‫ا‬

If you come across a word in the Qur’an, hadith, or any Arabic source; and you don’t know
what it means, using Cowan’s Arabic English Dictionary, look for its root and plug it into its
corresponding roman numeral.

Let’s give it a try!

6 There are more, but they will be addressed in Morphology 1.0 to be taught at the ECI
soon, inshallah.
In Modern Arabic Dictionaries, the roman numerals are gone; replaced by the
major verb forms
2.5 The Commanding Verb

ً ‫ا‬E+‫وم أ‬ŠB@ 6@a‫وا‬

“The command is fixed in sukun always.” 7

Explanation
The command verb, f ’il al-amr (ِ6@ْ َ a‫ُ ا‬AْK:ِ ) was addressed earlier in the text. And just like the
past tense verb, it takes one of the nine major verbal forms,

2.6 How to Make a Command

The question arises, how do you derive it? It is not has hard as you think. But there are
some rules that guide it. The most important thing is to recognize the mudari of any given
verb. Then you need to cancel one of the letters of mudari that may appear at the front of
the word. Remember the letters of mudari’a are ‫ أ‬,‫ ن‬,‫ ي‬,‫ت‬

I. Is the root of the word ‫ ل‬- ‫ ع‬- ‫ ف‬I. f ’ala - AK: - II. faala - A<): III - َA,Kَ: - IV. af ’ala - AK:‫أ‬
V. taf ’aal - AّKMH VI.tafaa’al - A<)MH VII. infa’al - AKM7‫ إ‬VIII. ift’al - AK2:‫ إ‬IX. if ’all - ّAK:‫إ‬
X. istaf ’al - AKM2}‫ا‬

' Mudaria' ' ' ' Subtraction' ' ' Command

‫ي ف ع ل‬ A K33 3 M33 3 h A K33 3 : ‫ا‬

o َf#َ
ْ h of} of}‫ا‬
oِ@)#ُ
َ h ُo@ِ )}
َ ْo@ِ )}
َ
ُo 0f#ُ
َ h ُo 0f}
َ ْo 0f}
َ

7According to the majority of scholars, this type of verb fixed upon what its mudari’ is fixed.
I prefer to use sukun for ease of understanding.
 ‫ي ف ع ل‬ A K33 3 M33 3 h A K33 3 : ‫ا‬

ُofِ }ُْ ‫أ‬ ُofِ }

ْ ُofِ }َْ ‫أ‬
ُo ,f#َ
َ Hَ‫أ‬ ُo ,f#َ
َ H ْo Œf#َ
َ H
ُo@َ )#َHَ‫أ‬ o@)#H oُ@)#H
ُofِ #ْ
َ 7‫أ‬ ُofِ #ْ
َ 7 ْofِ #ْ
َ 7ِ‫إ‬
ُofِ َ 23}‫أ‬
ْ ُofِ َ 23}
ْ of2}‫ا‬
ُofِ #َْ 23}‫أ‬
ْ ُofِ #َْ 23}
ْ oِfَ23}‫ا‬
ْ

You may find this challenging, but ultimately, if you memorize this and practice it, it will
serve you well. Don’t neglect it!

2.7 The ‘Irab of the Command

The command verb is fixed on what it’s mudar’i is fixed. This principle is so important it
that you must memorize it:
‫ع‬ُ ‫) ِر‬Zُ
َ 5‫ ِ= ا‬+ِ ‫َ ُم‬Š ْBُh )fِ+ ‫َ ُم‬Š ْBَh 6ُ @ْ َ a‫ُ ا‬AْK:ِ

If It Ends in a Sound Letter

That means that the command is going to be fixed on one of two things: sukun or the
omission (hadh) of a weak letter. This is because Mudari is going to end in a sound letter;
and when it’s in the jazim case, it will be majzum with sukun:

oْ َf#َ
ْ h Vْ .َ
Here we say, ‘fil al-mudar’i (the imperfect verb) majzum (in jazim case) bi (with) sukun
(sukun.) Thus we say about the order ْo َf}‫ا‬
ْ f ’il amr (the command verb) mabni (fixed) ‘ala
(on) ma (what) yujam (makes jazim case) bi hi (with it) mudari (imperfect tense) wa howa
(and it is) sukun.
‫ن‬Wj#.‫ ا‬W~‫)رع و‬Z5‫= ا‬+ ‫م‬ŠBh )@ eC< d_G@ 6@a‫ ا‬AK:

Omission of the Weak Letter

However, if a imperfect verb is in the jazim case and it ends with one of the three letters, we
omit that weak letter (had()
‫ع‬Eh V.
It’s ‘irab would be f ’il mudari (imperfect verb) majzum (in the jazim case) bi with (had( harf
al-ilat (omission of the weak letter.)
\ِ C, ِK.‫ُوفِ ا‬6 ُ% ِ‫َ ‡ْف‬1+ ‫ُو ٌم‬Š ْBَ@ ِ ‫) ِرع‬Zُ
َ 5‫ُ ا‬AْK:ِ
Thus, in the case of its command, ‫ادع‬, we we would say, f ’il al-amr (the command verb)
majzum (in the jazim case) bima (with what) yujzam (makes jazim) bihi (with it) al-
mudari’ (it’s mudari) wahowa (and it is) harf (the omission) harf al-ilat (its weak letter).

\CK.‫ف ا‬6% ‫‡ف‬% W~‫)رع و‬Z5‫= ا‬+ ‫م‬ŠBh )f+ ‫وم‬Š1@ 6@a‫ ا‬AK:

One of the Five Verbs that End in Nun

If the imperative is one of the five special nouns, we know that it is majzum with the
omission of nun,
‫ا‬WKf#h V.
f ’il al-mudar’i (the imperfect verb) majzum (in the jazim case) bi (with) hadhf (the omission)
al-nun (of nun).

We say about its order, ‫ا‬WKf}‫ا‬. ‘Fil al-Amr (the command) majzum (in the jazim case) bima
(with what) yujzam (makes jazim) bi hi (with it) al-Mudar’i wahuwa (and it is) hadhf
(omission) al-Nun (of nun).

‫ن‬W_.‫‡ف ا‬% W~‫)رع و‬Z5‫= ا‬+ ‫م‬ŠBh )f+ ‫وم‬ŠB@ 6ِ @ْ َ a‫َ ا‬AْK:ِ

2.8 A Command Rooted in an Imperfect Verb that has a Weak Letter

We stated that the ‘irab of a command is that it is fixed on what its imperfect counterpart is
fixed on. While that is generally very easy, there are times when stating the command is a
little tricky, especially when it is rooted in an imperfect verb that carries a weak letter ‫أ‬,‫و‬,‫ي‬.

1) An Imperfect Verb that Ends with a Weak letter

There are to be three possibilities related to an imperfect verb that ends with a weak letter:

1. It ends in an alif lazim like eَK#َ

ْ h
2. It ends with the letter waw like ‫ُو‬Erْ َh
3. It ends with the letter yay like dِ@6ْ hِ

For the first word, eَK#َ

ْ h, if you want to render it into a command, omit the alif lazima at its
ending and place a hamza al-wasil at its beginning, َo}‫ا‬. ْ The fatha stays on the last letter,
signifying that its imperfect brother ended with alif lazima. The second word, ‫ُو‬Erْ َh, ends in
waw. To render it a command, simply cancel the waw and leave a dama on its last letter,
placing a hamza al-wasil at its beginning, Eُ •ْ ‫ا‬. The third word ends in ya. To render it an
order simply cancel the ya and leave a kasra on its last letter, placing a hamza al-wasil at its
beginning, ِ ‫ا ْرم‬.

This was explained by Imam al-Hariri when he wrote:

ً ‫ا‬Eِ+َ‫أ‬6ِ 8 ِyَ a‫فَ ا‬6 َ1.‫ِ ا‬ŽِX}َْ P3َ: ‫ا‬Eَ• "ْ @ِ ‫ َو‬eK} "ْ @ِ َ‫ْت‬6@َ َ ‫و إِ ْن أ‬
Eَ k,
َ 6.‫َ ا‬b8,X.ُ ِ‫ات‬6ْ8D َ .‫ ا‬e.‫َ إ‬o}‫وا‬ ْ E َ%َ a‫م ِ ا‬Wْ َh d: Eُ •‫ ا‬Eُ ْhَ‫)ز‬h : ُ‫ل‬WُXَH
 )fَ*ْG3ُ23}‫) ا‬fْ8:ِ Q.‫ ذ‬eC< ‡ُ ِ ْ%)َ: e@َ‫ ا ْرم ِ َ@ ْ" ر‬d: Qَُ .Wْ cَ ‫َ‡ا‬j~َ ‫َو‬

“If you want to compose an order from strove or departed,

then cancel the last (weak) letter (in the imperative), everytime!
(so) Say: Zaid, depart on Sunday and strive towards goodness
you’ll meet success. The same goes with shoot to the shooter.
(so) Cling to this with any (verb) that is confusing.”

2) An Imperfect Verb That’s Middle Is a Weak Letter

There are to three possibilities related to an imperfect verb whose middle is a weak letter:

1. It’s separated with alif like ُ‫َ)ف‬Dَh

2. Its separated with a ya like o8ِGَh
3. Its separated with a waw like ‫ل‬WXَh

The Omission of the Weak Letter

If an imperfect verb’s middle is a weak letter, than that weak letter will be omitted in two
situations:
1. If you are commanding a singular male (ism mu"ad mudhakar) - ‫)ف‬Dَh = Eh‫) ز‬h َ•‫ِ ا‬Sَy
2. I you are commanding a group of women (jam’u muanath al-salim) - ٌbfC#@ )h َ•‫ْ َ" ا‬My
َ

The Affirmation of the Weak Letter

If an imperfect verb’s middle is a weak letter, than that letter stays in four situations:
1. When you command a singular female noun (ism mu"ad muanath) - ‫)ف‬Dh = Eُ ْ _3~ِ )h َ•‫ ا‬dِ:)y
2. When the object of the command is a dual noun, male or female (al-muthna) - )h َ•‫) ا‬:)y
Eh‫و وز‬6f<
3. When the object is a male plural (jam’ mudhakar al-salim) - ‫)ف‬Dh = ‫ن‬WfC#@ )h •‫ا ا‬W:)y
4. If the verb is connected to nun al-tawkid 8

3 The Imperfect Verb

‫> أو‬O)7 =8C< AyEh e2% ً ‫ا‬E+‫ع أ‬W:6@ W~‫ و‬.b87‫أ‬, Q.Wc =KfBh d2.‫ ا‬o+‫ر‬a‫ ا‬E•‫وا‬Š.‫ى ا‬E%‫= إ‬.‫ أو‬d: ‫)ن‬T )@ ‫)رع‬Z5‫وا‬
‫|)زم‬
“The past imperfect is preceded by one of four letters and its acronym is, bْ8َ7‫( أ‬anayt) , is
always in the raf’ case as long as it is not preceded with an article of nasb, or an article of
jazim.”9
Explanation

8 This will be addressed in the future, inshallah

9 I translated this for ease. If a teacher wants to build on the discussion by keeping to the
letter of the original, then that should be fine.
The imperfect verb, depending on how it is used, could describe an event as it occurs, or
that will occur in the future. It is recognized by the addition of one of four letters at its
beginning. Imam al-Hariri wrote,

‫) َء‬h ‫ا ً أو‬6ِGD ْ @ُ ٍo ْf َ| ‫ َن‬Wْ ُ7 ‫) َء أو‬H ‫ةً أ َ ْو‬Š ْfَ~ َ‫ْت‬E َ|َ‫َو إ َ ْن و‬

dِC3ْKَ23#ُْ 5‫ع ا‬ ُ ‫) ِر‬Zَُ 5‫ ُ= ا‬,7‘ِ َ: Aِ K: Aِ T َ‫ْ أول‬bَX ِ1ْ.ُ‫ أ‬Ec

“If you find a hamza or a ta, or a nun plural of the subject (of a verb) or a ya,
added to the front of a verb; then it is the imperfect verb.”

The letters of Mudari’ are alif, nun, ya and ta. Their acronym is bْ8َ7َ‫أ‬. Al-Hariri wrote,

=ْ <َ ‫) َر‬Zُ 5‫ُفُ ا‬6 ْ%َ ‫)تٌ أ‬8 ,f#ُ

َ @ =ْ K+)2ُ 5‫ ُ\ ا‬Kَ َ+‫ ْر‬a‫فُ ا‬6%a‫وا‬
b8<‫) و‬f% َ‫ل‬WX.‫ْ وع ِ ا‬of}): bhP7 )*. ‫)وي‬1.‫*) ا‬€f}‫و‬

“Four letters that follow are called the letters of mudara’ah

The are organized in a beautiful way naaytu10. So listen and understand what I have taught.

Understanding the Acronym: ُ"ْ$َ&َ‫أ‬

In the word bْ8َ7َ‫أ‬, the ‫ أ‬stands for the first person AK:‫أ‬, the ‫ ن‬stands for the first person plural
AKM7, the ‫ ي‬stand for the male third person singular, dual or plural - AKMh ,‫;ن‬KMh ,‫ن‬WCKMh, and
the ‫ ت‬stands for a second person male or female (singular, dual or plural)AKMH ,’CKMH
,‫;ن‬KMH ,‫ن‬WCKMH

The ‘Irab of Mudar’i

Mudar’i is the only verb that takes ‘irab! Imam al-Hariri wrote,

ُ‫َب‬6Zُ
ْ h =8: ‫ْ ^)ل‬fِ2.‫اه وا‬W ِ} ُ‫َب‬6Kْ ُh ٌAK: ‫)ل‬K:a‫ ا‬d: qْ
َ 8ِ.‫ِو‬
“There is no other type of verb that accepts ‘irab; except it (mudar’i) and its example is
yudrabu.”

And ust like nouns, Mudar’is ‘irab could be spoken or assumed - ُATPh or eَK#َ
ْ h

Mudar’i and Bina (fixed)

There are three situations that cause Mudar’i to be mabni:
1. When it ends with a heavy nun of emphasis - \C8X^.‫ ا‬E8TW2.‫ن ا‬W7

10 Instead of saying b87‫أ‬, he used the acronym bhP7 there is also ’َْ H‫ أ‬and dHْ P37> The point is
that all contain the articles of mudar’ah.
2. When it ends with a light nun of emphasis 11 - \M8MD.‫ ا‬Q8TW2.‫ن ا‬W7
3. When it ends with a plural, female, nun - ‫ة‬W#_.‫ن ا‬W7

The Imperfect Verb Fixed on Fath

This happens in two situations:
The first is with a heavy nun of emphasis - \C8X^.‫ ا‬E8TW2.‫ن ا‬W7

Vh6T ‫" أ َس‬, Cَ Tُ َ a

“Undoubtedly, I will eat ice cream.”

The second with a light nun of emphasis - \M8MD.‫ ا‬E8TW2.‫ن ا‬W7

Vh6T ‫ َ" آس‬Cْ Tُ a

“Undoubtedly, I will eat ice cream!”

Both verbs end in a type of nun al-tawkid. The only difference is one has shadda and the
other doesn’t. For that reason, the first is called “heavy.” There meaning is the same
generally:

In both situations we say “Akulana (Undoubtedly, I will eat) f ’il mudari (imperfect verb)
mabni (fixed) ‘ala (on) fath (the state of fath) liana (because) itasala (connected) bihi (wiht it)
nun al-tawkid (the emphatic nun).

\M8MD.‫\ أو ا‬C8X^.‫ ا‬E8TW2.‫ن ا‬W_+ =.)tHl s2M.‫ ا‬eC< d_G@ ‫)رع‬Z5‫ ا‬AK:

The Imperfect Verb Fixed on Sukun

This happens when an imperfect verb ends with a female plural nun - ‫َة‬W#ِ
ْ _.‫ن ا‬W7. An example
of that would be,
"*HW8+ "@ " ْ|6Dh ‫)ت‬fC#5‫ا‬
“The Muslim women exit their homes.”
The ‘irab for this would be the same, except we would say, “Fixed on sukun” because it is
connected to a female nun.

4 The Subjunctive Mood

4.1 The Subjunctive Particles

.‫او و أو‬W.‫)ء و ا‬M.)+ ‫اب‬WB.‫ و ا‬e2% ‫د و‬W1B.‫ و ?م ا‬dT ‫ و ?م‬dT‫" و إذن و‬. ‫أ ْن و‬: d~‫ة و‬6•< >O‫ا‬W_.):
“The subjunctive particles are 10: the subordinating conjunction, will not, then, in order to,
to, to with the feeling of causation, until, or a complement to ‫)ء‬M.‫ ا‬,‫او‬W.‫ ا‬,‫أو‬.”

11 The difference between “heavy” and “light” is that the heavy nun has a shadda on it ‫ن‬, ,
while the lite nun does not, ‫ َن‬.
Explanation
By subjunctive, the author implies those particles that cause mudār’i to be mansūb. He
mentions 10 of them. Scholars divided those ten into three types:

1. Those that cause a mudar’i to be mansub on their own - ‫ أن‬,ْ".َ ,‫ إذان‬,ْdTَ

Important Note:
The remaining particles are considered branches of the particle ‫إن‬. Their relationship to it is
like the relationship between a root of a tree and its branches.
2. Those that cause mudari’ to be mansub because of the article ‫ أن‬that’s omission is
permissible
3. Those that cause mudar’i to be mansub because of the article ‫ أن‬that’s omission is
obligatory

4.2 The First Type of Particle: Makes Mudār’i Mansūb On its Own

1. The first is the article ‫أ َ ْن‬. This particle carries the meaning, “that.” If it precedes an
imperfect verb, that verb takes a sign of nasb:

d.َ6Mِ rْ َh ‫ُ أ َ ْن‬o َfْ”َ‫أ‬

“I hope that he (Allah) will forgive me.”

The Purpose of ‫أن‬

Outside of its obvious purpose, making a verb nasb, this particle performs and important
task. It changes a sentence written with the verbal noun (masdar), replacing the verbal noun
with an imperfect verb (mudāri):
ْdِ. =ُ َH6ُ Mِ rْ @َ ُo َfْ”َ‫أ‬
I hope for his pardon of me
If you look at this sentence, the word maghfira is the object of the verb that precedes it. For
that reason maghfira carries a fatha:

=+ ‫ل‬WKM@ (‫ة‬6Mr@) .()7‫) )أ‬+W|‫ و‬622#@ 68fg =C<):‫م و‬ŠB.‫> وا‬t_.‫ ا‬A@‫ا‬W< "< ‫ده‬6B2. ‫ع‬W:6@ ‫)ر‬Z@ AK: (of”‫)أ‬
eC< d_G@ 6| ‫ف‬6% ‫( ?م‬d.) .=8.‫)ف إ‬Z@ 6B.‫ ا‬A1@ d: V8g eC< d_G@ (‫= )ه‬8Gg‫ و‬.‫)ف‬Z@ W~‫\ و‬12M.)+ ‫ب‬Wt_@
.(d.)‫ـ‬+ ‫ور‬6B@ =7a 6B.‫ ا‬A1@ d: ‫ن‬Wj#.‫ ا‬eC< d_G@ VCj25‫)ء ا‬h )8.‫ وا‬.‫اب‬6<l‫= @" ا‬. A1@ ? 6#j.‫ا‬

Now, the particle ‫ أن‬comes to this sentences and changes the object from a verbal noun,
maghfira, to a verbal sentence that functions as a subordinating conjunction:

dِ.6َ Mِ rْ َh ‫ُ أ َ ْن‬o َfْ”َ‫أ‬

As you can see, the verbal noun is replaced by ‫ أن‬and the verb 6Mrh instead of the noun
maghfira. What this is called, and why it happens will be addressed in other classes, what is
important for you to know here, as that it occurs often, and when you read a sentence like,

‫ْآ َن‬6Xُ .‫أ َ ا‬6َ cْ َ ‫ِ >ُ أ َ ْن أ‬%ُ ‫أ‬

“I love to read the Qur’ān”
Its origin is,
‫ْآ َن‬6Xُ .‫ِ ا‬dH‫َأ‬6cِ Œ> ِ%ُ ‫أ‬
Another Important Point
The particle ‫ أن‬is usually does not always make the imperfect verb, mudar’i mansūb. Look at
the following examples and see if you notice a pattern:

‫> أن أزور ََك‬%‫أ‬

“I love to visit you.”

‫هُ أ َن أَزُورَك‬6َ Tْ َ ‫أ‬

“I would hate to visit you.”

=ُ @َ 6T‫ أن أ‬Etْ
ِ cَ‫أ‬
“I intend to honor him.”

‫آ َن‬6X.‫— ا‬M%‫ أن أ‬Q8

ُ ِkُ ‫أ‬
“I’m on the verge (hope) to memorize the Qur’an.”

If you notice, this particle is associated with verbs that denote attitude.

Exceptions to this Rule

1) If the verb is preceded by ‫ س‬or ‫ف‬W} then ‫ أن‬does not make it mansūb

egْ
َ 6@َ Vْ jُ ْ _3ِ@ ‫ ُن‬Wُjَ8}
َ ‫ أ َ ْن‬Vَ ِC3<َ
“He know that there are sick amongst you.” al-Muzammil:20

2) The verb preceding ‫ أن‬denotes knowledge or certainty

ً Wْ cَ Vْ *ِ ْ8.َ َ ‫ُ إ‬o|
? ِ 6ْ َh ,?َ‫ ْو َن أ‬6َ َh ;َ:َ‫أ‬
“Did they not notice, that it could not return any speech back to them.” Taha:89

3) The verb preceding ‫ أن‬denotes certainty and attitude, it could be marfu’ or mansūb

\ٌ َ _3ْ23:ِ ‫ َن‬WُjَH ,?‫ا أ‬WُG3 ِ# َ%َ‫و‬

“And they calculated that there would be no test.” Māida:71
Since the word hasib denotes apprehension and knowledge, it is allowed to read the verb
that follows ‫ أن‬with a doma or a fatha. For that reason, it is read in another qira’a,

\82: ‫ ُن‬WjH ?‫ا أ‬WG ِ# َ%َ‫و‬

“And they calculated that (it would not) be a test.” Māida:71

2. The second article is "ْ .َ . It carries the meaning “will not.”

A~)| W+‫ُ ْ˜ ِ@ َ" أ‬h "ْ .َ
“Abu Jahil will never believe.”
Important Point:
Imām al-Harirī notes that the purpose of ". is to respond to an imperfect verb that begins
with ‫ س‬or ‫ف‬W}. Thus, the sentence above would be response to,
A~)| W+‫˜@" أ‬8}
“Abū Jāhil will believe.”

3. The third article of nasb is ‫ إذن‬that carries the meaning “then.” For this particle to work,
a few conditions have to be in place:

• It is in response to something
• It starts a sentence
• It is not separated from its verb by any word or clause except a letter of oath like ‫ واو‬or an
article of address like )h.
• Its verb is mudār’i

َ َBْ _3َH ‫ إذَ ْن‬:‫= })م‬+)|P: .‫آن‬6X.‫ْ—ِ ا‬M ِ% d: ‫ن‬, Eَ *ِ َ 23 ْ|َ P3}
s َ :‫د‬6: ‫)ل‬c
Fred said, “I will work hard to memorize the Qur’an. Sam answered, “Then you will
succeed.”

Sam’s response met the conditions above; it was a response, its verb was mudār’i and
nothing came between ‫ إذن‬and its verb.

Considering the above conditions, Sam could have responded to Fred,

َs َBْ _3َH ‫د‬6ِ:)َh ِ•‫إِذَ ْن وا‬

“Then, by God, Fred, you will succeed.”

Scholars often mention a line of poetry that brings these conditions together:

ِ>8 ِ•َ 5‫ ا‬Aِ ْG3cَ "@ ُAْM0€.‫>ُ ا‬8 ِ•َh ٍ‫ْب‬6 َ1ِ+ Vِ*8ِ@6ْ َ7 ِ•‫إذن و‬
“Then, by God, we will assail them with war
That will make a small child an elder before he reaches old age.”
4. The article ْdTَ , that carries the meaning “so that.” In order for it to make a mudār’i
mansūb, it must be preceded by a special type of lām. This lām is called lam al-t’alil - ‫?م‬
A8CK2.‫ا‬, that means the lām of causes. However, with this article the lām can be assumed or
apparent. Scholars refer to that as mudmara jawāzan (allowed to be shown or hidden).

‫أ‬W}َْ P3َH ;ْ8jَ ِ.

“So that you will not be sad.”

\ً .‫ َن دُو‬Wjh ? dT
“So that it will not be constantly distributed.”

The four particles are unique because they act on their own. Meaning: the make the mudār’i
mansūb by themselves. The remaining particles do not make it mansūb on their own. 12

Important Note
The first particle mentioned at the beginning of this section, ‫أ َ ْن‬, is the mother of the
nawāsib. For that reason, the next two particle are different then the first four because, in
the first one, the particle ‫ أن‬could be mentioned or not; in the second it is mandatory to
hide it. Remember this word mudmara (‫َة‬6 َfZُْ @), that means hidden. It is used to describe ‫أن‬
when it is not mentioned: ‫ة‬6fZ@ ‫ = أن‬hidden ‫أن‬.

4.The particle )* ‫م‬, (the lam of cause).

This particle causes the imperfect verb to take nasb because of ‫ أن‬that comes after it. That ‫أن‬
could be spoken, or assumed - Jawāzan. When it is not allowed to show it, it is called
mudmara wujūban.

Allah says,

‫)س‬,
ِ _3Cِ. ’َ
َ 0 G3ُ23.َ
“So (that) you can clarify.” al-Nahl:44

Outside of the Qur’an, we could say,

‫_)س‬C. ’GH ‫ن‬a
“So you can clarify.”

Both examples carry the same meaning. The only difference is the appearance of the particle
‫أن‬. The more common title for this particle is lām al-T’alīl, that carries the same meaning as

12 This
is not agreed upon. What is taught in this book is the opinion of the Basrī school.
The Kufī did not agree with them. It held that there were more than four particles of nasb
that worked one their own.
lām al-Kay. With this particle we say that the an is mudmara in the first example, and
apparent in the first.

5. The particle ‫د‬./01‫م ا‬, (the lām of negation)

This particle is different from its predecessor because ‫ أن‬must not be spoken or written.
Meaning, it is wājib to keep it hidden.
V*َ+‡K8. •‫)ن ا‬T )@
“Allah will not punish them.” al-Anfāl:33

Another condition that separates this particle form its predecessor is that it must be
preceded by a particle of negation (like mā in the verse above.) Another example is found in
Sura al-Nisā,
V*َ.6َ Mِ rْ َ8ِ. ُ•‫ُ"ِ ا‬jَh Vْ .َ
“Allah did not forgive them.” al-Nisa:137

Here, instead of )@, the particle V. is used. Both carry the meaning “not.”

6.The particle 345

This particle means “until” and its appears in the Qur’an often,

e}Wُ
َ @ )َ _3ْ8.َ ِ‫َ إ‬o|
ِ 6ْ َh eَ 23 ّ%
“Until Moses return to us.” Taha:91

The Prophet (VC}‫= و‬8C< •‫ ا‬eCO) said,

=ِ ِ#ْMَ_3ِ. Œ> ِ1ُh )َ@ =ِ 8 ِya ,> ِ1ُh e, 23 َ% VُTEَ َ%َ ‫ُ ْ˜ ِ@ ُ" أ‬h َ?
“None of you believes until he loves for his brother what he loves for himself.”

In both cases, the mudar’i after the article of nasb takes a fatah because of the particle eّ 23%.

7-8. A Response with ‫ء‬78 or ‫واو‬

What is meant by fā or wāw is the fā of “cause” and the wāw of “with.” By response, scholars
meant that one of these two letters comes in response to one of the following; the first
carrying the meaning of “then.” The second, the meaning of with.

1. Order (al-Amr)
Q8.‫" إ‬#%P: ‫أ‬6c‫ا‬
“Recite, then I will be good to you.”

Q8.‫" إ‬#%‫ا وأ‬6c‫ا‬

“Recite while I’m being good to you.”

2. Supplication (Du’ā)
 ً )31ِ.)O ً;fَ< َA َfْ<َP3َ: dِ_Xَ 0:‫ َو‬0‫رَب‬
“My lord! Guide me, then I will perform good.”

)1.)O ;f< Af<‫ وأ‬e_X:‫رب و‬

“My lord! Guide me while I do good.”

3. Response to a Prohibition (lām al-Nahyī)

Q_@ َ>Z•P: ‫ْ ~‡ا‬ATPH?
“Do not eat that, then I will become angry with you.”

Q_@ َ>Z•‫َ ~َ‡ا وأ‬ATPH?

“Don’t eat that while I’m angry at you.”

4. Response to Question (‫˜ال‬#.‫اب ا‬W|)

=ْ8.َ ِ‫َذْ~َ>َ إ‬P3َ: ‫ ََك‬Eْ_3<َ Eٌ ْhَ‫ْ ز‬Aَ~
“Is Zaid with you? Then I will come to him.”

=8.‫ك وأذ~> إ‬E_< Eh‫ ز‬A~

Is Zaid with you, while I come to him?”

5 . A Response to a Persuasion (‫ض‬6K.‫اب ا‬W|)

The word ‘ard means to present something in a nice way. Making it clearer, the word ‫َض‬6Kْ @َ
(m’arad) means an exhibit. Here, it means a person presents a thought in a clever, kind
fashion:
Qََ @6ِ Tْ ُ P3َ: qِ
ُ C3 ْBَH َ?َ‫أ‬
“Please sit. Then I can honor you.”

Qََ @6ِ Tْ ُ ‫ َوأ‬qِ

ُ C3 ْBَHَ?َ‫أ‬
“Please sit while I honor you.”

6. A Response to Being Prodded (™8Z12.‫اب ا‬W|)

Tahdīd is similar to ‘ard, except it is a request done in an annoying way; its purpose is to
encourage a lazy or negligent person.
Qَ@6ِ Tْ ُ P3: qCBH
ُ ,َ;~َ
“Why don’t you sit yourself down, then I can honor you!”

Qَ@6ِTPَ: qCBH
ُ ,;~َ
“Why don’t you sit yourself down while I honor you!”

7. A Response to a False Hope (dّ _3 َf, 23.‫اب ا‬W|)

Tamanī is a false hope, or hope in something that is extremely difficult:

ً ‫ا‬Šِ•)َ: ‫ َن‬WُTَP3: q َfْ8 َ| ‫َان‬6َG3ِ. ‫ ُن‬WTَ ‫ أ‬dِ_َ23ْ8.َ ?َ ‫أ‬

 “I wish I could be Lebron James. Then I would be a champion.”

ً ‫ا‬Šِ•): ‫ َن‬WُTُ‫ َوأ‬qfْ8 َ| ‫َان‬6َG3ِ. ‫ ُن‬WُTَ‫ أ‬dِ_َ23ْ8. ?َ ‫أ‬

“I wish I could be Lebron James while I’m a champion.”
8. A Response to a True Hope (d|62.‫اب ا‬W|)
Vَ CKHP: )D8k ‫ أزور‬dCK.
“I hope to visit a sheikh, then I can learn.”

Vَ CKH‫) ً وأ‬3D8k ‫ أزور‬dCK.

“I hope to visit a sheikh, while I’m learning.”

9. A Response to a Negation (dM_.‫ال ا‬Wy)

َ‫ت‬Wfَ8َ: =ُ ُBِ.)َKُh َ?
“They did not cure him. Then, he died.”

َ‫ت‬Wfَh‫ُ = َو‬Bِ.)َKُh ?
“They did not cure him while he died.”

The nine meanings that cause fā or wāw were collected in a poem:

; ُfَT Eْ cَ ُdْM,_3.‫َاك ا‬
َ ‡Tَ ‫" وَا ْر َج‬, َfَH Vِ*Z
0 َ1ِ. ‫ِض‬
ْ 6<ْ ‫ْ وَا‬A}َ
َ ‫عو‬
ُ ‫ْ َ= وَا ْد‬7‫ وَا‬6ْ @ُ
“Order, rebuke, supplication, ask, present, annoy them....false hopes, real hope, negate, also;
is indeed completed.”

11 The Jussive Mood

11.1 The Jussive Particles

، )f*@‫ و@) و‬، ‫ وإن‬، ‫<)ء‬E.‫ وا‬d*_.‫ ا‬d: ) ? ( ‫ و‬، ‫<)ء‬E.‫ وا‬6@a‫ و?م ا‬، ), 5‫ وأ‬، Vْ .‫ و أ‬، )5‫ و‬، V. : d~‫ و‬6•< \87)f] ‫ازم‬WB.‫وا‬
\O)y 6K•.‫ ا‬d: ً ‫ وإذا‬، )fM8T‫ و‬، )f^8%‫ و‬، e,7‫ وأ‬، ‫)ن‬h‫ وأ‬، "h‫ وأ‬، e2@‫ و‬، ‫ وأي‬، )@‫ وإذ‬، ‫وإذ‬

“The particles of the jussive mood are eighteen: does not, have not, did not, does not, the
lam of order, the lam of supplication, no used with rebuke and supplication, if, whatever,
whoever, whenever, whatever, if, any, whenever, wherever, wherever, whatever, however and
when used in poetry only.”

12 The Nominative Case

12.1 The Components of the Nominative Case

 )*H‫ا‬Wy‫ إن وأ‬6Gy‫*) و‬H‫ا‬Wy‫)ن وأ‬T V}‫ه وا‬6Gy‫ و‬، ‫أ‬E2G5‫ وا‬، =C<): V#h V. ‫‡ي‬.‫ل ا‬WKM5‫ وا‬، A<)M.‫ ا‬: d~‫\ و‬KG} ‫<)ت‬W:65‫ا‬
‫ل‬EG.‫ وا‬E8TW2.‫ وا‬S€K.‫ وا‬bK_.‫ ا‬: ‫)ء‬8k‫\ أ‬K+‫ أر‬W~‫ع و‬W:6fC. o+)2.‫وا‬

“The nominative case (mar’fuat) are seven: the subject of a verb, the passive voice, the
subject of a noun sentence, its predicate, the noun of ‫)ن‬T and its sisters, the predicate of ‫إ ّن‬
and its sisters, the followers of what is ‘marf ’u: the descriptive noun, the conjunction, the
emphasizer and the substitute.”

12.2 The Subject

=CK: =CGc ‫ر‬WT‡5‫ع ا‬W:65‫ ا‬V}?‫ ا‬: W~ A<)M.‫ا‬
“The subject is a noun that is marf ’u, mentioned after its verb.”

12.3 The Types of Subjects

.6fZ@‫ و‬6~)… : ’f#c eC< W~‫و‬
“It has to types: a noun 13 and a pronoun.”

12.4 Nouns as a Subject

‫م‬WXh‫|)ل و‬6.‫)م ا‬c‫ون و‬EhŠ.‫م ا‬WXh‫ون و‬EhŠ.‫)م ا‬c‫ان و‬EhŠ.‫م ا‬WXh‫ان و‬EhŠ.‫)م ا‬c‫ و‬Eh‫م ز‬WXh‫ و‬Eh‫)م ز‬c : Q.Wc W17 6~)-.):
‫)م‬c‫ و‬، ‫د‬W_*.‫م ا‬WXH‫ و‬، ‫ات‬E_*.‫م ا‬WXH‫ و‬، ‫ات‬E_*.‫ ا‬b@)c‫ و‬، ‫ان‬E_*.‫م ا‬WXH‫ و‬، ‫ان‬E_*.‫ ا‬b@)c‫ و‬، E_~ ‫م‬WXH‫ و‬، E_~ b@)c‫|)ل و‬6.‫ا‬
Q.‫= ذ‬Gk‫ وام أ‬، d@;• ‫م‬WXh‫ و‬، d@;• ‫)م‬c‫ و‬، ‫ك‬Wy‫م أ‬WXh‫ و‬، ‫ك‬Wy‫أ‬

“Examples of nouns as subject are: Zaid stood, Zaid is standing; two Zaids stood, two Zaids
are standing; three or more Zaids stood, three or more Zaids are standing; the men stood,
the men are standing, two men stood, two men are standing, three or more men stood, three
or more men are standing; Hind stood, Hind is standing, two Hinds stood, two Hinds are
standing, three or more Hinds stood, two or more Hinds are standing; your brother stood,
your brother is standing; your son stood, your son is standing etc.”

12.5 Pronouns as a Subject pg. 65

، ْb+6g‫ و‬، ‫ب‬6g‫ و‬، v+6g‫ و‬، V2+6g‫) و‬f2+6g‫ و‬، ِb+6g‫ و‬، َb+6g‫ و‬، )_+6g‫ و‬، b+6g W17 ، 6•< )_]‫ ا‬6fZ5‫وا‬
"+6g‫ و‬، ‫ا‬W+6g‫ و‬، )+6g‫و‬

13 This includes common, proper and collective nouns.

“The pronouns are twelve: “I hit, we hit, you male hit, you female hit, you two hit, you three
or more hit, you females three or more hit, he hit, she hit, they two hit, they three or more
hit, they females three or more hit.”

12.6 The Passive Subject pg. 70

.=C<): =K@ 6T‡h V. ‫‡ي‬.‫ا‬، ‫ع‬W:65‫ا‬، V}?‫ ا‬: W~‫و‬
“It is a noun (the object) that is marfou’s whose subject is not mentioned.”

12.7 Conjugating the Passive Tense

.‫ه‬6y‫ آ‬AGc )@ s2:‫= و‬.‫ أو‬Vg )<‫)ر‬Z@ ‫)ن‬T ‫وإن‬، ‫ه‬6y‫ آ‬AGc )@ 6#T‫= و‬.‫ أو‬Vg )8g)@ AKM.‫)ن ا‬T ‫‘ن‬:

“When it is a past tense verb, then the first letter takes doma and the second to the last
letter takes kasra. When the verb is imperfect, the first letter takes doma and the second to
the last letter takes fatha.”

12.8 Types of Passive Subjects

Q.Wc W17 6fZ5‫و وا‬6f< ‫م‬6jh‫وو‬6f< ‫م‬6T‫ وأ‬Eh‫ب ز‬6Zh‫ و‬Eh‫ب ز‬6g Q.Wc W17 6~)-.): 6fZ@‫و‬، 6~)… : ’f#c W~‫و‬
، ‫ا‬W+6g‫ و‬، )+6g‫ و‬، b+6g‫ و‬، ‫ب‬6g‫ و‬، v+6g‫ و‬، V2+6g‫ و‬، )f2+6g‫ و‬، b+6g‫ و‬، b+6g‫ و‬، )_+6g‫) و‬b+6g(
. "+6g‫و‬
“There are two types of passive subjects: a noun and a pronoun. Examples of nouns are Ziad
was hit and Zaid is hit, ‘Amru was honored, ‘Amru is honored. The passive pronouns are
twelve: I was hit, we were hit, you were hit (male), you were hit (female), they two were hit,
they (plural 3 or more) were hit (male), you 3 or more (female) were hit, he was hit, she was
hit, they (two) were hit and they (plural 3 or more) were hit.”

13 The (noun) Subject and the Predicate Pg(s) 58-62

13.1 The Noun Subject

.\8-MC.‫ ا‬A@‫ا‬WK.‫)ري <" ا‬K.‫ع ا‬W:65‫ ا‬V}?‫ ا‬W~ : ‫أ‬E2G5‫ا‬

“The Mubtada (subject of a noun sentence) is a noun that is marf ’ that is not preceded by
any modifier.”

13.2 The Noun Predicate

.‫ن‬Wf•)c ‫ون‬Eh‫)ن وز‬f•)c ‫ان‬EhŠ.‫ وا‬Vٌ •)c Eh‫ ز‬Q.Wc W17 ,=8.‫ إ‬E_#5‫ع ا‬W:65‫ ا‬V}?‫ ا‬W~ : 6GD.‫و ا‬
“The predicate is a noun that is marfu’, connected to subject. Examples of it are Zaid Stood,
two Zaids stood and a group of Zaids stood.”

13.3 The Types of Noun Subjects

, ِb7‫ وأ‬, b7‫ وأ‬، "17‫ و‬, )7‫ أ‬: d~‫ و‬, 6•< )_]‫ ا‬6fZ5‫و ا‬. ‫ه‬6T‫م ذ‬EXH )@ 6~)-.):. 6fZ@ ‫ و‬6~)… : ‫)ن‬f#c ‫أ‬E2G5‫و ا‬
.Q.‫= ذ‬Gk‫ن و@) أ‬Wf•)c "17‫ و‬V•)c )7‫ أ‬Q.Wc W17 , "~‫ و‬, V~‫ و‬, )f~‫ و‬, d~‫ و‬, W~‫ و‬, v7‫ وأ‬, V27‫ وأ‬, )f27‫وأ‬
 “There are two types of noun subjects: nouns and pronouns. Nouns were explained earlier.
There are twelves pronouns: I, we, you (male), you (female), you (tw0), you (3 or more
males), you (3 or more females), he, she, them (two), them (plural male), them (plural
female). For example, if you said, “We are standing etc...”

13.4 Types of Predicates

‫ و‬, ‫ف‬6-.‫ و ا‬, ‫ور‬6B5‫)ر و ا‬B.‫ ا‬: ‫)ء‬8k‫\ أ‬K+‫د أر‬6M5‫ ا‬68•‫و‬. V•)c Eh‫ ز‬W17 ‫د‬6M5):.‫د‬6M@ 68• ‫د ؛ و‬6M@: ‫)ن‬f#c 6GD.‫و ا‬
\G~‫= ذا‬2h‫ |)ر‬Eh‫ و ز‬, ‫ه‬W+‫)م أ‬c Eh‫ وز‬, ‫ك‬E_< Eh‫ وز‬, ‫ار‬E.‫ ا‬d: Eh‫ ز‬: Q.Wc W17 , ‫ه‬6Gy o@ ‫أ‬E2G5‫ و ا‬, =C<): o@ AKM.‫ا‬
“The predicate has two types: singular form and a sentence form. An example of the singular
predicate is, Zaid stood. There are for type of predicates that take on a sentence (or
sentence like) form: a prepositional phrase, one related to time or place, a verbal sentence or
a predicate that is made up of a noun subject and its predicate. Examples of this, Zaid is in
the home; Zaid is with you, Zaid’s father stood, Zaid’s servant went away.”
'

14 The Annullers of The Noun Subject and Predicate (pg. 176-177,

446-449,634-640)

14.1 The Types of Annullers

.)*H‫ا‬Wy‫ و أ‬b__…‫ و‬, )*H‫ا‬Wy‫ و إن وأ‬, )*H‫ا‬Wy‫)ن و أ‬T : ‫)ء‬8k‫ ];]\ أ‬d~‫و‬
“They are three, kana (was) and its sisters, inna (indeed) and her sisters and I suppose and
her sisters.”

14.2 Was and Her Sisters

‫ و‬, ‫)ر‬O ‫ و‬, ‫)ت‬+ ‫ و‬, A… ‫ و‬, e1g‫ و أ‬, e#@‫ و أ‬, ‫)ن‬T : d~‫ و‬, 6GD.‫> ا‬t_H‫ و‬, V}?‫ ا‬o:6H )*7‘: , )*H‫ا‬Wy‫)ن و أ‬T )@P:
, sGO‫ و أ‬, "T ‫ و‬, ‫ن‬Wjh ‫ و‬, ‫)ن‬T : W17 )*_@ ‫ف‬6tH )@ ‫ و‬, ‫ و @) دام‬, ‫ح‬6+ )@ ‫ و‬, •2: )@ ‫ و‬, QM7‫ و @) ا‬, ‫ و @)زال‬, q8.
.Q.‫= ذ‬Gk‫) و @) أ‬ty)k 6f< q8. ‫ و‬, ً )3f•)c Eh‫)ن ز‬T :‫ل‬WXH , sGO‫ و أ‬, sGth ‫و‬

“Was and her sisters make their noun (the word after them) raf ’ and its predicate nasb. They
are, was, to become (at night time), to become (at morning light), to become, to continue, to
spend the evening, to become, was not, to continue to be, not to finish, to last. This includes
those verbs that are conjugated from them: kana, yakunu, kun; asbaha, yusbih, asbah. Thus
you can say, “Zaid was standing (kana),” “‘Amr’u was not visible (laysa)” and so on.”

14.3 Undoubtedly and Her Sisters

 ، V•)c ‫ا‬Eh‫إن ز‬: ‫ل‬WXH، AK.‫ و‬، b8.‫ و‬، ‫ن‬PT‫ و‬، "j.‫و‬، ‫وأن‬،‫ إن‬d~‫ و‬, 6GD.‫ ا‬o:6H ‫ و‬V}?‫> ا‬t_H )*7‘: )*H‫ا‬Wy‫أ@) إن و أ‬
AK.‫ و‬، d_f2C. b8.‫ و‬، =8G•2C. ‫ن‬PT‫ و‬، ‫راك‬E2};. "j.‫ و‬، E8TW2C. ‫ إن وأن‬e_K@‫ و‬، Q.‫= ذ‬Gk‫ و@) أ‬، žy)k ‫ا‬6f< b8.‫و‬
ocW2.‫ وا‬d|62C.

“Inna and her sisters make their noun nasb and its predicate raf ’. The are, indeed, that
indeed, however, as if, woe (false hope causing unbearable sadness), I wish. You say, “Indeed
(inna) Zaid stood,” “I wish ‘Amru was visible” etc. Inn and Anna mean to affirm, lakina
means to assimilate, Kanna means to be similar, layta means a false hope and l’ala means to
wish.”

14.4 I Suppose and Her Sisters

, bf<‫ وز‬, bCy‫ و‬, bG#%‫ و‬, b__… : d~‫ و‬, )*. ‫?ن‬WKM@ )f*7‫ أ‬eC< 6GD.‫أ وا‬E2G5‫> ا‬t_H )*7‘: )*H‫ا‬Wy‫ وأ‬b__… )@‫وأ‬
Q.‫= ذ‬Gk‫ و@) أ‬, )ty)k ً ‫ا‬6f< bh‫ ورأ‬, )f•)c ً ‫ا‬Eh‫ ز‬b__… : ‫ل‬WXH ‫ ؛‬bKf}‫ و‬, bCK|‫ و‬, ‫‡ت‬DH‫ وا‬, ‫ت‬E|‫ وو‬, bfC<‫ و‬, bh‫ورأ‬

“I suppose and her sisters cause their noun and its predicate to be nasb since they are both
its object. They are, I suppose, I assume, I imagined, I claimed, I found, I took, I rendered
and I heard. You can say, “I supposed Zaid stood,” “I saw ‘Amru visible,” etc.

15 Adjectives (pg(s) 239-244)

EhŠ+ ‫رت‬6@‫ و‬, Ac)K.‫ا ا‬Eh‫ ز‬bh‫ ورأ‬, Ac)K.‫ ا‬Eh‫)م ز‬c ‫ه ؛‬68j_H‫= و‬Mh6KH‫ و‬, =ZMy ‫= و‬Gt7 ‫= و‬K:‫ ر‬d: ‫ت‬WK_fC. o+)H : bK_.‫ا‬
.Ac)K.‫ا‬

“The adjective follows the noun it describes, agreeing with its cases - raf, nasb, or khafd;
with its identification - whether it is definite or indefinite.14 Zaid,the intelligent stood. I
saw Zaid the intelligent. I passed by Zaid the intelligent.”

16The Definiteness pg(s) 156-161

16.1 Identifying the Definite Article and Proper Nouns

‫ ~‡ا‬: W17 V*G5‫ ا‬V}?‫ و ا‬, \j@ ‫ و‬Eh‫ ز‬: W17 VCK.‫ ا‬V}?‫ و ا‬, b7‫) و أ‬7‫ أ‬: W17 6fZ5‫ ا‬V}?‫ ا‬: ‫)ء‬8k‫\ أ‬#fy \:6K5‫و ا‬
.\K+‫ر‬a‫ @" ~‡ه ا‬E%‫ وا‬e.‫ إ‬S8g‫ و@) أ‬, ‫;م‬r.‫ وا‬A|6.‫ ا‬: W17 ‫;م‬.‫ وا‬S.a‫= ا‬8: ‫‡ي‬.‫ ا‬V}?‫و~‡ه و~˜?ء وا‬

“The are five proper nouns: pronouns such as I and you. The name of people and places such
as Zaid and Mecca and the demonstrative pronouns such as this (male), this (female) and
they. The definite article is that which has alif and lam added to its beginning: the man, the
boy and anything possessed by one of these four.”

17 The Indefinite Article pg(s) 161-165

14 It agree with its gender and number, also.

17.1 Its Definition

W17 , =8C< ‫;م‬.‫ و ا‬S.a‫ل ا‬Wy‫ د‬sCO )@ AT : =Gh6XH‫و‬, 6y‫ دون آ‬E%‫= وا‬+ ž2Dh ? =#_| d: o•)k V}‫ ا‬AT : ‫ة‬6j_.‫وا‬
.‫س‬6M.‫ و ا‬A|6.‫ا‬

“The indefinite article is any noun that is universal in its application, not restricted in
anyway. Another of stating it is anything that accepts the addition of alif or lam at its
beginning. For example, the man, the horse.”

18 Conjunctions pgs. 411-417

18.1 The 10 Conjunctions

og‫ا‬W5‫™ ا‬K+ d: e2%‫ و‬, "j.‫و‬, ?‫ و‬, A+‫ و‬، )@‫ وإ‬, ‫ وأم‬, ‫ وأو‬, V]‫ و‬, ‫)ء‬M.‫ وا‬, ‫او‬W.‫ ا‬: d~‫ و‬, ‫ة‬6•< S€K.‫وف ا‬6% ‫و‬

“The ten conjunctions are and, then, thereafter, or, or, as for, nay, no, however, and until in
some situations.”

18.2 The inclinations of Conjunctions

‫)م‬c: ‫ل‬WXH , b@Š| ‫وم‬ŠB@ eC< ‫ أو‬, bZMy ‫ض‬WMD@ eC< ‫ أو‬, bGt7 ‫ب‬Wt_@ eC< ‫ أو‬, bK:‫ع ر‬W:6@ eC< bM€< ‫‘ن‬:
EKXh V.‫ و‬VXh V. Eh‫ وز‬, ‫و‬6f<‫ و‬EhŠ+ ‫رت‬6@‫ و‬, ‫ا‬6f< ‫ا و‬Eh‫ ز‬bh‫ ورأ‬, ‫و‬6f<‫ و‬Eh‫ز‬

“If a conjunctions follow a word that is ra’f, then it is ra’f; if the words is nasb, then it is nasb
if the word is khafd, then it is khafd and if it is jazim, then it is jazim. You say, “Zaid and
‘Amru stood,” “I saw Zaid and ‘Amru,” “I passed by Zaid and ‘Amru,” and Zaid did not stand
and he did not sit.”

19 Confirming Nouns (pg. 226)

19.1 Its Definition

Tawkid affirms a word that is raf ’, nas’b or jarr by following it, whether definite or
indefinite.”

19.2 Its Words

‫م‬WX.‫ ا‬bh‫ ورأ‬, =#M7 Eh‫)م ز‬c : ‫ل‬WXH , ot+‫ وأ‬, o2+‫ وأ‬, o2T‫ أ‬: d~‫ و‬, of|‫ أ‬o+‫ا‬WH‫ و‬, of|‫ وأ‬, AT‫ و‬, ’K.‫ وا‬, qM_.‫ ا‬: d~‫و‬
.’Kf|‫م أ‬WX.)+ ‫رت‬6@‫ و‬, V*CT

Its words are the self, itself, every, all together and those words that follow it: akta’, abta’ and
absa’. You say, “Say stood himself,” “I saw the people, everyone of them” and “I passed by the
people, all of them together.”
 20 Apposition (pg. 224)

20.1 Its Definition

.=+‫ا‬6<‫ إ‬o8f| d: =KGH AK: "@ AK: ‫ أو‬V}‫ @" ا‬V}‫ل ا‬E+‫إذا أ‬
“When a noun is juxtaposed with a noun, or a verb with a verb, the second word follows the
first’s ‘irab.”

20.2 Four Types of Apposition

Eh‫)م ز‬c: Q.Wc W17 , ŽCr.‫ل ا‬E+‫ و‬, ‫)ل‬f2k?‫ل ا‬E+‫ و‬, Aj.‫™ @" ا‬KG.‫ل ا‬E+‫ و‬,Aj.‫ @" ا‬Aj.‫ل ا‬E+ : ‫)م‬#c‫\ أ‬K+‫ أر‬eC< W~‫و‬
"@ ً ‫ا‬Eh‫ ز‬b.E+P: b€Cr: ‫س‬6M.‫ل ا‬WXH ‫ أردت أن‬, ‫س‬6M.‫ا ً ا‬Eh‫ ز‬bh‫ ورأ‬, =fC< Eh‫ ز‬d_KM7‫ و‬, =^C] S8•6.‫ ا‬bCT‫وأ‬, ‫ك‬Wy‫أ‬

“There are four types of apposition: universal, partial, explanatory and clarification.
Examples: Zaid, your brother, stood, I ate the bread, a third of it, Zaid, his knowledge,
benefited me, I saw said Zaid, a horse. You intended to say horse, but accidentally said Zaid.”

21 The Accusative Case (Pg(s) 172-182

21.1 Its Components

‫_)دى‬5‫ ? وا‬V}‫ وا‬e_^2#5‫ وا‬Š88f2.‫)ل وا‬1.‫@)ن وا‬Š.‫)ن وا‬j5‫ف ا‬6…‫ر و‬Et5‫= وا‬+ ‫ل‬WKM5‫ ا‬d~‫ و‬: 6•< \#fy ‫)ت‬+Wt_5‫ا‬
bK_.‫ ا‬: ‫)ء‬8k‫\ أ‬K+‫ أر‬W~‫ب و‬Wt_fC. o+)2.‫وا‬. )*H‫ا‬Wy‫ إن وأ‬V}‫*) وا‬H‫ا‬Wy‫)ن وأ‬T 6Gy‫= و‬K@ ‫ل‬WKM5‫= وا‬C|‫ل @" أ‬WKM5‫وا‬
‫ل‬EG.‫ وا‬E8TW2.‫ وا‬S€K.‫وا‬

“The accusative nouns are fifteen: the object of a transitive verb, the internal object (al-
Maf ’ul al-Mutlaq)15, locative adverbs of both time and place, the circumstantial accusative,
the accusative of specification, accusative exception, absolute negation, the address, the
object of purpose, the object of time, place and manner, the predicate of kana and her
sisters, the noun of inna and her sister and those that follow words that are nasb. They are
four, adjectives, conjunctions, confirmers, and substitutes.”

21.The Object of a Transitive Verb pg(s) 172-173

6~)… : ‫)ن‬f#c W~‫و‬. ‫س‬6M.‫ ا‬bGT‫ا ً ور‬Eh‫ ز‬b+6g : Q.Wc W17 AKM.‫= ا‬8C< oXh ‫‡ي‬.‫ب ا‬Wt_5‫ ا‬V}?‫ ا‬: W~‫و‬
)_+6g‫ و‬d_+6g : d~‫ و‬6•< )_]‫ ا‬At25):. AtM_@‫ و‬At2@ : ‫)ن‬f#c 6fZ5‫ وا‬، ‫ه‬6T‫م ذ‬EXH )@ 6~)-.):. 6fZ@‫و‬
‫)ي‬h‫ إ‬: d~‫ و‬6•< )_]‫ ا‬AtM_5‫وا‬. "*+6g‫ و‬V*+6g‫) و‬f*+6g‫*) و‬+6g‫= و‬+6g‫" و‬j+6g‫ و‬Vj+6g‫) و‬fj+6g‫ و‬Q+6g‫و‬
."~)h‫ وإ‬V~)h‫) وإ‬f~)h‫)~) وإ‬h‫)ه وإ‬h‫" وإ‬T)h‫ وإ‬VT)h‫) وإ‬fT)h‫)ك وإ‬h‫) وإ‬7)h‫وإ‬

“It is an accusative noun that occurs because of a transitive verb like, I struck Zaid and I
rode a horse. It is divided into two parts: nouns and pronouns. Nouns were already

15 This has a function more specific than masdar.

 mentioned. Pronouns are two types: connected and disconnected. The connected are
twelve: he struck me, he struck us, he struck you (male), he struck you (female), he struck
you two, he struck you (plural male), he struck you (plural female), he stuck him, he struck
her, he struck them two, he struck them (males), he struck them (females). The
disconnected are twelve, also: me only, we only, you only (male only), you (female only), you
(two only), you only (male plural), you only (female plural), he only, she only, the two only,
they only (male), the only (female).”

22 Verbal Noun

)+6g ‫ب‬6Zh ‫ب‬6g : W17 AKM.‫ ا‬Sh6tH d: )^.)] •Bh ‫‡ي‬.‫ب ا‬Wt_5‫ ا‬V}?‫ ا‬: W~ ‫ر‬Et5‫ا‬

“It is a noun in the nasb case that appears third when 16 a verb like he hit, he hits, hit.”

23 The Internal Object (pg 174)

W*: =-M. ‫= دون‬CK: e_K@ Ÿ:‫ وإن وا‬, ;2c =2C2c : W17 d-M. W*: =CK: —M. =-M. Ÿ:‫‘ن وا‬: ‫ي‬W_K@‫ و‬d-M. : ‫)ن‬f#c W~‫و‬
.Q.‫= ذ‬Gk‫ و@) أ‬, ً )3:Wc‫ و‬bfc‫ و‬, ً ‫دا‬WKc b#C| : W17 ‫ي‬W_K@

“It is two types: agrees in wording and meaning, agrees in meaning but not wording. If it
agrees with the wording and meaning, then it is deemed as such like, I killed him an
effective killing. If it agrees with the meaning of its verb, but nots its wording, then it is
referred it agree in meaning like, I sat down and effective sitting (the second word in Arabic
is different from the first), I stopped a great stopping (the second word is different from its
verb) and so on.”

24 Locative Adverbs (pg. 173 and 386-400)

24.1 The Locative Adverbs of Time

‫)ء‬#@‫) و‬%)GO‫\ و‬f2<‫ا و‬E•‫ا و‬61}‫ة و‬6j+‫وة و‬E•‫\ و‬C8C.‫م وا‬W8.‫ ا‬W17 d: 6hEX2+ ‫ب‬Wt_5‫@)ن ا‬Š.‫ ا‬V}‫ ا‬: W~ ‫@)ن‬Š.‫ف ا‬6…
.Q.‫= ذ‬Gk‫و@) أ‬. )f_8%‫ا و‬E@‫ا وأ‬E+‫وأ‬

“The locative adverbs of time are accusative nouns related to place. Often, the preposition
in is understood to accompany them. They are, day, night, morning, early morning, before
dawn, tomorrow morning, nightfall, morning, evening, forever, always, while etc.”

24.2 Locative Verbs of Place

16 Thisis not much of definition, but there is no need to explain the difference between hadd
and rasim now. For a broader definition, see pg. 75 of the book.
‫)ء‬XCH‫‡اء و‬%‫ وإزاء و‬E_<‫ و‬b1H‫ق و‬W:‫ّام ووراء و‬Ec‫ و‬SCy‫ أ@)م و‬: W17 d: 6hEX2+ ‫ب‬Wt_5‫)ن ا‬j5‫ ا‬V}‫ ا‬: W~ ‫)ن‬j5‫ف ا‬6…‫و‬
Q.‫= ذ‬Gk‫ و@) أ‬. )_~‫ و‬V]‫و‬

“The locative verbs of place are accusative nouns related to places. Often, the preposition in
is understood to accompany them. They are: front, back, front, behind, above, below, with,
17facing, opposite, in front of, there, here etc.”18

25 The Circumstantial Active Participle19

25.1 Its Definition, Rules and Examples

•‫ ا‬EG< b8X. ‫) ً و‬3|6#@ ‫س‬6M.‫ ا‬bGT‫) ً و ر‬3GT‫ را‬Eh‫ |)ء ز‬: W17 ‫¡)ت‬8*.‫ @" ا‬V*G7‫) أ‬5 6#M5‫ب ا‬Wt_5‫ ا‬V}?‫ ا‬: W~ ‫)ل‬1.‫ا‬
.\:6K@ ?‫*) إ‬G%)O ‫ن‬Wjh ?‫;م و‬j.‫)م ا‬fH EK+ ?‫ن إ‬Wjh ?‫ة و‬6j7 ?‫ن إ‬Wjh ?‫و‬. Q.‫= ذ‬Gk‫) و@) أ‬GT‫را‬

The circumstantial is a noun in the nasb case that explains the state something (a verbs
action) that is ambigious. For example, Zaid came laughing, I rode a horse quickly, I met
‘AbdAllah will I was riding etc. The circumstantial adverb is always indefinite 20, must always
follow a complete sentence and its object must be definite.

26 Specification21

26-1 Its Definition, Rules and Examples

Ef1@ ‫) و ”)ب‬f1k 6j+ PXMH ‫) و‬c6< Eh‫> ز‬GtH: Q.Wc W17 ‫‡وات‬.‫ @" ا‬V*G7‫) أ‬5 6#M5‫ب ا‬Wt_5‫ ا‬V}?‫ ا‬: W~ Š88f2.‫ا‬
?‫ن إ‬Wjh ?‫ة و‬6j7 ?‫ن إ‬Wjh ?‫و‬.)*|‫ و‬Q_@ Af|‫) وأ‬+‫ أ‬Q_@ ‫م‬6T‫ أ‬Eh‫\ و ز‬BK7 ’K#H bjC@ ‫) و‬+)2T "h6•< bh62k‫) و ا‬#M7
.‫;م‬j.‫)م ا‬fH EK+

“Tamyiz (accusative specifier) is a noun in the nasb case that explains the ambiguity of
something essence. For example, Zaid was pouring sweat, Bakir was exploding with fat;
Muhammad was content in heart, I bought twenty books, I owned ninety sheep and Zaid is
a more generous father that you, and his face is more handsome than yours. The specifier
does not occur unless it is indefinite and it does not occur unless it follows a complete
sentence.”

18 Thedifficulty with this text is the author mentions words that are not longer used as they
were during his time. There are plenty of other locative adverbs that a student should focus
on.
19 See pgs. 112-113
20 There are times when it occurs as a sentence
21 See pgs. 175-176
 27 Exceptive Expression
27.1 The Exceptive Expressions

)k)%‫ا و‬E<‫; و‬y‫اء و‬W}‫ى و‬W}‫و‬

ُ ‫ى‬W ِ}‫ و‬68•‫ إ? و‬: d~‫\ و‬87)f] ‫^_)ء‬2}?‫ف ا‬6%‫و‬
“The exceptive articles are eight: except, other than, except for, except, other than, other,
except.”

27.2 The Exceptive Particle Following an Affirmative Main Clause

‫ا‬6f< ?‫_)س إ‬.‫ج ا‬6y‫ا و‬Eh‫م إ? ز‬WX.‫)ل ا‬c :W17 )G|W@ )@)H ‫;م‬j.‫)ن ا‬T ‫> إذا‬t_h ?‘+ e_^2#5):

“The exceptive with ?‫ إ‬causes (the word after it to be) nasb when (?‫ )إ‬follows a main clause
that is affirmative. For example, “All of the people spoke, except Zaid (ً ‫ا‬Eh‫)ز‬. All of the people
exited save ‘Amro (ً ‫وا‬6f<).

27.3 The Exceptive Particle Following a Complete Negative Main Clause

‫ا‬Eh‫ و إ? ز‬Eٌ h‫م إ? ز‬WX.‫)م ا‬c )@:W17 ‫^_)ء‬2}?‫ ا‬eC< >t_.‫ل و ا‬EG.‫= ا‬8: ‫)@) |)ز‬H )8M_@ ‫;م‬j.‫)ن ا‬T ‫وإن‬

“When the clause is complete and negative the noun (following the exceptive particle) could
be nasb or in apposition (‫ل‬E+) to the main clause. For example, No one stood except ‘Zaid
(ٌEh‫ )ز‬or (ُ ‫ا‬Eh‫)ز‬.

27.4 The Exceptive Particle Following a Negative Main Clause

EhŠ+ ?‫رت إ‬6@ )@ ‫ا ً و‬Eh‫ إ? ز‬b+6g )@‫ و‬Eٌ h‫)م إ? ز‬c )@: W17 A@‫ا‬WK.‫> ا‬#% eC< ‫)ن‬T )tc)7 ‫;م‬j.‫)ن ا‬T ‫وإن‬

“If the clause is incomplete, then the noun following the exceptive particle take whatever
case the sentence determines. For example, “No one stood except Zaid (ٌEh‫)ز‬. I did not hit
anyone except Zaid (ً ‫ا‬Eh‫)ز‬. I did not pass by anyone except Ziad (ٍEhŠ+).

27.5 The Exceptive and The Genitive Case

68•? ‫ور‬6B@ 68•‫اء و‬W}‫ى و‬W}‫و‬
ُ ‫ى‬W ِ#+ e_^2#5‫وا‬

The noun after ‫ى‬W ِ} ,‫ى و‬W}‫و‬

ُ ,‫اء‬W} ‫و‬6ْ8•َ will always be genitive (with kasra or ya) with no
exceptions.

27.6 The Exceptive, The Accusative and The Genitive

.ٍ6j+ ‫ا ً و‬6j+ )k)% ‫و و‬6f< ‫ا و‬6f< ‫ا‬E< ‫ و‬Eh‫ وز‬,ً ‫ا‬Eh‫; ز‬y ‫م‬WX.‫)م ا‬c: W17 ‫ه‬6|‫= و‬Gt7 ‫ز‬WBh )k)%‫ا و‬E<‫; و‬D+ e_^2#5‫وا‬

The noun following ;y ,‫ا‬E<‫ و‬,)k)% could be nasb or jarr: the people did not stand except (;y)
Zaid (ً ‫ا‬Eh‫ )ز‬or (ٍEh‫)ز‬, except (‫ا‬E<) ‘Amru (ً ‫ا‬6f<) or ‘Amru (ٍ6f<), other than ()k)%) Bakr (ً ‫ا‬6j+) Bakr
(ٍ6j+).

28 The Absolute Negation

28-1 Its Definition and Function

‫ار‬E.‫ ا‬d: A|‫? ر‬:W17 ? ‫ر‬6j2H V.‫ة و‬6j_.‫ت ا‬6k)+ ‫" إذا‬hW_H 68r+ ‫ات‬6j_.‫> ا‬t_H ? ‫ أن‬VC<ِ‫إ‬

The absolute laa (negation) causes the word after it to be nasb without a tanwin if it directly
precedes that word and it does not repeat such as

‫ار‬E.‫ ا‬d: َA|‫?ر‬

There is no man in the house.

28-2 If the Article of Negation and Its Noun are Separated

‫‘ن‬: )~‫)ؤ‬r.‫*) و|)ز إ‬.)f<‫رت |)ز إ‬6jH ‫‘ن‬: ٌ‫أة‬6@‫ٌ و? ا‬A|‫ار ر‬E.‫ ا‬d: ?: W17 ?‫ار‬6jH >|‫ وو‬o:6.‫~) و|> ا‬6k)GH V. ‫‘ن‬:
ٌ‫أة‬6@‫ار و? ا‬E.‫ ا‬d: A|‫? ر‬: bCc b¡k ‫أةً وإن‬6@‫ار و? ا‬E.‫ ا‬d: A|‫? ر‬: bCc b¡k

“If it does not directly precede the noun, then that noun must take the raf case and the
article of negation must be repeated such as
ٌ‫أة‬6@‫ٌ و? ا‬A|‫ار ر‬E.‫ ا‬d:?
There is no man in the house and there is no woman.

28.3 If the Article of Negation Repeats

?‫ار و‬E.‫ ا‬d: A|‫? ر‬: bCc b¡k ‫أةً وإن‬6@‫ار و? ا‬E.‫ ا‬d: A|‫? ر‬: bCc b¡k ‫‘ن‬: )~‫)ؤ‬r.‫*) و|)ز إ‬.)f<‫رت |)ز إ‬6jH ‫‘ن‬:
ٌ‫أة‬6@‫ا‬

“If the Article of negation repeats, it is allowed to employ it (meaning the noun after it takes
fatha) or dismiss it (meaning the noun takes a doma). Thus, if you like, you can say, “There is
no man ( َA|‫ )ر‬in the home and there is no woman (َ‫ة‬6@‫)ا‬, or “There is no man ( ٌA|‫ )ر‬in the
home and there is no woman (ٌ‫أة‬6@‫)ا‬.

29 The Accusative Addressers

29.1 The Objects of the Address

.‫)ف‬Z5)+ =8G•2.‫)ف وا‬Z5‫دة وا‬WtX5‫ ا‬68• ‫ة‬6j_.‫دة وا‬WtX5‫ة ا‬6j_.‫ وا‬VCK.‫د ا‬6M5‫ ا‬: ‫اع‬W7‫\ أ‬#fy ‫_)دى‬5‫ا‬

“The objects of address are five: a singular proper noun, an indefinite noun whose meaning
is specific, an indefinite nouns who meaning is not intended, a possessive and a nount that
mimics a possessive.”

29.2 The ‘Irab of the Objects

\+Wt_@ \8c)G.‫^;]\ ا‬.‫ وا‬A|‫) ر‬h ‫ و‬Eh‫) ز‬h W17 "hW_H 68• "@ VZ.‫ ا‬eC< ‫)ن‬8_G8: ‫دة‬WtX5‫ة ا‬6j_.‫ و ا‬VCK.‫د ا‬6M5‫‘@) ا‬:
68•?
“The singular common noun and the indefinite whose meaning is specific will always take
doma without tanwin such as, Eُ h‫)ز‬h ,A|‫)ر‬h, the remaining three will always be nasb without
any exceptions.”

30 The Object of Purpose 22

30.1 Its Definition and Types

.Q:‫و‬6K@ ‫)ء‬r2+‫ ا‬QHEtc‫ ٍو و‬6fK. ً?;|‫ إ‬Eٌ h‫)م ز‬c Q.Wc W17 AKM.‫ع ا‬Wc‫> و‬G#. )7)8+ 6T‡h ‫‡ي‬.‫ب ا‬Wt_5‫ ا‬V}?‫ ا‬W~‫و‬

“It is a noun in the nasb case, that is mentioned to show the motive or reason for an action.
For example, “Zaid stood in respect of ‘Amru,” “I intended to visit you, seeking for your
favor.”

31 The Object of Accompaniment

.\G•D.‫)ء وا‬5‫ى ا‬W2}‫ وا‬£8B.‫ وا‬68@a‫|)ء ا‬: Q.Wc W17 AKM.‫= ا‬K@ AK: "@ ‫)ن‬8G. 6T‡h ‫‡ي‬.‫ب ا‬Wt_5‫ ا‬V}?‫ ا‬: W~‫و‬

“It is a noun in the nasb case, mentioned to clarify who (or what) accompanied the subject
of a verb. For example, “The commander arrived with the army” “The water became level
with the wood.”

32 The Predicate of Kana and the Subject of Inna

32.1 Their Relation to the Accusative Case

22 See pg. 175

 .‫ ~_)ك‬b@EXH EX: ‫ ؛‬o+‫ا‬W2.‫)ت وا‬K:65‫ ا‬d: )f~6T‫م ذ‬EXH EX: )*H‫ا‬Wy‫ إن وأ‬V}‫*) وا‬H‫ا‬Wy‫)ن وأ‬T 6Gy )@‫وأ‬

“The predicate of kana and its articles, and the subject of inna and its articles were
addressed in chapter of marfu’at and its followers.”

33 The Genitive Case

.‫ض‬WMDfC. o+)H‫\ و‬:)gl)+ ‫ض‬WMD@‫ف و‬61.)+ ‫ض‬WMD@ : ‫اع‬W7‫…)ت ];]\ أ‬WMD5‫ا‬

“The genitive case has three causes: due to an article of preposition, due to possession and a
follower of a genitive.”

33.1 The Genitive Due to an Article of Preposition

‫او‬W.‫ ا‬: d~‫ و‬V#X.‫وف ا‬6%‫;م و‬.‫)ف وا‬j.‫)ء وا‬G.‫ وربّ وا‬d:‫ و‬eC<‫ و<" و‬e.‫" وإ‬f+ ™MDh )@ : W*: ‫ف‬61.)+ ‫ض‬WMD5‫@) ا‬P:
.ُ‡_@‫‡ْ و‬f+‫ و‬,‫او رب‬W+ ‫)ء أو‬2.‫)ء وا‬G.‫وا‬

“The genitive due to an article of prepostion is a noun that takes kasra because of, from, to,
from, upon, in perhaps, by, like, to; or one of the letters of oath: ‫او‬W.‫ ا‬,‫)ء‬G.‫ ا‬,‫)ء‬2.‫ا‬, or with ‫رب واو‬
‡@ , ‡_@

33.2 The Genitive Due to Possession

"f+ ‫ر‬EXh ‫‡ي‬.‫ وا‬Eh‫ •;م ز‬W17 ‫;م‬.)+ ‫ر‬EXh ‫‡ي‬.): ‫" ؛‬f+ ‫ر‬EXh )@‫;م و‬.)+ ‫ر‬EXh )@ : Q.Wc W1_: \:)gl)+ ™MDh )@ )@‫وأ‬
.ٍEhE% VH)y ‫)ب })ج ٍ و‬+ ‫ّ ٍ و‬Šy ‫ب‬W] W17

“The genitive due to possession such as, the child of zaid (ٍEh‫)ز‬, is two types: what is
understood with the letter lam (belongs), or what is understood with min (from). An
example of what is understood with lam, “Zaid’s child,” and an example of what is
understood with min, “A garment made of silk” “A door made of teak (hard wood)” and “A
ring from (made from) iron.”