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Documente Cultură
By,
Atharva Kunte, Soham Kulkarni
Yashoda public higher secondary school,
Yashoda Nagar, Nagpur.
Guided by,
Ms.Suvina Vinayan
Department of electronics,
Yashoda public higher secondary school,
Yashoda Nagar, Nagpur.
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Certificate
This is to certify that the project work entitled “Light Sensitive Trigger” has been
successfully completed by Atharva Kunte & Soham Kulkarni , students of
standard XII of Yashoda Public Higher Secondary School, Nagpur in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for Higher Secondary School Certificate in
Electronics to be awarded by Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and
Higher secondary Education, Nagpur Divisional Board, Nagpur during the
academic year 2017-2018, under my supervision.
Nagpur Nagpur
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Its our pleasure to acknowledge my deep and sincere thanks to our project
Guide Ms. Suvina Vinayan of Yashoda Public Higher Secondary School ,
Yashoda Nagar, Nagpur for her enormous support and fruitful suggestions while
completing this project work and making the project successful.
We will be failing in our duty in case if we do not extend our thanks to all
the faculty members of the department for providing their cooperation. Finally, we
would like to thanks to everybody who has directly or indirectly contributed to our
project work.
NAME OF PROJECTEES
Atharva Kunte
Soham Kulkarni
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INDEX
● Introduction
● Working
● Circuit Diagram
● Component list
● Specification of components
● References
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Introduction
Light sensitive trigger system is a simple yet powerful concept, which uses IC 555 timer as a
Comparator. By using this system, manual works are 100% removed. It automatically
switches on lights when the sunlight goes below the visible region of our eyes. This is done
by a sensor called light dependent resistor (LDR) which senses light actually like our eyes. It
automatically switches off lights whenever the sunlight comes, visible to our eyes. By using
this system , energy consumption is also reduced because nowadays the manually
operated street lights are not switched off even when sunlight comes and also switched on
earlier before sunset. In this project, no need of manual operation like on-time and offtime
setting.
A switch can simply be defined as a device operated to turn electric current on or
off.switches are important devices in electrical and electronics circuit design.
They are hence widely used components today serving as control devices in modern
electrical systems and circuits. Switches can also be defined as devices by which a circuit
parameter or signal such as electrical current can be either linked to or cut off from
another part of a circuit manually off automatically. The major aim of this project is to
effectively design and fabricate an electronic system that will be capable of switching off dc
power supply automatically from electronic appliances connected to it's output interface at
night (in dark environment).
In light sensitive trigger system, timer IC 555 is used as Comparator, which
compares voltage at every node of circuit. To increase voltage at trigger pin of timer, IC 555,
LDR and other resistance are connected. LDR is photoresistor, which increases its
resistance value in dark light or in night, and decrease its value in sunlight or any source of
light. LDR is the main component of the project. The resistance of LDR varies according to
the light falling on it. According to the light falling on LDR , the resistance value at the
trigger pin increases. By making use of the output pin, switching condition controller
operates the light through relay.
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Working
The circuit activates a relay upon detecting absence of light on an LDR (light dependent
resistor). It is particularly well suited for controlling outside lighting as used for driveways
and garage entrances.
Contrary to its normal use, as an astable or monostable multivibrator,the 555 IC in this
circuit works as a comparator. To explain this rather unusual application, it is necessary to
note that the operation of a 555 is normally as follows: The output goes high upon receipt
of a trigger ( start) pulse on input pin 2. This pulse is a voltage whose level is lower than ⅓rd
of the supply voltage. The output goes low again, when the voltage at the second input,
pin6, has briefly exceeded ⅔rd of the supply level. In the present design, the second input is
not used but, the output of the chip can nonetheless revert to the low state. Since pin 6 is
connected directly to the positive supply rail. This setup is accounted for by the
accompanying table taken from the 555’ s data sheets.
RESET (5) Trigger Voltage Threshold Output (3) Discharge
(2) Voltage (6) Switch
In principle, the supply voltage for the circuit must equal the coil voltage of the relay. Donot
apply more than 16V , however, as this may damage the 555. The current consumption of
the circuit is 4mA , exclusive of the relay at a supply level of 12V . Components R2 and C1
ensure a delay of about 10s before the relay is energized, so that the circuit is rendered
insensitive to rapid changes in the light intensity.
Basically, the circuit has no hysteresis effect, however when the supply is not regulated, the
actuation of the relay will lower the supply level somewhat. This lowers the internal
threshold of the IC since the trigger point is defined as ⅔rd of the supply level ( pin2).
Therefore, the hysteresis of the circuit can be dimensioned as required by fitting a resistor
in series with the supply. It is also possible to for a resistor between pin 5 & pin 7 of the 555
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as shown in the circuit diagram. The amount of hysteresis is inversely proportional to the
value of the resistor and the 100k is the reasonable starting point for the experiments.
The sensitivity of the trigger circuit can be controlled if R1 is replaced with 1MO
potentiometer of preset.
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Circuit Diagram
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Component List
Resistors:-
R1- 100k
R2- 1k
R3- LDR
R4- 10k
Capacitors:-
C1- 10 pF
Semiconductors:-
D1- 1N 4148
IC1- 555
12V/1Co Relay
IC socket
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Component Specifications
Resistor:-
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current
flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate
transmission lines, among other uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts
of electrical power as heat may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution
systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change
slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to
adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices
for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are
ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be
composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented within
integrated circuits.
The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial
resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. The
nominal value of the resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance, indicated on the
component
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Capacitor:-
A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores potential energy in
an electric field. The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While some capacitance
exists between any two electrical conductors in proximity in a circuit, a capacitor is a
component designed to add capacitance to a circuit. The capacitor was originally known as
a condenser.
The physical form and construction of practical capacitors vary widely and many capacitor
types are in common use. Most capacitors contain at least two electrical conductors often
in the form of metallic plates or surfaces separated by a dielectric medium. A conductor
may be a foil, thin film, sintered bead of metal, or an electrolyte. The nonconducting
dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge capacity. Materials commonly used as
dielectrics include glass, ceramic, plastic film, paper, mica, and oxide layers. Capacitors are
widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike a
resistor, an ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy.
When two conductors experience a potential difference, for example, when a capacitor is
attached across a battery, an electric field develops across the dielectric, causing a net
positive charge to collect on one plate and net negative charge to collect on the other plate.
No current actually flows through the dielectric, however, there is a flow of charge through
the source circuit. If the condition is maintained sufficiently long, the current through the
source circuit ceases. However, if a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads of the
capacitor, the source experiences an ongoing current due to the charging and discharging
cycles of the capacitor.
Capacitance is defined as the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential
difference between them. The unit of capacitance in the International System of Units (SI) is
the farad (F), defined as one coulomb per volt (1 C/V). Capacitance values of typical
capacitors for use in general electronics range from about 1 picofarad (pF) (10−12 F) to
about 1 millifarad (mF) (10−3 F).
The capacitance of a capacitor is proportional to the surface area of the plates (conductors)
and inversely related to the gap between them. In practice, the dielectric between the
plates passes a small amount of leakage current. It has an electric field strength limit,
known as the breakdown voltage. The conductors and leads introduce an undesired
inductance and resistance.
Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing
alternating current to pass. In analog filter networks, they smooth the output of power
supplies. In resonant circuits they tune radios to particular frequencies. In electric power
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transmission systems, they stabilize voltage and power flow. The property of energy
storage in capacitors was exploited as dynamic memory in early digital computers.
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The internal block diagram and schematic of the 555 timer are highlighted with the same
color across all three drawings to clarify how the chip is implemented:
● Green: Between the positive supply voltage VCC and the ground GND is a voltage
divider consisting of three identical resistors, which create two reference voltages at
⁄3 VCC and 2 ⁄3 VCC. The latter is connected to the "Control Voltage" pin. All three
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resistors have the same resistance, 5 kΩ for bipolar timers, 40 kΩ (or other higher
resistance values) for CMOS timers. It is a false myth that the 555 IC got its name
from these three 5 kΩ resistors.
● Yellow: The comparator negative input is connected to the higher-reference voltage
divider of 2 ⁄3 VCC (and "Control" pin), and comparator positive input is connected to
the "Threshold" pin.
● Orange: The comparator positive input is connected to the lower-reference voltage
divider of 1⁄3 VCC, and comparator negative input is connected to the "Trigger" pin.
● Purple: An SR flip-flop stores the state of the timer and is controlled by the two
comparators. The "Reset" pin overrides the other two inputs, thus the flip-flop (and
therefore the entire timer) can be reset at any time.
● Pink: The output of the flip-flop is followed by an output stage with push-pull (P.P.)
output drivers that can load the "Output" pin with up to 200 mA (varies by device).
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● Cyan: Also, the output of the flip-flop turns on a transistor that connects the
"Discharge" pin to ground.
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Relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically
operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state relays.
Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a separate low-power signal, or
where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long
distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the signal coming in from one
circuit and re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone
exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.
A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric motor
or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving
parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated
operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect
electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions
are performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".
Magnetic latching relays require one pulse of coil power to move their contacts in one
direction, and another, redirected pulse to move them back. Repeated pulses from the
same input have no effect. Magnetic latching relays are useful in applications where
interrupted power should not be able to transition the contacts.
Magnetic latching relays can have either single or dual coils. On a single coil device, the
relay will operate in one direction when power is applied with one polarity, and will reset
when the polarity is reversed. On a dual coil device, when polarized voltage is applied to
the reset coil the contacts will transition. AC controlled magnetic latch relays have
singlecoils that employ steering diodes to differentiate between operate and reset
commands.
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References
www.google.co.in
www.wikipedia.org
www.wikihow.com
www.scribd.com
www.ti.com
www.st.com