‘SLUM’ is ? A slum is a heavily populated urban informal settlement characterized by substandard housing and squalor. OR Slum is an predominently an overcrowded area where dwelling are unfit for human habitation. Scenario of SLUM Causes that create SLUMS Rular-Urban Migration Urbanisation Poor house planning Poor infrastructure, social exclusion and economic stangnation Poverty Politics Social Conflicts Natural Disasters Rular-Urban Migration Rural-urban migration is one of the causes attributed to the formation and expansion of slums. Many people move to urban areas primarily because cities promise more jobs, better schools for poor's children, and diverse income opportunities than subsistence farming in rural area. Urbanisation The formation of slums is closely linked to urbanization. Urbanization might also force some people to live in slums when it influences land use by transforming agricultural land into urban areas and increases land value. The transformation of agricultural land also provides surplus labor, as peasants have to seek jobs in urban areas as rural-urban migrant workers. Poor housing planning Lack of affordable low cost housing and poor planning encourages the supply side of slums. Insufficient financial resources and lack of coordination in government bureaucracy are two main causes of poor housing planning. Poor infrastructure, social exclusion and economic stagnation Social exclusion and poor infrastructure forces the poor to adapt to conditions beyond his or her control. Poor quality, unpaved streets encourage slums Economic stagnation in a nation with a growing population reduces per capita disposal income in urban and rural areas, increasing urban and rural poverty. Poverty Urban poverty encourages the formation and demand for slum. With rapid shift from rural to urban life, poverty migrates to urban areas. The urban poor arrives with hope, and very little of anything else. He or she typically has no access to shelter, basic urban services and social amenities. Slums are often the only option for the urban poor. Politics Scholars claim politics also drives rural-urban migration and subsequent settlement patterns. Pre-existing patronage networks, sometimes in the form of gangs and other times in the form of political parties or social activists, inside slums seek to maintain their economic, social and political power. Social Conflicts Millions of Lebanese people formed slums during the civil war from 1975 to 1990. Similarly, in recent years, numerous slums have sprung around Kabul to accommodate rural Afghans escaping Taliban violence. Natural Disaster Major natural disasters in poor nations often lead to migration of disaster- affected families from areas crippled by the disaster to unaffected areas, the creation of temporary tent city and slums, or expansion of existing slums. These slums tend to become permanent because the residents do not want to leave. Characteristics of Slum Location and Growth Slums typically begin at the outskirts of a city. Over time, the city may expand past the original slums, enclosing the slums inside the urban perimeter. At their start, slums are typically located in least desirable lands near the town or city, that are state owned or philanthropic trust owned or religious entity owned or have no clear land title. Insecure tenure Secure land tenure is important for slum dwellers as an authentic recognition of their residential status in urban areas. It also encourages them to upgrade their housing facilities, which will give them protection against natural and unnatural hazards. Undocumented ownership with no legal title to the land also prevents slum settlers from applying for mortgage, which might worsen their financial situations. Substandard housing and overcrowding Often the construction quality is inadequate to withstand heavy rains, high winds, or other local climate and location. Paper, plastic, earthen floors, mud-and-wattle walls, wood held together by ropes, straw or torn metal pieces as roofs are some of the materials of construction. Overcrowding is another characteristic of slums. Many dwellings are single room units, with high occupancy rates. Each dwelling may be cohabited by multiple families. Five and more persons may share a one-room unit; Ricks from Slums Vulnerability to natural and unnatural hazards Unemployment and informal economy Violence Disease Child Malnutrition Epidemics Countermeasures Slum removal Slum relocation Slum upgrading Urban infrastructure development and public housing Slum Removal This strategy for dealing with slums is rooted in the fact that slums typically start illegally on someone else’s land property, and they are not recognized by the state. As the slum started by violating another's property rights, the residents have no legal claim to the land. Slum clearance removes the slum, but it does not remove the causes that create and maintain the slum. Slum Relocation Slum relocation strategies rely on removing the slums and relocating the slum poor to free semi-rural peripheries of cities, sometimes in free housing. This strategy ignores several dimensions of a slum life. The strategy sees slum as merely a place where the poor lives. Slum Upgrading Some governments have begun to approach slums as a possible opportunity to urban development by slum upgrading. The approach seeks to upgrade the slum with basic infrastructure such as sanitation, safe drinking water, safe electricity distribution, paved roads, rain water drainage system, and bus/metro stops. The assumption behind this approach is that if slums are given basic services and tenure security – that is, the slum will not be destroyed and slum residents will not be evicted, then the residents will rebuild their own housing, Urban infrastructure development and public housing Urban infrastructure such as reliable high speed mass transit system, motorways/interstates, and public housing projects have been cited as responsible for the disappearance of major slums. As cities expanded and business parks scattered due to cost ineffectiveness, people moved to live in the suburbs; thus retail, logistics, house maintenance and other businesses followed demand patterns. Biggest Slums In World 1. Khayeltisha, Cape Town, South Africa 2. Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya 3. Dharavi, Mumbai, India 4. Orangi Town, Karachi, Pakistan 5. Neza-Chalco-Itza, Mexico City, Mexico THANK YOU