216 VII.

The Fourier Transformation

where f and u are smooth, Imf 0 and w + 00. If UE Cg', f E COO is

real valued and f' =1= 0 in supp u, then
Jueiwf dx=O(w- k), 00,

for every k. This follows from Lemma 7.1.3 if u has so small support
that f can be taken as a coordinate in a new local coordinate system
in a neighborhood of supp u. We can reduce to this situation by
decomposing u with a partition of unity. In the following theorem we
elaborate the integration by parts in Lemma 7.1.3 to obtain uniform
bounds and to cover the case of complex valued f also.

Theorem 7.7.1. Let K e1R." be a compact set, X an open neighborhood

of K and j, k non-negative integers. If uEq(K), fEC k +1 (X) and
in X, then
(7.7.1) Wi+klJ u(x)(lmf(x))ieiwf(X)dxl

L sup ID a ul(lf'1 2 +Imf)l aI!2-k, w>O.

Here C is bounded when f stays in a bounded set in Ck +l(X). Jilihen f

is real valued, the estimate (7.7.1) reduces to

(7.7.1), L supIDa ullf'l'a l-2k, w>O.

Proof. When k=O the assertion is obvious since tir! is bounded for
t>O. In the proof we may therefore assume that k>O and that (7.7.1)
is already proved for smaller values of k as well as for smaller values
of j and the same k if j > O. It may also be assumed that
N=1f'12+Imf
is positive in K, for if (7.7.1) is proved then we can always replace f
by f+ei in (7.7.1) and let +0.

To be able to raise j or integrate by parts we observe that

n
Nu=u L loflox vI2+ulmf,
1
hence
n
(7.7.2) U= Luvofloxv+u o Imf
1

if NUv=uollox v when v =1=0 and Nuo=u. Since

iwofloxveiwf =ov eiwf
 7.7. The Method of Stationary Phase 217

we obtain after an integration by parts

j u(Imf)ieiwf dx = j uo(Imf)i+ 1 ffwf dx
+i/w L(j(o.uv)(Imf)ieiWf dx+ jju.(ovlmf)(ImfY-leiwf dx) .
•
With the notation
lul",= L 1000ui
1"1=,,,
we have by the inductive hypothesis
(7.7.3) Wi+klj u(Imf)iffWf dxl

C sup (Iuol", + .tl1uvl",+ 1) N"'/2-k+ 1

+ ",ta lu.o v Im fl",N",/2-k).

To estimate the right-hand side we need a lemma.

Lemma 7.7.2. If gEC 2 ( -(j)j) is non-negative, then

(j2Ig'(OW + 2 sup (j2Ig"(X)I).
Ixld

Proof The proof is reduced to the case (j = 1 if x/(j is introduced as a

new variable. We may also assume g(O) = 1. By Taylor's formula
Ixl<l; M=suplg"l.
If we take x 2 =1 and obtain since
and if M>2 we take x 2 =2/M and obtain
=(2M)t. This proves the lemma.

End of proof of Theorem 7.7.1. Lemma 7.7.2 applied to Imf gives

(7.7.4) in K.
We shall now prove that when we have

(7.7.5) Nt L IUvl" + N IUol"

n
C L lulrN(r-
'"
",)/2 •
v= 1 r= 0

This follows from the definition of Nand u. if JJ =0 so we may

assume that 0 < JJ k and that the estimate is proved for smaller
values of JJ. Let letl = JJ and apply 0" to the equations
Nu.=uoJjox v when V=FO, Nuo=u.
218 VII. The Fourier Transformation

Estimating all terms except N 8a uv in the left-hand side by means of

(7.7.5) we obtain when v=l=O in view of (7.7.4)

N IUvl1' c(INI1Iuvll'_ 1+ IUvll'_ 2 + ... + IUvi o + lull' If I1+ lull'_ 1+ ... + lul o)
C(Ntluvll'_l + IUvll'_ 2 + ... + lull' Nt + lull'_l + ... )
L lulrN(r-l'+ 1)/2
I'
C"
o

which gives (7.7.5) then. Similarly

I'
CL lul r N(r-I')/2
o
which completes the proof of (7.7.5). From (7.7.5) and (7.7.4) we obtain
I'
(7.7.6) luv8vImfll' CL lul r N(r-I')/2, v =1=0, k.
o

If the estimates (7.7.5) and (7.7.6) are used in the right-hand side of
(7.7.3) we obtain (7.7.1).

Theorem 7.7.1 shows that the integral

Sueirof dx, W > 0,
is a rapidly decreasing function of w if UECg', fECoo, and
there is no point in supp u with Imf = 0 and f' = o. Thus the essential
contributions must always come from points where the phase f is real
and stationary. This is the basis for the stationary phase method which
in addition describes the contributions from the simplest types of such
critical points. The special case where f is a quadratic form was
discussed in Section 7.6 but we restate the result in a form which is
more convenient here.

Lemma 7.7.3. Let A be a symmetric non-degenerate matrix with

1m A O. Then we have for every integer k > 0 and integer s> n/2
(7.7.7) IS u(x) eiro (Ax,x)/2dx -(det(wA/2ni))-t 7;.(w)1
L IIDaullu, UE[/,

k-1
(7.7.8) 7;.(w)= L (2iw)-i<A- 1 D,D)i u(0)/j!.
o