Types of ac equipments

Window type AC 0.75-3

Ducted split ac system 5-6tr

Packaged ac system 5-65

Variable refrigerant flow(VRV)/ or variable refrigerant volume 5-110

Central ac

1 DX central ac system 60-250

2 chiller central ac system 100-50000

0.3-2

Split or mini split\ decorative type ac

Refrigerant system is broadly classified into

 air-cooled system
 water cooled

Refrigeration system is further classed as

 Ductless system

These are window type or split type. In this type of system, the chilled air doesn’t require any duct for
transportation to conditioned space. The cooling system of the machine lies within the conditioning
space.

 Ducted system

In this system, the main machine can be hidden away and chilled air is delivered to the space by GI
ducts. The indoor unit the cooling system is hidden either above the false ceiling or else in the building.

Types of ducted system

1. Ducted split

In this case the system is hidden inside the ceiling. These are ceiling suspended system and come up to
22TR

2. Packaged system

Here AHU is located in a suitable place in the building. The AHU consists of low sided equipment along
with compressor. These are floor mounted. So, the air is ducted to the conditioned space. The unit
comes up to 22 TR capacities.

3. Central Plant
These are very large system that need to handle large volume of conditioned air. In these system the
complete high side is placed at distant place called plant room. The chilled air is transported from AHU
by means of duct. The system may be DX type or Chilled water type

Closed Cabinet unit used for server room

Window type

It is the simplest form of ac assembled inside a casing. It is installed on window or wall opening. The
assembly incorporates a refrigeration unit and a double shaft fan motor with fan mounted on both shaft
of moto on evaporator side and air-cooled condenser on other side

The room (cooling side) and outside (heat rejection side) of unit are separate by insulation partition
within casing. The front panel with supply and return air grills and door opening to get access to the
control or operating panel is attached to unit on room side. The other components on room side of unit
are cooling coil with an air filtermounted on its front face centrifugal evaporator boiler.

The outdoor side of unit has compressor condenser coil fan motor propeller shaft for air cooled
condenser. The supply air grills on front panel has adjustable horizontal grills for adjusting the direction
of supply air in horizontal direction.

Vertical adjustable louvers are also provided in many models to adjust the side wise flow of supply air.

The evaporator fan sucks in the air from the room t through the filter, cooling coil of refrigeration unit
and delivers the cool and dehumidified air back to the room.

The air mixes with room air and brings down the temperature and humidity level in the room to
maintain temperature and conditioning.

Fresh air is admitted through damper and mixed with return air befor passing it over the air filter and
cooling coil

Mini split

In split unit the indoor and outdoor section of the unit are separated into two casing or units. The indoor
unit consists of evaporator coil evaporator blower with own motor, control panel, filter and supply and
return air grills. It is installed inside the conditioned space. It may be ceiling suspended( Cascate), wall
mounted (high wall) or kept on floor(console) model.

The outdoor unit has other parts of system like compressor, air cooled condenser, condenser fan and its
own motor.

The liquid in the suction line of the refrigeration system have to be laid at site after outdoor or indoor
units are positioned. Therefore pressure testing, evacuation and charging of refrigeration system have
to be done meticiously(carefully).

The distance between indoor and outdoor unit has to as less as possible. As pressure increases the drop
in suction and liquid line also increases resulting in reduction of unit capacity.

Conditions:
 1. If outdoor is above indoor then the permissible distance between indoor and outdoor is 50 feet.
2. If indoor is above outdoor then permissible distance is 40 feet.
3. If outdoor and indoor are at same level permissible distance is 150 feet.

Type Suction Liquid Material Gauge Connection Drain

High wall
split
1TR ½” ¼” Soft Copper 22G Flaring 25mm
1.5 TR ½” ¼” - - - -
2 TR 5/8” 3/8” - - - -
Ducted Split
AC
3 TR ¾” 3/8” Hard copper - Brazing -
5 TR 7/8” 5/8” - - - -
8.75 TR 3/8” ½” - - - -

Multiple Split ac system

Cassette type ac system

These are designed to be installed in false ceiling. The name implies the shape of air conditioner is
cassette.

Ductable split ac system

It comprises of indoor and outdoor unit. It is generally air cooled with both reciprocating and scroll
compressor option. The indoor unit is attached to a duct and the duct supplies the air to the different
zones in which conditioning is required. It consists of a return duct that brings back the hot air.

Package unit

It consists of

1. Compressor
2. Condenser coil
3. AHU/ blower
4. Cooling coil
5. TEV
6. Blower

They are of 2 types

1. Air cooled
2. Water cooled

It consists of 3 units

1. Indoor unit
 2. Outdoor unit
3. Air distribution system

Air-cooled system

The indoor unit houses compressor, cooling coil, expansion valve, blower, blower motor and electrical
panel and controls. The unit is floor mounted and placed inside the building at place easily accessible.
The outdoor unit forms the condenser and condenser fan. These are placed outside the building.

The air distribution system components a network of ducting is insulated inside the building and
connected to the indoor unit. Multiple units can be installed to service multiple rooms in a building.

Water-cooled system

The only difference is in condenser. It has water cooled condenser.

Condenser water circulating pumps are used to circulate condenser water between condenser and
cooling tower. The condenser water pump can be placed inside or outside the building. Cooling tower is
placed outside the building.

VRV/VRF

It consists of one outdoor unit conncted to multiple indoor unit. The name refers to the ability f system
to control the amount of refrigerant flowing to the multiple evaporator indoor unit.

Many evaporator of different capacity compressor functions connected to a single condensing unit. The
arrangements provide individual comfort, control and simultaneous heating and cooling in different
zones.

Working of VRV/VRF

Multi split includes multiple indoor unit. In this system heat is transferred to or from the space directly
by circulating refrigerant to indoor unit located near or within the conditioned space(when indoor is in
cooling mode they act as evaporator and when they are in heating mode they act as condenser).

VRV/VRF employs principle of using just the right quantity of refrigerant as per the load conditions. This
means the compressor produces only that amount of refrigerant flow that is required. The compressor
will only need to work as per the exact requirement of fluctuating loads. This results in saving in every
consumption and longer life of compressor.

Permissible limit

Max height difference between indoor and outdoor unit L1- 50 m

Max height difference between two indoor units L2- 15m

Max piping length from outdoor to first separator L3- 70m

Max piping length from outdoor unit to last indoor unit L4-100m

Max piping length from heater to indoor unit L5-40m

Total permissible piping length = 200m

Digital Scroll Compressor

A standard scroll compressor comprises of two scrolls to perform the compression function. The scrolls
are mated or engaged and compression of gas can take place. When the scroll case to be mated, there is
no compression of gas.

So the standard scroll compressor will give on output of either 100% or 0%. Capacity modulation is only
possible by switchinn ON and OFF the compressor. The signal for this provided by the room thermostat.

Working:

A digital scroll compressor uses the principle of demating of scroll for capacity regulation. The total time
of demating vs time of mating determines the degree of capacity modulation.

Assume cycle time of 20s.

Assume mating of scroll cycle time of 20s

Assume the demating of scroll cycle time of 8s. so capacity modulation of 40% achieved.

This means that time duration of two scroll mating/engagement and demating results in capacity
modulation.

Demating of two scroll is achieved by using suction gas pressure of the system.

The modulation is achieved with a cycle time based on PWM control solenoid valve. When PWMV opens
suction gass enters a small modulating chamber through external tube at the top.

Working:

1. Lower scroll is orbiting scroll

2. Upper scroll engages and disengages with lower scroll
3. An optimal force holds two scrolls together.
4. A piston is fixed to top scroll to ensure that when the piston moves up the top scroll also moves
up.
5. There is a modulating chamber at the top of piston.
6. This modulation chamber is connected to discharge pressure through a bleed has 0.6mm in dia.
7. PWM solenoid valve connects modulation chamber with suction side gas pressure.
8. When PWMV is closed pressure on either side is discharged and spring optimal pressure holds
two scrolls engages and compression happens.
9. When pmwv is open discharge pressure is modulating chamber is released to low suction
pressure. This causes piston to move up.
10. Upper scroll also moves up along with piston and scroll separates now compression occurs.
11. Vertical movement of upper scroll is only about 0.1mm
12. This technology achieves step-less modulation between 10-100%

inverter scroll compressor

it is a normal scroll compressor driven by dc motor. The speed of motor is varied as per load
requirement. By varying speed if varies compressed refrigerant flow
Central air conditioning system

1 DX type central AC system

In this system, huge compressor are housed in the plant room while the expansion valve and
evaporator or cooling coil of AHU are housed in separate room. The cooling coil is fixed in the air
handeling unit which also has a large blower housed in it. The blower sucks the hot return air from the
room via ducts/ false ceiling and blowes it over the cooling coil. The cooled air is then supplied through
various ducts and into spaces which are to be cooled. This type of system is useful for small building.

Image

2 chilled ac plant

This type of system is more useful in large building comprising of a numbe of floors. It has plant room
where all the important parts like compressor and condenser with throttling valve are housed. The
chiller is a shell and tube type.

Types of chiller

DX-Type

In this type refrigerant passes through tubes at extremely low temperature while in shell water is
passed.

Flooded type:

In this type water is passed through the tube while the shell is flooded with refrigerant.

After passing through the chiller the water gets cooled and it is pumped through various AHU installed
at different location of building. The blower sucks hot return air from the room via duct and blows it
over the cooling coil. The cool air is then supplied back to the room through duct. The water in the
cooling coil absorbs the room heat from the hot air rising its temperature. The hot air is then pumped
back into the chiller.

Types of chiller

Reciprocating Air cooled Semi hermetic DX- type Single 40-100 TR

compressor
Twin 100-200TR
compressor
Reciprocating Watercooled Semi hermatic Flooded Single 50-100 TR
compressor
Twin 100-220 TR
compressor
Scroll Air cooled Hermatic DX Single
3
Scroll Water cooled Hermatic Dx Single
3
screw Water cooled Open Dx/flooded Single/twin
Compressor

It is a device that increases the pressure of the working fluid. In refrigeration cycle, compressor provides
work energy to move the refrigerant flow low pressure region to high pressure region. There are two
common categories of compressor:

1. Positive displacement (reciprocating, rotatory, scroll and screw)

A compressor that increases the pressure of a fluid by the mechanical work on the fluid.
2. Centrifugal compressor
It is a compressor in which mechanical work done the fluid increases the velocity and the
velocity is then converted to pressure energy by passing it through stationery vanes/diffusers.

Compressor used on a refrigeration machine can be of following type:

Reciprocating compressor