Genome: All the genetic information in a cell

Chromosome: Structure containing DNA

physically carries hereditary information;
the chromosomes contain the genes

Gene: A segment of DNA that encodes a functional product

Product: usually a protein

Genetics: The study of what genes are

 how they carry information
 how information is expressed
 how genes are replicated

Genomics: The molecular study of genomes

Genotype: The genes of an organism

 codes for particular characteristics of an organism, potential properties

Phenotype: Expression of the genes (the actual expresses properties)

 the manifestation of a genotype

Is

The complementary structure of the nitrogenous base sequence is the key to understanding
DNA replication.
 Paired DNA strands are
End having a oriented on in opposite
Polymer of nucleotides: phosphate directions of each other.
 Adenine
attached to “Sugar phosphate” upside
the 5’ carbon down
 thymine is called
 cytosine 5’ end
 guanine

DNA polymer can add nucleotides

to the 3’ end only!!

Double helix associated with proteins

"Backbone" is deoxyribose-phosphate

Strands are held together by:

hydrogen bonds between AT and CG
End having a
DNA strands are antiparallel hydroxyl
attached to
the 3’ carbon
is called
3’ end

Semiconservative Replication

thymine is present on the

Newstrand,
original doubleonly
strand
adenine can fit into place
Ccc
on contains
new strand.
guanine on original
strand, Only cytosine can
fit.
-Bases that r improperly
paired, are replaced by
replication enzymes.
- Parental DNA continues
to unwind to allow
addition on the next
nucleiotide.
Point @ which replication
occurs called replication
fork
New double stranded
DNA molecules contain:
Difference b/t ATP and adenine nucleotide One original strand
in DNA is Deoxyribose – the sugar in One new stand
nucleotides that synthesizes DNA
DNA Synthesis DNA Synthesis

DNA is copied by: DNA polymerase

(enzyme)
In the 5' → 3' direction (new strand is
built in this direction)

Initiated by an RNA primer

Leading strand is synthesized

continuously

Lagging strand is synthesized

discontinuously

Okazaki fragments

RNA primers are removed and Okazaki

fragments joined by a DNA polymerase
and DNA ligase
DNA Synthesis
Replication of Bacterial DNA

Separate dark purple strand. Circular chromosome in bacteria

Goal : To take parent DNA and creating identical daughter DNA

 Give a clinical application of genomics. 8-1

 Why is the base pairing in DNA important? 8-2

 Describe DNA replication, including the functions of DNA gyrase, DNA

ligase, and DNA polymerase. 8-3
Transcription

 DNA is transcribed to make RNA (mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA)

Genetic info stored in DNA is rewritten so the same information is in the

base sequence of mRNA
DNA mRNA
G C
C G
T A
A U
 Transcription- begins (requires) when RNA polymerase binds to the site
promoter sequence, starts building (RNA Polymerase bound to DNA)

 Transcription proceeds(like DNA, RNA) is synthesized in the 5' → 3'

direction (Process - RNA Polymearase (enzyme), bind s to
promoter, DNA un-winds @ beginning of gene)

 RNA is created by base pairing rules (complementery base pairing rules –

 Adine – uricile No thymine in RNA

 Makeing RNA only uses one (of the two) DNA stran, continue adding until
teminater

 Transcription stops when it reaches the

terminator sequence
mRNA – carries the coded information for making specific proteins, From: DNA –
ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized
The Process of Transcription

Translation:

 mRNA is translated in codons (grouping of three nucleotides) AUG – initiates

protein synthesis.

 Codons are written in their base sequence in mRNA- the sequence code on mRNA
molecules determines, the sequence of amino acids that will be in the protein synthesis

 Translation of mRNA begins at the start codon: (AUG)

 Translation ends at nonsense codons(do not code for amino acids): UAA, UAG, UGA-
end protein synthesis

Protein synthesis is called Translation

Involves: decoding nucleic acids
Converting the information into proteins

The Genetic Code:

 64 sense codons on mRNA encode the
20 amino acids
 The genetic code is degenerateo-
allows it change(GUU/GUC/ so on)
giving flexibility. Resulting the same DNA
or P protein
 tRNA carries the complementary anticodon

 anticodon – a sequence of three bases that is complementary to a codon.

Simultaneous Transcription & Translation The Process of Translation

The Process of Translation

Ribosomal RNA comes in two parts, Creating first amino acid (tRNA w/AUG & mRNA)
This sets up the start codon (AUG) in the proper position to allow translation to begin.
After the ribosome joins the first 2 amino acids (w/ a peptide bond) the 1st tRNA leaves ribosome.
As amino acids are brought into line, peptide bonds are formed b/t them = polypeptide chains
All of this happens in cytoplasm
Ends – when nonsense codon in the mRNA is reached.
Intact Ribosome: A P E
A – arriving, deliver newly arriving amino acid, tRNA leaves exp w/ amino acid
P- Pone, tRNA is going to transfer, shifts Placed to A cite leaving ? empty
Methine is being passed to Leu (A site) adding 1 amino acid at a time.
 What is the role of the
promoter, terminator, and
mRNA in transcription? 8-4

 How does mRNA production in

eukaryotes differ from the
process in prokaryotes? 8-5
Regulation of Gene Expression

 Constitutive genes are

expressed at a fixed rate
 Protiens that used all day long
“constant supply of)
 Other genes are expressed
only as needed
 Repressible genes on,
but can be turned off
 Inducible genes off,
but can be turned off
Catabolite repression form of
repression, determined by glucose
Induction

Respiration

Catabolt Respiration
RNA Processing in Eukaryotes