Operational Amplifiers

Sedra6: sections 2.1-2.5

Sedra7: sections 2.1-2.5

Dr Lutfi Albasha ELE-341 Electronics II 1

 OpAmp Connectivity
+ve bias

Output
Inputs

-ve bias or ground

ELE-341 Electronics II
Dr Lutfi Albasha 2
 Ideal Op-Amp Equivalent Circuit

Dr Lutfi Albasha ELE-341 Electronics II 3

 Differential Vs. Common Mode Signals

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 Ideal Op-Amp Characteristics
1. Infinite open loop differential-mode gain Aod
2. Infinite input resistance
3. Zero output resistance
4. Infinitely wide bandwidth
5. Zero Common-mode gain Acm

So, if we have a certain output vo, we

can then assume that because the Aod is
infinitely large, then the difference
between the two input signal would be
very very small, almost zero!

This condition is called virtual short and

it looks like the two inputs are tracking
each other

Dr Lutfi Albasha ELE-341 Electronics II 5

 Equivalent Circuit of Op-Amp

+ve output voltage means OpAmp sources current

- ve output voltage means OpAmp sinks current

Dr Lutfi Albasha ELE-341 Electronics II 6

 Inverting Op-Amp

Because the +ve input is connected to

ground and the –ve input tracks it, we now
have a virtual ground at the –ve input of the
opamp

The circled numbers indicate the sequence of the steps in the analysis
VI
Input Resistance, a result of virtual ground Ri   R1
iI
Output Resistance is taken at ideal output voltage source, hence: Ro  0

Dr Lutfi Albasha ELE-341 Electronics II 7

 Inverting Op-Amp with T-Network

R2 R3 R3 WHY? What is this

Av   (1   )
R1 R4 R2 topology useful for?
It allows us to obtain
a large gain with reasonably
sized resistors.

i2+i4=i3 -vx/R2-vx/R4=(vx-vo)/R3 Ri = VI/i1=R1

Vx=0-i2R2 =-VI(R2/R1)
Classwork I: derive gain equation
Dr Lutfi Albasha ELE-341 Electronics II 8
 Inverting Summing Op-Amp
Using superposition and current summation:

Dr Lutfi Albasha ELE-341 Electronics II 9

 Noninverting Op-Amp

We can show that:

R2
Av  1 
R1

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 Voltage Follower

vO RL 1 vO
   0.01 1
vI RL  RS 1  100 vI
Too much loading

Dr Lutfi Albasha ELE-341 Electronics II 11

 Op-Amp Difference Amplifier
R2
vo  (v I 2  v I 1 )
R1
when
R4 R2

R 3 R1

 R 
vo2  1  2 v2b
 R1 
R4
R4 R2 v 2b  vI 2
R2  R3  R 4
vo1   vI 1 R 3 R1 v 2b  v1b
R1 R2
vO 2  vI 2
R1

Dr Lutfi Albasha ELE-341 Electronics II 12

Op-Amp Difference Amplifier
input impedance
Define input impedance
as
VI
Ri 
i
Using virtual short
concept can hence right
a loop equation:
v I  iR1  iR1  i(2 R1 )
Rinput 
Ri  2 R1

Dr Lutfi Albasha ELE-341 Electronics II 13

 Difference Amplifier

A difference amplifier will ideally:

• Amplify the differential input signal
• Reject the common mode input signal

Acm is ideally zero

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 Op-Amp Difference Amplifier Aod and Acm
So..
Vo R2
  Aod
vI 2  vI 1 R1

Lets call Aod as

Differential Gain since
Now, lets do this: it is measuring the gain
ration of output to
difference between the
two input signals.

R4 R2

R 3 R1

Dr Lutfi Albasha ELE-341 Electronics II 15

 Op-Amp Inverting Integrator
in time domain
t
1
vc(t )  Vc   i1 (t )dt
C0
t
1
CR 0
vc(t )  Vc  v1 (t )dt

t
1
CR 0
vo(t )  vc(t )  Vc  v1 (t )dt

This circuit provides an output voltage that is proportional to the

Time integral of the input and Vc is initial condition of integration

CR is integrator time constant.

Note the –ve sign of integrator!!

Dr Lutfi Albasha ELE-341 Electronics II 16

 Op-Amp Inverting Integrator
t in time domain, other graphical forms
1
vc(t )  Vc   i1 (t )dt
C0
t
1
CR 0
vc(t )  Vc  v1 (t )dt

t
1
CR 0
vo(t )  vc(t )  Vc  v1 (t )dt

(a) Input pulse.

(b) Output linear ramp of ideal integrator with time constant of 0.1 ms

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 Op-Amp Inverting Integrator
In frequency domain

Vo ( s )  Z 2 ( s )

Vi ( s ) Z 1( s )
Vo ( s ) 1

Vi ( s ) sCR

Dr Lutfi Albasha ELE-341 Electronics II 18

 Op-Amp Inverting Integrator
In frequency domain

Output voltage of the integrator at any time instant will be the

integral of the input waveform.

When the input is a square wave, for example, the output will be
triangular

Dr Lutfi Albasha ELE-341 Electronics II 19

 Op-Amp Inverting Integrator
In frequency domain

The input to the integrator with R =10 k and C = 0.1 F is the square-wave shown. Find:
1. The output of the integrator
2. The value of C in case a 2V peak-to-peak is needed at the output

A peak-to-peak amplitude of 2V implies a peak amplitude of 1 V.

The first (negative) peak amplitude occurs at t = 1 ms. Thus we can write:

Which yields:

Dr Lutfi Albasha ELE-341 Electronics II 20

Op-Amp Integrator Low Pass Filter
In frequency domain

http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp/opamp_6.html

R2

Vo ( s ) Z 2 R2 || Z C R1
AC _ Gain    
Vi ( s ) Z1 R1 1  sR2C
R2
call   DC _ Gain
R1
1
Cutoff _ Frequency 
R2C

Classwork II: OpAmp Filter Simulation

Dr Lutfi Albasha ELE-341 Electronics II 21
 Op-Amp Differentiator: time and freq
q  CV
dq dv(t )
 i (t )  C Current through series Cap
dt dt
dv1(t )
vo(t )   R 2C1 Output voltage is same as R voltage
dt

vo ( s ) Z R
 2   sRC
vI ( s ) Z1 1
sC
vo ( j )
  jRC
v I ( j )
 Vo 
  CR 
V
 I  bode values
 
  90 

Appears like a high pass filter

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