KOFORIDUA TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

Department of Computer Science

EXAMINATION PAPER

END OF FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION

EXPERT SYSTEMS AND ARTIFICAL INTEKLLIGENCE

CLASS : BSC. COMPUTER SCIENCE & BSC IT

Date: DECEMBER 2017

Time Allowed: THREE HOURS

INSTRUCTION: Answer any FOUR questions.

LECTURER: SAMUEL NARTER TAWIAH

MARKING SCHEMME
Good explanations and definition should all the full marks otherwise all
the marks should not be awarded
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 1. i. What is artificial intelligence? 3mks ANS: The Tower of Hanoi (also called the Tower of Brahma or
ii. What is a rational agent? 3mks Lucas' Tower and sometimes pluralized) is a mathematical game or
iii. What is expert system? 3mks puzzle. It consists of three rods and a number of disks of different
iv. How is Artificial Intelligence related to human based nature? sizes, which can slide onto any rod. The puzzle starts with the disks
3mks in a neat stack in ascending order of size on one rod, the smallest at
v. Explain knowledge based system in the context of artificial the top, thus making a conical shape.
intelligence? 3mks
The objective of the puzzle is to move the entire stack to another
2. i. Explain the term Heuristic Search and explain the reason why rod, obeying the following simple rules:
heuristic Search is preferred to Blind Search? 3mks
Only one disk can be moved at a time.
ANS; Heuristic or informed search exploits additional Each move consists of taking the upper disk from one of the stacks
knowledge about the problem that helps direct search to and placing it on top of another stack.
more promising paths. A heuristic function, h(n), provides an estimate of the No disk may be placed on top of a smaller disk.
cost of the path from a given node to the closest goal state.
Must be zero if node represents a goal state. ii. Explain depth first search? 3mks

ii. With the use of diagrams explain the term forward and Depth First Search (DFS) searches deeper into the
backward decomposition. 3mks problem space. A search algorithm of a tree that
iii. Having specified the syntax of propositional logic, the explores the first child of a node before visiting
semantics defines the rules for determining the truth of a its siblings.
sentence with respect to a particular model. In propositional iii. Who attended the Dartmouth Summer Conference in 1956?
logic, a model simply fixes the TRUTH VALUE (true or And What was the intent (goal) behind the conference? 6mks
false) for every proposition symbol. Complete the following iv. Briefly explain the contributions of any of the individuals
table indication the truth value under each expression of the below provided to the field of Artificial Intelligence.
table 9mks Alan Turing or John McCarthy
P Q ￢P P˄Q P˅Q P ⇒ Q P⇔Q P ⇔ (P ∨￢Q) Proper description of any of the contributions
false false T F F F T F above names is 3maks
false true T F T T F F
true false F F T F F T 4. i. Briefly describe the Turing Test for intelligence. 5mks
true true F T T T T T
Good description of the turing test
5maks

3. i. What is tower of Hanoi? 3mks

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 ii. What does the Turing test say about the nature of
intelligence? 5mks
iii. What is involved in an intelligent agent? 5mks
6. a. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Breadth-First-
ANS; intelligent agent (IA) is an autonomous entity which observes Search and Depth-First-Search? 3mks’
through sensors and acts upon an environment using actuators (i.e. it
is an agent) and directs its activity towards achieving goals (i.e. it is Breadth First Search Depth First Search
"rational", as defined in economics[1]). Intelligent agents may also Advantages
learn or use knowledge to achieve their goals.
Optimal solutions are always found May arrive at solutions without
Multiple solutions found early examining much of search space
5. a. It is not possible to enter into a moral contract with non-human
Will not go down blind alley for Needs little memory (only node in
animals; therefore society cannot assign legal rights to non-human
solution current path needs to be stored)
animals. The legal world has recognized this issue and many
discussions have been held how to protect not only non-human Disadvantages
animals, but also land and associated vegetation, etc. Should the If solution path is long, the whole May settle for non-optimal solution
scientific community be concerned with animating human tree must be searched up to that
intelligence through AI? Do we have moral obligations towards depth
machines? 5mks
All of the tree generated must be May explore single unfruitful path for
b. Translate the sentences below from English into first-order logic. stored in memory a long time (forever if loop exists!)
Use a predicate symbol Like (where Like(x, y) means that x likes y)
and constants John and Bigsam.
b. Provide a short description of each CI system and where they may
i. John likes the same things Bigsam likes. 3mks
be applied. 3mks each
ii. There is somebody who dislikes everything that Bigsam likes. i. Machine learning systems
3mks
iii. There is only one person apart from John who likes everything ANS; is a field of computer science that gives computers the
John likes, and this person is Bigsam. 3 mks ability to learn without being explicitly programmed.

Answer. ii. Expert Systems

i. ∀x(Like(bigsam, x) ⊃ Like(john, x)) ANS; expert system is a computer system that emulates the
ii. ∃x∀y(Like(john, y) ⊃ ¬Like(x, y)) decision-making ability of a human expert.[1] Expert systems are
iii. ∀x∀y((Like(john, x) ⊃ Like(y, x)) ∧ ¬(y = john) ⊃ y = bigsam) designed to solve complex problems by reasoning about knowledge,

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 represented mainly as if–then rules rather than through conventional
procedural code
iii. Neural Networks
ANS; A computer representation of knowledge that attempts
to mimic the neural networks of the human body
iv. Computer vision
;Computer vision is an interdisciplinary field that deals with how
computers can be made for gaining high-level understanding from
digital images or videos. From the perspective of engineering, it
seeks to automate tasks that the human visual system can do