Face simulation system for complete

dentures by applying rapid prototyping

Hiroshi Katase, DDS,a Manabu Kanazawa, DDS, PhD,b Masanao
Inokoshi, DDS, PhD,c and Shunsuke Minakuchi, DDS, PhDd
Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical
and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Leuven BIOMAT Research
Cluster, School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology and Maxillo-Facial
Surgery, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Statement of problem. With the use of CAD/CAM technology in the fabrication of complete dentures, a face simu-
lation program could become an integral part of the procedure. Thus far, little is known about the accuracy of face
simulation programs.

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of a face simulation method for complete dentures.
The method simulated the face after changing the arrangement of artificial teeth in complete dentures fabricated on a
computer.

Material and methods. The faces of 10 edentulous participants were simulated with integrated facial and denture
data. The facial data of a participant wearing the Rapid Prototyping (RP) dentures and the corresponding simulation
were compared. The normal distances at each of 10 anthropological measuring points were calculated and based on
the results, the simulations were modified and then repeated. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was used (α=.05).

Results. For differences of more than 1 mm of the normal distance in the first simulation, the modified simulation
improved the difference to less than 0.5 mm.

Conclusions. The findings of the present study indicated that the method of face simulation in the fabrication of com-
plete dentures with a computer may be clinically useful. (J Prosthet Dent 2013;109:353-360)

Clinical Implications
The use of a face simulation technique for complete denture
fabrication may save treatment time, improve prosthesis quality,
and facilitate laboratory procedures.

Computer-aided design/comput-
er-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM)
technologies have been applied to
the field of prosthodontics, including
fixed prosthodontics and implant sur-
gical guides.1,2 Although Goodacre et
al3 reported that CAD/CAM technolo-
gies have been applied to the fabrica-
tion of complete dentures in a clinical
setting, little is known about the ac-
curacy of complete dentures applying
CAD/CAM technologies. The fabrica-
tion of complete dentures is time con-
suming and complicated when using
conventional methods because of the
many steps and techniques required.
CAD/CAM technologies could be
used to shorten the time and improve
the quality of treatment.
Maeda et al4 fabricated a com-
plete denture by using 3-dimensional

a
Graduate student, Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and
Dental University.
b
Assistant Professor, Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and
Dental University.
c
Doctoral student, Leuven BIOMAT Research Cluster, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology
and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Catholic University of Leuven.
d
Professor, Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental
University.
Katase et al
354
(3D) laser lithography to fabricate
plastic shells of the dentition and re-
cord base. Wu et al5 designed a den-
ture record base by using standard tri-
angulation language (STL) and made
a titanium record base of a complete
denture by using a laser rapid forming
system. Busch et al6 devised an auto-
matic arrangement of artificial teeth
by using anatomic structures such as
alveolar ridge centerlines and the in-
teralveolar relations between alveolar
ridges. Although the majority of pub-
lished studies on fabricating dentures
by applying CAD/CAM have focused
on parts of the process, a method of
using CAD/CAM for each step of the
process has also been developed.7,8
In this method, dentures currently in
clinical use were modified to fit the
proper occlusal relation and the mu-
cosal surface, scanned by cone beam
computed tomography (CBCT) and
saved as STL data. A noncontact 3D
measurement device scanned the par-
ticipant’s face and saved the results as
STL data. The positional relationship
between the face and the dentures in
3D coordinates was recreated through
data integration by using CAD soft-
ware. After integration, the position
of the artificial teeth was arranged by
referring to the corresponding face
simulation. In addition, the polished
denture surfaces were created based
on the arrangement of the artificial
teeth. Trial dentures were then fabri-
cated from the denture data by ap-
plying rapid prototyping (RP).7 With
such trial dentures, the arrangement
of the artificial teeth can be discussed
with the patient, and maxillomandibu-
lar jaw relation records can be veri-
fied at the trial insertion. After the ar-
rangement is finalized, a computerized
numerical control (CNC) machining
center cuts an acrylic resin block and
fabricates the complete denture base.
The artificial teeth are then bonded to
the machined denture base.8
The CAD software used for face
simulation in this method made it
possible to simulate the deformation
of soft tissues due to bone movement
in osteotomies. Soft tissues are aniso-
The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry
tropic, viscoelastic, and nonlinear.
However, it is usually assumed that
they behave as linear, elastic, isotro-
pic materials to simplify analyses.9 Soft
facial tissues include skin, fat, muscle,
and mucosa, and each has different
mechanical properties.10 In addition,
soft facial tissues sag on the bones of
the face as a result of aging. Therefore,
the face simulation method needs to
be modified to compensate for differ-
ences in mechanical properties in dif-
ferent regions.
A face simulation showing the
change in the arrangement of artificial
teeth enhances the clinician’s ability to
decide the proper labiolingual positions
(LLP) and the occlusal vertical dimen-
sions (OVD). However, previous reports
have neither presented approaches to
decide the proper arrangement posi-
tion and the OVD from the face simu-
lation system, nor have they discussed
how face simulations can predict new
facial features when dentures are used.
Therefore, the trend of mechanical
properties in different regions in the
CAD software was determined in a trial
simulation. Then, a simulation method
suitable for dentures was devised and
its accuracy was verified. The null hy-
pothesis was that no difference exists in
facial features between simulated faces
and actual faces with RP dentures.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The participants were 13 edentulous
patients (9 females and 4 males: mean
age 75.9 years; standard deviation [SD]
“5.2” years). Three of the 13 partici-
pants (2 females and 1 male: mean age
73.1 years; SD 2.6 years) were selected
for modifying the simulation method,
and the remaining 10 participants (7
females and 3 males: mean age “76.8”
years; SD “6.2” years) were selected to
validate the accuracy of the face simu-
lation. Individuals who had a cleft lip
and/or cleft palate or other congenital
deformity were omitted from the study.
In addition, individuals who had facial
trauma or severe facial asymmetry were
omitted. All participants provided in-
formed consent and the research pro-
Volume 109 Issue 6
tocol was approved by an ethical re-
view board. There was no conflict of
interest in this study.
Integration of denture data and facial
data
The data acquisition for measure-
ment is described in Figure 1. Current
maxillomandibular dentures without
and with a landmark were scanned
with CBCT. CT images were recon-
structed and transferred into STL
data (Fig. 1). The STL data for the
face (ORIGINAL IMAGE) and the face
with a landmark were obtained from
participants with teeth in the maxi-
mal intercuspal position by using a
noncontact 3D shape measurement
device (Danae 200SP; NEC Corp,
Tokyo, Japan). The data integration
is described in Figure 2. To integrate
the denture data and the face with
a landmark, the surface of a trian-
gular pole for an anterior landmark
was used as a passpoint according
to the method of Nagao et al.11 The
dentures were transferred to the face
with dentures with a landmark by su-
perimposing the artificial teeth and
the gingiva. The ORIGINAL IMAGE
was also transferred to the face with
dentures with a landmark by super-
imposing the upper face according
to the method of Rangel et al.12 The
final integrated data are displayed at
the bottom of Figure 2. CAD software
(Mimics; Materialise, Leuven, Bel-
gium) was used throughout the pro-
cess of integration.
Generation of five types of data for
the study dentures
Changes of the LLP of the artificial
anterior teeth were made at labiolingual
distances of -2, +2, and +4 mm on the
occlusal plane and changes of the OVD
were made at interincisal distances of +2
and +4 mm by adapting intraorally the
change of the mandibular dentures only
(Figs. 1, 3). All denture data were gener-
ated from 1 CT image of the denture.
Katase et al
June 2013 355

Real Object STL Data

a. Dentures c. Original face

b. Dentures with landmark d. Original face with landmark

1. Scanning 2. Scanning

a’. Dentures c’. Original face b. Face with

b’. Dentures with landmark d’. Original face with landmark landmark
1. Integration
3. Integration Details in Fig. 2 based on
a. Dentures landmark
with landmark
Original face with dentures

4. Arrangement of artificial teeth and c. Face with

designing of dentures’ polished surface dentures with
e. ORIGINAL
landmark
IMAGE
5 types of study dentures
LLP: -2, +2, +4 mm OVD: +2, +4 mm

d. Dentures
5. Rapid prototyping 7. Face simulation

5 types of study dentures

2. Replacement Replace based
6. Scanning
on forehead

Face with 5 types Face by 5 types

of study dentures of simulation
(SHOT IMAGE) (SIMULATION IMAGE)

8. Superimpose to ORIGINAL IMAGE f. Face with

dentures
9. Measuring normal distance between
SHOT IMAGE and ORIGINAL IMAGE Shot
and
SIMULATION IMAGE and ORIGINAL IMAGE SIM

1 Flow chart of data acquisition for measurement 2 Process to integrate denture data and facial data. Detail
of 1 participant. 1) Scanning with CBCT, 2) Scanning of Fig. 1 (3. Integration). 1) Data of dentures with landmark
with noncontact 3-dimensional shape measurement and face with landmark were integrated based on location
device, 3) Integration of dentures and faces; details in of passpoint. 2) Integrated data were replaced by dentures
Figs 2, 4) Arrangement of artificial teeth and design- and ORIGINAL IMAGE based on tooth alignment and fore-
ing of polished surface with CAD software, 5) Fabri- head. 3) STL data for face with dentures were made.
cating study dentures with Rapid Prototyping by using
data output, 6) Scanning with noncontact 3-dimen-
sional shape measurement device, 7) Face simulation
with CAD software according to arrangement of arti-
ficial teeth, 8) Superimposing based on forehead, 9)
Measuring based on Martin’s anthropological points.

Measuring the normal distance on
the face
The 5 dentures for study were fab-
ricated with a 3D printer, which re-
ceived the new denture output of the
RP (Fig. 4). The STL data for the ac-
tual face when participants wore the
RP dentures were obtained by using a
noncontact 3D shape measurement
device (SHOT IMAGE: SHOT) (Fig.
1). The STL data for the simulation
Katase et al
face were generated, and the LLP was
set to -2, +2, and +4 mm and the OVD
to +2 and +4 mm, based on the same
arrangement as that for the RP den-
tures (SIMULATION IMAGE: SIM)
(Fig. 1). The normal distances at each
of the 10 measuring points, based on
Martin’s anthropological measuring
points, were calculated through su-
perimposition of the SHOT and the
SIM on the ORIGINAL IMAGE (Figs.
1, 5, Table I). To find the trend of the
simulation at each measuring point,
a regression line was determined with
the least squares method and the
normal distance. The relationship be-
tween the normal distance and the
change in the LLP (-2, +2, +4 mm) and
the OVD (+2, +4 mm) was obtained
as another regression line by the linear
least squares method. Then, the ad-
justed R2 and slope were computed.
356 Volume 109 Issue 6

+2 mm +2 mm -2 mm

+2 mm

LLP

OVD +2 mm

3 Computer-aided designed (CAD) artificial teeth 4 Trial dentures fabricated with Rapid Prototyping.
arrangement. Dentures were made of UV polymerized acrylic resins
approved for medical use with acceptable cytotoxicity,
irritation, and sensitization according to United States
Pharmacopeia (USP) Class VI.13

5 Facial regions where measurements were performed.

Table I. Martin’s anthropological measuring points shown in Figure 5

Region Landmark Abbreviation Definition

Nose Alar curvature ac Point located at facial insertion of alar base

Mouth corner Chelion ch Point located at each labial commissure
Maxilla Subnasale sn Midpoint on nasolabial soft tissue contour
between the columella crest and upper lip
msl Middle point between sn and ls
Labrale superius ls Midpoint of vermillion line of upper lip
Mandible Labrale inferius li Midpoint of vermillion line of upper lip
mlp Middle point between li and pog
Pogonion pog Most anterior midpoint of chin

The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry Katase et al

June 2013
Change in LLP Change in OVD
6 Images of face simulation program modified for LLP and OVD.
Modification of simulation method RESULTS
and validation of the accuracy of face
simulation The results of the original simula-
tion method were as follows (Table
A simulation method with actual II). In the change in the LLP, the slope
movement of the face was needed at sn was 0.27 in the SHOT, 0.52 in
to compensate for the difference be- the SIM. The slope at ls was 0.71 in
tween actual movement and simu- the SHOT, 0.51 in the SIM. The slope
lated movement. The change in the at li was 0.68 in the SHOT, 0.35 in the
normal distance during actual move- SIM. In the change in the OVD, the
ment varied at each of the measuring difference between the normal dis-
points. The simulation method was tances for OVD +2 mm and +4 mm in
modified to manage this problem by the SHOT at all measuring points was
simulating the movement of a divided less than 0.2 mm. The normal dis-
denture instead of a whole denture. tance (OVD +2, +4 mm) at the max-
The data for the maxillary and man- illa area was near 0 mm in the SIM.
dibular dentures were divided into 2 The changes from the original
parts parallel to the occlusal plane; simulation method to the modified
the 2 parts were the artificial teeth simulation method are shown in Ta-
area and the denture base area. The ble III. The displacement in the modi-
modification procedure is considered fied simulation method was changed
to be straightforward for applying the based on the results of the slope and
simulation method in a clinical set- the normal distance. However, for the
ting (Fig. 6). change in the OVD, the motion of the
After modification of the simu- maxillary base and the artificial teeth
lation method, normal distances at in the simulation was modified to +1
each measuring point were measured mm anteriorly instead of vertically.
and compared after superimposing The results of the modified simu-
the SHOT and the modified SIM on lation method are shown in Table IV.
the ORIGINAL IMAGE. The Wilcoxon The difference in the normal distance
Signed Rank Test was used (α=.05). for LLP +4 mm at acr was 0.8 mm
The data were analyzed with a statis- and at acl was 0.7 mm. In addition,
tical program (SPSS, v16.0 for Win- the difference in the normal distance
dows; SPSS, Chicago, Ill). for LLP at the other measuring points
was within 0.5 mm. Significant differ-
ences were seen in the change of the
Katase et al
357
LLP at acr and acl. The difference in
the normal distance was within 0.5
mm and no significant difference was
seen in the change of the OVD.
DISCUSSION
The results of this study support
rejecting the null hypothesis; some
difference exists between simulated
faces and actual faces with RP den-
tures fabricated in the same arrange-
ment as those in the simulations.
If images of the participants who
wore dentures were made by CT, in-
tegrated data of the face and the
dentures could be acquired easily. In
this study, images of the participants
were made by using a noncontact 3D
shape measurement device because of
the ethical issue of radiation exposure.
Although the many steps required to
obtain the final measurement could
easily lead to errors, these errors were
minimized because only 1 operator
performed the entire procedure.
In the area of the nose, significant
differences were seen in the normal
distances. Especially for the alar cur-
vature, the coordinate value varied
widely because of the relationship be-
tween the facial morphology and the
measuring flash. SHOTs of the 2 sides
of the face may be needed to visual-
ize the alar curvature clearly. In the
area of the mouth corner, the normal
distance was less than half of every
point on the midline. This result indi-
cated that the dentures influence the
lip support in the midline more than
in the facial outline. The difference in
the normal distance for the LLP was a
maximum of 0.5 mm. The acquisition
of data varied because the mouth cor-
ner is a point where 8 muscles meet
and move easily under contraction.14
However, no significant difference
was seen, and the simulation in the
LLP shows high accuracy. The simula-
tion in the OVD shows high accuracy
because of the small displacement of
both the SHOT and the SIM in the
OVD. In the area of the maxilla, the
normal distance of the SHOT at msl
increased rapidly from LLP +2 mm to
358 Volume 109 Issue 6

Table II. Comparison of normal distance between SHOT IMAGE to ORIGINAL IMAGE
and SIMULATION IMAGE to ORIGINAL IMAGE: Mean Differences (mm), Adjusted R2,
Slope in labiolingual positions of artificial anterior teeth and occlusal vertical dimensions
LLP OVD
Region Point -2 +2 +4 Adjusted Slope +2 +4 Adjusted Slope

Nose acr SHOT -0.1 0.1 0.3 1.00 0.06 0.2 0.4 1.00 0.11
  SIM -0.4 0.4 0.6 0.98 0.17 0.0 0.0 0.32 0.00
acl SHOT 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.00 0.00 0.1 0.3 0.96 0.07
  SIM -0.6 0.4 0.6 0.93 0.20 0.0 0.0 0.60 0.00
Mouth corner chr SHOT -0.5 0.7 0.9 0.96 0.25 0.0 0.1 0.52 0.02
  SIM -0.4 0.5 0.7 0.95 0.19 0.0 0.0 0.98 -0.01
chl SHOT -0.6 0.6 1.0 1.00 0.26 0.2 0.0 0.00 0.00
  SIM -0.4 0.4 0.8 1.00 0.20 -0.1 -0.1 0.95 -0.02
Maxilla sn SHOT 0.0 0.8 1.5 0.89 0.27 0.6 0.7 0.91 0.18
  SIM -1.0 1.1 2.1 1.00 0.52 0.0 0.0 0.87 -0.01
msl SHOT -1.0 1.0 2.4 0.99 0.56 0.5 0.4 0.59 0.10
  SIM -1.1 1.2 2.4 1.00 0.58 -0.1 -0.1 0.98 -0.03
ls SHOT -1.2 1.6 3.0 1.00 0.71 0.6 0.4 0.39 0.10
  SIM -1.1 1.0 2.0 1.00 0.51 -0.1 -0.2 1.00 -0.05
Mandible li SHOT -1.5 0.9 2.8 0.98 0.68 -0.5 -0.6 0.79 -0.14
  SIM -0.7 0.7 1.4 1.00 0.35 -0.4 -0.8 1.00 -0.21
mlp SHOT -0.6 0.4 0.7 0.98 0.21 -0.6 -0.6 0.75 -0.15
  SIM -0.3 0.3 0.6 1.00 0.15 -0.4 -0.9 1.00 -0.23
pog SHOT -0.5 0.4 0.4 0.89 0.15 -0.8 -1.0 0.87 -0.24
  SIM -0.3 0.3 0.5 0.99 0.1 -0.3 -0.6 1.00 -0.16

SHOT=Shot Image to Original Image, SIM=Simulation Image to Original Image LLP=Labiolingual Positions,
OVD=Occlusal Vertical Dimensions, r=right, l=left

Table III. Displacement chart (mm) in artificial anterior teeth

in modified simulation method following result of Table II
LLP OVD
-2 +2 +4 +2 +4

Maxillary Base 0 +1 +2 +1* +1*

Artificial teeth -3 +3 +6 +1* +1*
Mandibular Artificial teeth -4 +4 +8 +3 +3
Base -2 +2 +4 +6 +6

LLP=Labiolingual Positions, OVD=Occlusal Vertical Dimensions

*Simulation was not performed originally, but modified simulation was
performed anteroposteriorly.

The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry Katase et al

June 2013 359

Table IV. Differences of normal distance between SHOT IMAGE to ORIGINAL IMAGE and modi-
fied SIMULATION IMAGE to ORIGINAL IMAGE: Mean Differences (mm), Standard Deviation, P-
values in labiolingual positions of artificial anterior teeth and occlusal vertical dimensions
LLP OVD
-2 +2 +4 +2 +4
Region Point MD SD P MD SD P MD SD P MD SD P MD SD P

Nose acr 0.1 0.3 .40 0.3 0.4 .01* 0.8 0.8 .02* 0.0 0.4 .92 0.0 0.3 .71
acl 0.2 0.4 .08 0.3 0.3 .01* 0.7 0.6 .00* 0.1 0.3 .20 0.1 0.4 .44
Mouth corner chr 0.3 1.0 .40 0.3 0.7 .19 0.4 1.0 .34 0.1 0.6 .53 0.3 0.7 .25
chl 0.3 0.5 .11 0.2 0.4 .18 0.4 0.9 .20 0.1 0.5 .52 0.4 0.8 .12
Maxilla sn 0.2 1.2 .61 0.1 0.4 .53 0.2 0.8 .46 0.3 0.6 .17 0.1 0.6 .48
msl 0.1 0.6 .57 0.1 0.5 .43 0.0 0.8 .93 0.2 0.5 .30 0.1 0.7 .75
ls 0.4 0.9 .18 0.0 0.6 .81 0.1 0.9 .81 0.0 0.8 .96 0.1 1.4 .86
Mandible li 0.0 1.2 .97 0.4 0.8 .15 0.1 0.8 .81 0.2 1.7 .66 0.0 1.1 .95
mlp 0.2 0.3 .15 0.3 1.1 .47 0.2 1.2 .54 0.3 0.8 .31 0.2 0.8 .44
pog 0.1 0.4 .63 0.4 0.8 .15 0.3 0.6 .20 0.1 0.6 .66 0.1 0.6 .75

*Significant difference (P<.05)

LLP=Labiolingual Positions, OVD=Occlusal Vertical Dimensions, r=right, l=left

+4 mm. The normal distance seemed
to change under the strain of the or-
bicular muscle of the mouth, as when
trying to close the mouth. The normal
distance in the LLP of the SHOT at sn
was smaller than that of the SHOT at
ls. The gingival two-thirds rather than
the incisal one-third of the maxillary
central incisors acted as the main
support for the lip.15 The simula-
tion at sn must take into account the
backward motion from the lip. Back-
ward motion requires special care
when the residual ridge is preserved.
The normal distance in the OVD of
the SHOT was not high but uniformly
increased anteriorly. If the jaws are ex-
cessively closed, mandibular rotation
in the anterosuperior direction lowers
the mouth corners, with a resultant
senile edentulous expression.14 If the
jaws are closed too far, the upward
and backward positioning of the orbi-
cularis oris complex moves the inser-
tions of these muscles closer to their
origins, and therefore it is difficult to
provide the proper support. Increas-
ing the OVD provides lip support
within a certain definite range of the
OVD, and the result at the maxilla
may be considered reasonable and
Katase et al
proper from that standpoint. The dif-
ference in the normal distance for the
LLP and the OVD was within 0.5 mm
and the simulation showed high ac-
curacy. In the area of the mandible,
the normal distance for the LLP of
the SHOT was high only at li and was
low at mlp and pog. It seems that the
error was caused by the coordinated
action of the lips because of the ex-
perimenter’s instruction to close the
mouth. When increasing the OVD,
the normal distance of the SHOT in-
creased from li to pog. This result was
considered reasonable and proper
because of the rotation of the man-
dible downward and backward. No
significant difference was seen, and
the simulation showed high accuracy.
The difference in the normal distance
for LLP +2 mm was slightly large. This
result indicated that enough physi-
cal space was present to contract the
mentalis muscle, although this space
may be different for each person.
According to Gross et al,16 chang-
es in the lower face height were small-
er than the interincisal increase in the
OVD, and the increase in the OVD be-
tween +2 and +6 mm was not readily
apparent when viewed in the anterior
direction. This result favors a method
that simulates the change of the OVD
+2 mm as being the same as the OVD
+4 mm. Kaipatur et al17 set the crite-
ria for success of a simulation to less
than 2 mm by systematically evaluat-
ing the accuracy of computer predic-
tion programs available for soft tissue
changes obtained after orthognathic
surgical procedures. Comparing the
accuracy of the simulation method in
this study to the accuracy of the simu-
lation method for the surgical region,
the simulation method in this study
shows considerable accuracy.
The lip support varies directly with
changes in the LLP. Although the fa-
cial changes in the face simulation
corresponded to the change in the
LLP, a limit exists in clinical practice.
The simulation in the change of the
LLP +4 mm showed a high degree of
accuracy, but the face in the simula-
tion was more likely to deviate from
the actual face with tension of the
orbicularis oris caused by a further
change in the LLP. The adaptation
to the increasing OVD varies greatly
from individual to individual, and it
appears that the limit of the increas-
ing OVD is approximately +4 mm for
360
realistic clinical use. The simulation in
the change of the OVD for providing
lip support does not need to exceed
the motion obtained in this study. In
the future, the simulation of individ-
ual faces may need to be classified by
using the degree of skin tone, visco-
elasticity, and ridge resorption.
CONCLUSIONS
Within the limitations of this
study, the data suggest that no signifi-
cant differences in facial features were
found between simulated faces and
actual faces with RP dentures when
the modified method of face simula-
tion was used. This method could be
useful for clinicians who design com-
plete dentures with a computer.
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Corresponding author:
Dr Manabu Kanazawa
1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo
Tokyo 113-8549
JAPAN
Fax: +81-3-5803-0214
E-mail: m.kanazawa.ore@tmd.ac.jp
Copyright © 2013 by the Editorial Council for
The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry.
Katase et al