Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Foreword
Dr Gro Harlem Brundtland,
Director-General, World Health Organization
Preface
Acknowledgments
Photo Credits
About the Authors
3 Male Smoking
Smoking prevalence among men. Trends in selected countries. Smoking among physicians. Top
10 countries. Tobacco industry quote.
4 Female Smoking
Smoking prevalence among women. Trends in selected countries. Where women smoke as much
as men. Where men smoke ten times as much as women. Tobacco industry quote.
5 Youth
Tobacco use prevalence among male and female youth. Passive smoking. Youth perception of
smoking. Tobacco industry quotes.
6 Cigarette Consumption
Annual cigarette consumption per person. Top 5 countries. Global increases from 1880 to 2000.
Increases in the average number of cigarettes smoked in China between 1952 and 1996.
7 Health Risks
How smoking harms you. Smoking in pregnancy. Deadly chemicals. Proportion of lung cancer,
COPD and ischaemic heart disease. Tobacco industry quotes.
8 Passive Smoking
Harm caused by passive smoking. Children exposed to passive smoking. Numbers affected by
passive smoking. Tobacco industry quotes.
9 Deaths
Deaths from tobacco use in men and women. Dying in your prime: 35- to 69-year-olds who die
from tobacco. Past and future deaths from tobacco: 1950 to 2030. Deaths in developed and
developing countries. Number of people alive today who will eventually die from tobacco.
Tobacco industry quote.
12 Growing Tobacco
Land devoted to growing tobacco by country. Leading producers of tobacco leaves.
Deforestation due to tobacco.
13 Manufacturing Tobacco
Number of tobacco workers by country. Where the tobacco dollar goes. Less tobacco per
cigarette. Additives.
14 Tobacco Companies
Leading manufacturers by country. The Big Five: revenue and market share of leading
transnational tobacco companies. Tobacco industry quote.
15 Tobacco Trade
Cigarette exports by country. Top 10 cigarette importers. Top 10 leaf importers and exporters.
US import and export of tobacco leaves and cigarettes.
16 Smuggling
Estimated smuggled cigarettes as a percentage of domestic sales. Major recent or current
smuggling routes. Global smuggling. Tackling tobacco smuggling in the UK: projected
percentage of market share if action is or is not taken. Lost revenue in EU. Tobacco industry
quote.
Part Four: PROMOTION
18 Internet Sales
Internet sales. Internet search for sites. Internet cigarette vendors in the USA. Test ordering from
12 websites. HM Customs and Excise quote. User comment posted on website.
19 Politics
Buying influence: expenditure on lobbying in the USA. Buying favours: tobacco companies’
contributions to federal candidates in the USA. Tobacco industry quotes.
22 Research
Global Youth Tobacco Surveys completed by country. Current foundation grant recipients.
Comparative National Institute of Health expenditure on tobacco compared with other health
problems. Published research: PubMed search for tobacco compared with other journal topics.
Journals devoted to tobacco control.
28 Quitting
Percentages of ex-smokers. Quitting calendar:
the benefits of stopping smoking. Effects on deaths if smokers quit. Effect of smoking
restrictions at home and at work. Impact of interventions on quitting.
29 Price Policy
Tobacco tax as a proportion of cigarette price. Cigarette price increases compared with
consumption in the UK. Government income from tobacco. Cigarette tax as a proportion of price
in the USA. Tobacco industry quote.
30 Litigation
Legal action against the tobacco industry: personal injury, public interest, non-smokers’
and government lawsuits. Cases brought by the tobacco industry. Smuggling litigation. Tobacco
industry quote.
31 Projections by Industry
Projected rates of growth and decline of tobacco consumption by country 1998-2008. Regional
projections.
32 The Future
Epidemiology, health, economics, the tobacco industry, action taken projected to 2050.
Publications
address as above
fax: +41 22 791 4806
email: permissions@who.int
9
marketing; These must all be implemented if the predicted
PREFACE
• controls on smoking in public places and expansion of the epidemic as outlined in this atlas is
workplaces; to be prevented.
• expanded access to effective means of The picture is far from bleak. Globally, we have “When I was young, I kissed my first woman and smoked
quitting; seen a sea change over the past few years. A my first cigarette on the same day. Believe me, never since
• tough counteradvertising; groundswell of local, national and global actions is have I wasted any more time on tobacco.”
• tight controls on smuggling. moving the public health agenda ahead.
— Arturo Toscanini (1867-1957)
DR GRO HARLEM BRUNDTLAND
Geneva
June 2002
10 11
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank the Centers for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NPH),
Control and Prevention (CDC), USA, for Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health
providing financial support for this atlas. Cluster (NMH);
Many people have helped in the preparation of Paula Soper, Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI),
this atlas. Firstly our thanks to all those at the Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health
World Health Organization: Cluster (NMH);
Derek Yach, Noncommunicable Diseases and
Headquarters, Geneva: Mental Health Cluster (NMH).
Joyce Bleeker, Noncommunicable Disease
Prevention and Health Promotion (NPH), Regional offices:
Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health Karen Klimowski, Charles Maringo, AFRO;
Cluster (NMH); Fatimah M S El Awa, EMRO;
Douglas Bettcher, Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI), Patsy Harrington, Haik Nikogosian, Ionela Petrea,
Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health EURO;
Cluster (NMH); Heather Selin, Armando Peruga, PAHO;
David Bramley, Health Information Martha Osei, SEARO;
Management and Dissemination (IMD), Evidence Harley Stanton, WPRO.
and Information for Policy Cluster (EIP);
Gian Luca Burci, Office of the Legal Counsel For their advice on particular maps and subjects,
(LEG); we would like to thank the following:
Vera Luiza da Costa e Silva, Tobacco Free
Initiative (TFI), Noncommunicable Diseases and 2. Types of Tobacco Use
Mental Health Cluster (NMH); Samira Asma, CDC, USA; Prakash Gupta, Tata
Emmanuel Guindon, Tobacco Free Initiative Institute of Fundamental Research, India;
(TFI) Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental
Health Cluster (NMH); 3. Male Smoking and 4. Female Smoking
Ewa Carlsson Höpperger, Office of the Legal Marlo Corrao, American Cancer Society, USA;
Counsel (LEG); Amanda Sandford, ASH UK;
Prabhat Jha, Commission on Macroeconomics
and Health (CMH), Evidence and Information for 5. Youth
Policy Cluster (EIP); GYTS Coordinators; Wick Warren, CDC, USA;
Alan Lopez, Evidence and Information for
Policy Cluster (EIP); 6. Cigarette Consumption
Garrett Mehl, Noncommunicable Disease Tom Capehart, Economic Research Service,
Prevention and Health Promotion (NPH), USDA; Prakash Gupta, Tata Institute of
Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health Fundamental Research, India;
Cluster (NMH);
Diana Munoru, Noncommunicable Disease 7. Health Risks
Prevention and Health Promotion (NPH), Gary Giovino, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, USA;
Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health Corinne Pearlman, Comic Company, UK;
Cluster (NMH); Jonathan Samet, Johns Hopkins Institute for Global
El Atifi Mustapha, Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI), Tobacco Control, USA; Stan Shatenstein,
Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health Communications consultant, Canada;
Cluster (NMH);
Pekka Puska, Noncommunicable Disease 8. Passive Smoking
Prevention and Health Promotion (NPH), Clive Bates, ASH UK; Corinne Pearlman, Comic
Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health Company, UK; Jonathan Samet, Johns Hopkins
Cluster (NMH); Institute for Global Tobacco Control, USA; Wick
Leanne Riley, Noncommunicable Disease Warren, CDC, USA;
13
9. Deaths 23. Tobacco Control Organisations
PHOTO CREDITS
Majid Ezzati, Resources for the Future, USA; Sibylle Fleitmann, European Network for Smoking
front cover:
Prevention, Belgium; Belinda Hughes, Framework
Boy smoking, Seychelles
11. Costs to the Smoker Convention Alliance, Australia; Ruben Israel,
Credit: Harry Anenden © WHO
Luk Joossens, Belgium; Kenneth E Warner, GLOBALink, International Union Against Cancer
University of Michigan, USA; Anna White, (UICC); Yussuf Saloojee, INGCAT, South Africa;
back cover:
Partnership Programme, Essential Action's Taking David Simpson, International Agency on Tobacco
Boy in the road selling packs to drivers and
on Tobacco campaign; Ayda A. Yurekli, The World and Health, UK;
passengers, Philippines
Bank;
Credit: Daniel Tan
24. Smoke-free Areas
12. Growing Tobacco and 15. Tobacco Trade Melanie Wakefield, Anti-Cancer Council of
Woman tobacco worker, Vietnam
Tom Capehart, USDA; Victoria, Australia;
Credit: Judith Mackay
14. Tobacco Companies 27. Health Education
Men smoking water pipes, Saudi Arabia
Gene Borio, New York City, USA; Patrick Sandstrom, Quit & Win, Finland; Eeva
Photo: Garrett Mehl © WHO
Riitta Vartiainen, Quit & Win, Finland;
16. Tobacco Smuggling
Part 1 Prevalence and Health
Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids, USA; Luk 28. Quitting
Man and child smoking, China
Joossens, Belgium; Eric LeGresley, Tobacco Marlo Corrao, American Cancer Society, USA;
Credit: Carol Betson
Control Consultant, Ottawa, Canada; GlaxoSmithKline; David Graham, World Self
Medication Industry; Pharmacia; Jerry Reinstein,
Part 2 The Cost of Tobacco
18. Internet Sales World Self Medication Industry; Pharmacia;
Tobacco leaves, Thailand
Chris Banthin, NorthEastern University, Boston,
Credit: Judith Mackay
USA; Greg Connolly, Mass Dept of Public Health, 29. Price Policy
USA; Kurt M. Ribisl, University of North Carolina Gene Borio, NYC, USA; Frank Chaloupka,
Part 3 The Tobacco Trade
at Chapel Hill, USA; Kenneth Warner, University University of Illinois, USA; Anne Jones, ASH,
Woman tagging tobacco, tobacco factory,
of Michigan, USA; Australia; Amanda Sandford, ASH UK; Michele
Virginia, USA
Scollo, VicHealth Centre for Tobacco Control,
Credit: Ken Hammond © USDA
19. Politics Australia; Joy Townsend, London School of
Sibylle Fleitmann, European Network for Smoking Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of
Part 4 Promotion
Prevention, Belgium; Anne Landman, Doc-Alert, London, UK.
Boy in the road selling packs to drivers and
Colorado, USA;
passengers, Philippines
For their general contributions, we would like to
Credit: Daniel Tan
21. Tobacco Industry Documents thank Kjell Bjartveit, John Crofton, Nigel Gray,
Lisa Bero, University of California, San Francisco, Ruth Roemer, Michael Pertschuk and Weng
Part 5 Taking Action
USA; Anne Landman, Colorado, USA; Jonathan Xinzhi; and, especially, John Mackay.
“Smoking is Ugly” poster,
Liberman, VicHealth Centre for Tobacco Control,
created by Christy Turlington and reprinted
Australia; For their creative and editorial expertise, diverse
courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and
talents, and individual as well as collective
Prevention (CDC)
22. Research contributions, we would like to thank the team at
Linda Waverly Brigden, IDRC, Ottawa, Canada; Myriad Editions: Candida Lacey, Paul Jeremy,
Part 6 World Tables
Sibylle Fleitmann, European Network for Smoking Isabelle Lewis and Corinne Pearlman.
Old Man, Sri Lanka
Prevention, Belgium; Rowena Jacobs, University of
Credit: Garrett Mehl
York, UK; Rosemary Kennedy, IDRC, Ottawa, Finally, we want to thank our respective families
Canada; Gerald Keusch, Fogarty International for their support during the preparation of this
Center, NIH, USA; Aron Primack, Fogarty atlas.
International Center, NIH, USA; Anthony So,
Rockefeller, NYC, USA; Jacob Sweiry, Wellcome
Trust, London, UK;
14 15
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Dr Judith Mackay is a medical doctor
and Senior Policy Advisor to the
World Health Organization. She is
based in Hong Kong where she is the
Director of the Asian Consultancy on
Tobacco Control. After an early career
as a hospital physician, she became a
health advocate. She is a Fellow of the
Royal Colleges of Physicians of Edinburgh and London and
the Hong Kong Academy of Medicine and author of The
State of Health Atlas and The Penguin Atlas of Human Sexual
Behavior. Dr Mackay has received many international
awards including the WHO Commemorative Medal, the
Fries Prize for Improving Health, the Luther Terry Award
for Outstanding Individual Leadership, the International
Partnering for World Health Award, and the Founding
International Achievement Award from the Asia Pacific
Association for the Control of Tobacco.
17
18-19 Tobacco History CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
18 19
02/Types CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
Smoking tobacco
Manufactured cigarettes
consist of shredded or
reconstituted tobacco processed
with hundreds of chemicals. Often
with a filter, they are
manufactured by a machine, and
are the predominant form of
tobacco used worldwide.
Bidis consist of a small amount of
tobacco, hand-wrapped in dried
temburni leaf and tied with string.
Despite their small size, their tar
and carbon monoxide deliveries The water pipe, also known as
can be higher than manufactured shisha or hubbly bubbly,
cigarettes because of the need to is commonly used in
north Africa, the Kreteks are
puff harder to keep bidis lit. Mediterranean clove flavoured
Cigars are made of air-cured and region and cigarettes
fermented tobaccos with a tobacco parts of Asia. widely smoked
wrapper, and come in many in Indonesia.
Bidis are found
shapes and sizes, from cigarette- Cigarettes are available
thoughout south-east
sized cigarillos, double coronas, throughout the world.
Asia, and are India’s
Filter-tipped cigarettes are
cheroots, stumpen, chuttas and usually more popular than
most used type of
dhumtis. In reverse chutta and tobacco.
unfiltered cigarettes. Hand
dhumti smoking, the ignited end rolled cigarettes are also
of the cigar is placed inside the widely smoked in many
mouth. There was a revival of countries.
cigar smoking at the end of the
20th century, among both men
and women.
Kreteks are clove-flavoured
cigarettes. They contain a wide In Southeast Asia clay pipes
known as suipa, chilum and
range of exotic flavourings and
hookli are widely used.
eugenol, which has an Other tobacco
anaesthetising effect, allowing for
Cigars are smoked
deeper smoke inhalation. throughout the world.
Chewing tobacco is also known Moist snuff is taken orally. A Dry snuff is powdered tobacco
Pipes are made of briar, slate, Regional variations include as plug, loose-leaf, and twist. small amount of ground tobacco is that is inhaled through the nose or
clay or other substance – tobacco cheroots and stumpen Pan masala, or betel quid consists held in the mouth between the taken by mouth. Once
is placed in the bowl and inhaled (western and central of tobacco, areca nuts and staked cheek and gum. Increasingly widespread, its use is now in
Europe) and dhumtis lime wrapped in a betel leaf. They manufacturers are pre-packaging decline.
through the stem, sometimes
(conical cheroots) used
through water. Tobacco is used orally can also contain other sweetenings moist snuff into small paper or
in India.
Sticks are made from sun-cured throughout the world, but and flavouring agents. Varieties of cloth packets, to make the product
principally in Southeast Asia.
tobacco known as brus and pan include kaddipudi,hogesoppu, easier to use. Other products
In Mumbai, India, 56% of
wrapped in cigarette paper. women chew tobacco. gundi, kadapam, zarda, pattiwala, include khaini, shammaah and nass
kiwam, mishri, and pills. or naswa.
22 23
3 Male smoking CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
NORWAY
FINLAND
Smoking among males aged 15 and over
latest available data
SWEDEN
ESTONIA 60% and above 30% – 39% no data
RUSSIAN
Smoking has been portrayed by its LATVIA
FED.
UNITED DENMARK 50% – 59% 20% – 29%
sellers as a manly, masculine KINGDOM
LITHUANIA
SPAIN
world smoke – about 35 percent PORTUGAL
47%
of men in developed countries GREECE
KAZAKHSTAN
47% MONGOLIA
and 50 percent of men in UNITED STATES MOROCCO TUNISIA
UZBEKISTAN
MALTA KYRGYZSTAN
JAPAN
developing countries. Trends in OF AMERICA ALGERIA GEO
AR AZER
M TURKMEN
TURKEY REP.
both developed and developing SYRIAN
KOREA
CYPRUS ARAB REPUBLIC CHINA
countries show that male smoking TUNISIA LEBANON
ISRAEL
IS L. REP .
MOROCCO JOR IRAQ IRAN
rates have now peaked and, WEST BANK
& GAZA KUWAIT
BAHAMAS ALGERIA LIBYAN PAKISTAN
NEPAL
slowly but surely, are declining. MEXICO
ARAB
JAMAHIRIYA
BAHRAIN
QATAR
EGYPT
However, this is an extremely CUBA DOMINICAN
UAE
INDIA BANGLADESH Hong Kong
REPUBLIC SAUDI ARABIA MYANMAR LAO SAR
slow trend over decades, and in HONDURAS
HAITI
PUERTO RICO OMAN PDR VIETNAM
GUATEMALA PHILIPPINES
THAILAND
the meantime men are dying in EL SALVADOR
NICARAGUA
ST VINCENT & GRENADINES
SENEGAL
GAMBIA CHAD SUDAN
YEMEN
45%
BARBADOS CAMBODIA
their millions from tobacco. In COSTA RICA TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
DJIBOUTI
GHANA
PANAMA CÔTE
general, the educated man is PALAU
D’IVOIRE MALDIVES SRI LANKA
BRUNEI DAR.
COLOMBIA
giving up the habit first, so that
MALAYSIA
SAO TOME UGANDA
over
& PRINCIPE
smoking is becoming a habit of ECUADOR
KENYA SINGAPORE
DEM. REP. RWANDA 49% SEYCHELLES
poorer, less educated males. CONGO
UNITED REP.
PAPUA
44%
China deserves special mention
I N D O N E S I A
TANZANIA NEW
BRAZIL GUINEA
ZAMBIA
million male smokers, this huge 50% ZIMBABWE
BOLIVIA MAURITIUS
market is, according to Philip
PARAGUAY NAMIBIA
CHILE
AUSTRALIA KIRIBATI
Morris, “the most important S
TOKELAU
SOUTH
feature on the landscape.” AFRICA L 54%
NAURU
SAMOA
TUVALU
URUGUAY
50 FIJI
NIUE
ARGENTINA VANUATU
COOK
million
1980 28%
61% 31% 22 43
1990 1990 1990 26% 40 41
54% 28% 38 37
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Russian Federation
28
Republic of Korea
entire population 21
0
Saudi Arabia
1
of the USA Ð 18
Bangladesh
Indonesia
are smokers Colombia
Australia
Denmark
Morocco
14 6
Sweden
Iceland
2 2 6
China
Spain
0 8
Chile
India
8 6
UK
Japan UK USA 4 4 3
24 15 and over 16 and over 18 and over 25
Tobacco CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
NORWAY
FINLAND
Smoking among females aged 15 and over
latest available data
ESTONIA RUSSIAN 50% and above 20% – 29% no data
SWEDEN FED.
“…the current lower level of tobacco use LATVIA
among women in the world…does not DENMARK 40% – 49%
reflect health awareness, but rather social
UNITED LITHUANIA 10% – 19%
KINGDOM
traditions and women’s low economic IRELAND
resources.” Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland, GREENLAND NETH. POLAND BELARUS
30% – 39% below 10%
GERMANY
Director General, WHO, 1998 BELGIUM
CZECH UKRAINE
REPUBLIC SLOVAKIA
LUX. women smoke men smoke ten or more
HUNGARY REP.
About 250 million women in the FRANCE SWITZ.
AUSTRIA
SLOVENIA ROMANIA MOLDOVA as much as men times more than women
C A N A D A CROATIA
world are daily smokers. About SAN MARINO YUGOSLAVIA BULGARIA RUSSIAN FEDERATION
22 percent of women in SPAIN
ANDORRA ITALY
ALBANIA FYR MACEDONIA
UAE INDIA
Australia, Canada, the UK and the CUBA DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
BANGLADESH
MYANMAR
Hong Kong
SAR
PUERTO RICO LAO VIETNAM
USA. But this trend is not found GUATEMALA
HONDURAS
HAITI OMAN PDR
THAILAND PHILIPPINES
in all developed countries. In EL SALVADOR
NICARAGUA
ST VINCENT & GRENADINES
BARBADOS
SENEGAL YEMEN
CAMBODIA
several southern, central and COSTA RICA
VENEZUELA
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO GAMBIA
GUINEA NIGERIA SUDAN
DJIBOUTI
GHANA
PANAMA CÔTE PALAU
eastern European countries D’IVOIRE MALDIVES SRI LANKA
BRUNEI DAR.
COLOMBIA
cigarette smoking is either still UGANDA MALAYSIA
SEYCHELLES
TURKEY SINGAPORE
RWANDA
not shown any decline. CONGO
UNITED REP.
CYPRUS SYRIAN
ARAB REP.
I N D O N E S I A PAPUA
The tobacco industry promotes BRAZIL
TANZANIA LEBANON
ISRAEL
IRAQ NEW SOLOMON
GUINEA ISLANDS
cigarettes to women using MALAWI WEST BANK
JORDAN
PERU & GAZA
seductive but false images of ZAMBIA
KUWAIT
! "
#
Japan UK USA
26 15 and over 16 and over 18 and over 27
05 Youth CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
5 Youth
POLAND
BOYS
UKRAINE
“If younger adults turn away from C A N A D A RUSSIAN FEDERATION
smoking, the industry will decline, just as Over 40% of young people in Fiji,
a population which does not give birth Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, South Africa,
will eventually dwindle.” Fewer than 5% of young people
RJ Reynolds researcher, 1984 Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe think
in Bahamas, Barbados, Costa Rica,
boys who smoke have UNITED STATES
Indonesia, Malawi, Montserrat, OF AMERICA
more friends. C H I N A
The overwhelming majority of Poland, Russia, Singapore, Ukraine
smokers begin tobacco use before and Venezuela think girls who BAHAMAS
JORDAN
NEPAL
NORTHERN
smoke look more attractive. MEXICO CUBA MARIANA
they reach adulthood. Among JAMAICA
HAITI ANTIGUA & BARBUDA INDIA
ISLANDS
GRENADA BARBADOS
PALAU
nearly one-quarter smoked their COSTA RICA TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
GHANA
VENEZUELA GUYANA NIGERIA
SRI LANKA
first cigarette before they reached SURINAME
KENYA
SINGAPORE
the age of ten.
Several factors increase the risk COMOROS
I N D O N E S I A
MALAWI
of youth smoking. These include PERU Tobacco users
MADAGASCAR
BOLIVIA ZIMBABWE
tobacco industry advertising and of young people CHILE
MAURITIUS
Percentage of 13–15 year olds
promotion, easy access to tobacco who continue to using tobacco
smoke will die
SOUTH
products, and low prices. Peer URUGUAY AFRICA
2001 or latest available FIJI
to sÉ T rs ar hilip
OF AMERICA
Most teenage smokers are already .
n
tee eenage t to P Inc
C H I N A
addicted while in adolescence.
t n n i es
ort
a pa
Com
BAHAMAS JORDAN
NEPAL NORTHERN
imp
The younger a person begins to MEXICO
is 81
CUBA MARIANA
r r ISLANDS
Mo 19
HAITI
JAMAICA
smoke, the greater the risk of
lip
ANTIGUA & BARBUDA INDIA
Phi
MONSERRAT DOMINICA PHILIPPINES
eventually contracting smoking- COSTA RICA
GRENADA BARBADOS
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO PALAU
GHANA
VENEZUELA GUYANA NIGERIA
caused diseases such as cancer or SURINAME
SRI LANKA
islands. SOUTH
AFRICA
URUGUAY
GIRLS
FIJI
of children ARGENTINA
worldwide are
exposed to passive
smoking at home
28 29
Cigarette consumption CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
NORWAY
FINLAND
per person
1998 or latest available data
SWEDEN
ESTONIA
2,500 and above
“Short, snappy, easily attempted, easily RUSSIAN
completed or just as easily discarded DENMARK
FED. 1,500 – 2,499
UNITED
before completion – the cigarette is the KINGDOM
symbol of the machine age." IRELAND 500 – 1,499
NETH. BELARUS
New York Times, 1925 GERMANY POLAND
BELGIUM 1 – 499
CZECH UKRAINE
REPUBLIC SLOVAKIA
REP.
Global consumption of cigarettes SWITZ.
AUSTRIA HUNGARY MOLDOVA
RUSSIAN
no data
FRANCE SLOVENIA ROMANIA FEDERATION
has been rising steadily since C A N A D A CROATIA
SPAIN
introduced at the beginning of the
PORTUGAL
20th century. While consumption GREECE
KAZAKHSTAN
is levelling off and even
MOROCCO TUNISIA
UNITED STATES MALTA
decreasing in some countries, ALGERIA
UZBEKISTAN
KYRGYZSTAN
JAPAN
OF AMERICA AR AZER
worldwide more people are TURKEY
M TURKMEN
REP.
KOREA
smoking, and smokers are SYRIAN ARAB
AFGHANISTAN
C H I N A
TUNISIA REPUBLIC
ISRAEL ISL. REP.
smoking more cigarettes. MOROCCO WEST BANK
& GAZA
IRAQ IRAN China
JORDAN
The numbers of smokers will BAHAMAS LIBYAN KUWAIT PAKISTAN One in three
ALGERIA NEPAL
MEXICO
ARAB BAHRAIN cigarettes smoked
increase mainly due to expansion CUBA
JAMAHIRIYA EGYPT
in the world today are
DOMINICAN BANGLADESH
of the world’s population. By JAMAICA REPUBLIC SAUDI ARABIA
LAO
Hong Kong smoked in China.
BELIZE HAITI MAURITANIA
INDIA PDR
SAR
EL SALVADOR SENEGAL
2 billion people in the world. China NICARAGUA BARBADOS GAMBIA
BURKINA
CHAD SUDAN
PHILIPPINES
1,643 billion COSTA RICA TRINIDAD & TOBAGO GUINEA-BISSAU FASO
Even if prevalence rates fall, the VENEZUELA NIGERIA
GHANA
PANAMA GUYANA CÔTE
TOGO
SURINAME SIERRA LEONE D’IVOIRE ETHIOPIA MALDIVES SRI LANKA
absolute number of smokers will COLOMBIA CAMEROON
CAR
LIBERIA MALAYSIA
increase. The expected UGANDA
KENYA SINGAPORE
continuing decrease in male ECUADOR GABON
DEM. REP. R
CONGO CONGO B
smoking prevalence will be offset UNITED REP.
TANZANIA I N D O N E S I A
by the increase in female smoking BRAZIL ANGOLA India SOLOMON
ISLANDS
rates, especially in developing Top 5 countries PERU MALAWI
Seven bidis
ZAMBIA are sold for every one
countries. Billions of cigarettes consumed MADAGASCAR
cigarette.
ZIMBABWE
BOLIVIA MAURITIUS
The consumption of tobacco has 1998
reached the proportions of a CHILE PARAGUAY
MOZAMBIQUE
SAMOA
30 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 31
07/health Risks CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
90%
peripheral vascular disease
!"
• Buerger’s Disease
of all lung cancer
#
$
75%
of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
32 25%
of cases of ischaemic heart disease 33
08/ Passive smoking CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
EYES
the danger of passive smoking BRAIN
• Sting, water and blink more
• Possible association with brain tumours
came from Takeshi Hirayama’s
and long-term mental effects
study in 1981 on lung cancer in NOSE
non-smoking Japanese women
• Irritation
EYES
married to men who smoked.
!!" Secre • Sting, water and blink more
t pol
l for RESPIRATION AND LUNGS
Although the tobacco industry Tobac
co In the U
S • Lung cancer
stitu EARS
immediately launched a multi- te • Worsening of pre-existing
# • Middle ear infections
million dollar campaign to $ $
chest problems, such as
(chronic otitis media)
discredit the evidence, dozens of $
asthma, chronic obstructive
$
pulmonary disease
RESPIRATION AND LUNGS
further studies have confirmed
$
and emphysema
$ %
• Respiratory infections
the link. Research then broadened (including bronchitis and
HEART
into other areas and new scientific
&
$
• Harms, clogs weakens arteries
pneumonia)
evidence continues to accumulate. &
$
• Heart attack, angina
• Asthma induction
A complex mixture of chemicals
and exacerbation
• Chronic respiratory symptoms
is generated from the burning and
UTERUS
(wheezing, cough, breathlessness)
• Low birthweight or
smoking of tobacco. As a passive '
small for gestational age
• Decreased lung function
(
smoker, the non-smoker breathes )
• Cot death or Sudden Infant
!*+ Death Syndrome (SIDS)
HEART
“sidestream” smoke from the • Deleterious effects on oxygen,
burning tip of the cigarette and after birth
arteries
“mainstream” smoke that has been • Increased nicotine receptors
BURNS
inhaled and then exhaled by the • From fires caused by tobacco
BLOOD
smoker. • Possible association
The risk of lung cancer in non- with lymphoma
smokers exposed to passive Children exposed to passive smoking at home
smoking is increased by between BURNS
selected countries • From fires caused by tobacco
20 and 30 percent, and the excess 2001 or latest available data
risk of heart disease is 23 percent. 69% 68% 7% percentages ROLE MODEL
6
Children are at particular risk 63% • Greater likelihood of becoming
Numbers affected by passive smoking a smoker as a teenager
from adults’ smoking. Adverse 57% 5%
5
health effects include pneumonia 53% in the USA
49% % annual 1990s
and bronchitis, coughing and 46% 45.5
wheezing, worsening of asthma, Lung cancer 3,000
middle ear disease, and possibly 34% 34% Ischaemic heart disease 35,000 to 62,000
neuro-behavioural impairment 31% 9%
2
Infants and children
Russian Federation
Indonesia
Ukraine
Mexico
Nigeria
China
Cuba
Chile
India
Haiti
Peru
34 35
09/Deaths CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
9 Deaths
MEN
likely that deaths among women developing countries
will soon be the same. 0.3 million Deaths from tobacco use
While 0.1 billion people died Total deaths as percentage of total deaths
from tobacco use in the 20th Premature deaths among men and women over 35
century, ten times as many will from tobacco 2000 regional estimates
die in the 21st century. Maternal worldwide
over 25% 10% – 14%
2000
smoking during pregnancy is
20% – 24% 5% – 9%
responsible for many foetal deaths total deaths
and is also a major cause of 4.2 million 15% – 19% under 5%
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.
men Dying in your prime
Passive smoking in the home, 3.4 million more than 25% of
workplace, or in public places 35 – 69 year olds
also kills, although in lower women living above these lines
numbers. However, those killed 0.8 million will die from tobacco use
do not die from their own habit,
but from someone else’s.
Children are at particular risk of everyone alive today
from adults smoking, and even
smoking by other adults around
a pregnant woman has a harmful
effect on a foetus.
WOMEN
0.3
2000 to 0.2 2000
million 1975 2030 million
1950 negligible 1975
1950
industrialised countries developing countries
36 37
10/Costs to the Economy CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
6.16
welfare and health care spending, per year in the USA
Australia $6 billion
environmental costs ranging from
deforestation to collection of
smokers’ litter, absenteeism,
decreased productivity, higher
numbers of accidents and higher
insurance premiums.
New Zealand $84 million
Trash collected
Annual cost of loss
from time off work
in the USA $16.5 million
Telecom Australia
) %
43 states 1996
! employees
* $ &
cigarette butts
1994
20%
,
Cost of fires caused by smoking
+
" Australian $
$ - annual global estimates
#
. 2000 $5.5 million
'(
Wal
' !
l S • percentage of all fire deaths: 10%
tre
"
et
Jou • total killed by fires caused by smoking: 300,000
other &
" % '' rnal • total cost of fires caused by smoking: US$27 billion
80% (
40 41
tobacco alcohol
11 Cost to the smoker CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
NORWAY
FINLAND
Cost of a pack of 20 Marlboro cigarettes
or an equivalent international brand
SWEDEN
US$ selected countries 2001 or latest available data
RUSSIAN
The economic costs of smoking to FED. $5 and above
DENMARK
UNITED
smokers and their families include KINGDOM $4 – $4.99
IRELAND
money spent on buying tobacco, NETH. GERMANY POLAND
GLOBAL TOBACCO
$3 – $3.99
which could otherwise be used on BELGIUM
CZECH G O V E R N M E N T H E A LT H WA R N I N G : S M O K I N G C A N S E R I O U S LY D A M A G E Y O U R H E A LT H
food, clothing and shelter, family LUX. REPUBLIC UKRAINE REP. 20 imported
MOLDOVA $2 – $2.99
AUSTRIA HUNGARY
RUSSIAN
cigarettes costs
holidays or a car. FRANCE SWITZ. ROMANIA
more than half
C A N A D A CROATIA FEDERATION $1 – $1.99 GLOBAL TOBACCO
REPUBLIC
partner, children or elderly TUNISIA
ISRAEL JORDAN
ISL. REP.
MOROCCO
IRAN
parents can be left destitute. KUWAIT
PAKISTAN
GLOBAL TOBACCO
LIBYAN
MEXICO
Family members of smokers ARAB
JAMAHIRIYA
BAHRAIN G O V E R N M E N T H E A LT H WA R N I N G : S M O K I N G C A N S E R I O U S LY D A M A G E Y O U R H E A LT H
THAILAND PHILIPPINES
are sick, and time lost taking SENEGAL
G O V E R N M E N T H E A LT H WA R N I N G : S M O K I N G C A N S E R I O U S LY D A M A G E Y O U R H E A LT H
GLOBAL TOBACCO
G O V E R N M E N T H E A LT H WA R N I N G : S M O K I N G C A N S E R I O U S LY D A M A G E Y O U R H E A LT H
CAMBODIA
them to hospital. In some COSTA RICA
VENEZUELA
G O V E R N M E N T H E A LT H WA R N I N G : S M O K I N G C A N S E R I O U S LY D A M A G E Y O U R H E A LT H
GHANA
CÔTE NIGERIA
developing countries a hospital PANAMA
D’IVOIRE
BRUNEI DAR.
COLOMBIA SRI LANKA
visit can take days. CAMEROON
UGANDA
MALAYSIA
GLOBAL TOBACCO
PERU
increased wear and tear on their ZAMBIA
AUSTRALIA
158
URUGUAY
SOUTH
AFRICA
A hard day’s smoke
ARGENTINA
Minutes of labour worked international
brand NEW
to purchase 20 cigarettes 102 ZEALAND
2000 selected cities local brand 92
A pack of Marlboro or equivalent international brand will buy…
77
62 62 62
56 56
38 40
33
20 23 23 20 20 19 16
11
42 43
12/Growing Tobacco CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
NORWAY
FINLAND
Area in hectares
2000
SWEDEN 1,000 – 4,999
ESTONIA over 100,000
RUSSIAN
LATVIA
Tobacco is grown in over 125 UNITED DENMARK
FED.
10,000 – 99,999 under 1,000
LITHUANIA
countries, on over 4 million KINGDOM
IRELAND
BELARUS 5,000 – 9,999 no tobacco grown
hectares of land, a third of which NETH. GERMANY POLAND
BELGIUM
is in China alone. The global GREENLAND CZECH
REPUBLIC SLOVAKIA
UKRAINE
LUX.
tobacco crop is worth AUSTRIA HUNGARY
REP.
MOLDOVA tobacco is grown on more
FRANCE SWITZ. ROMANIA
approximately US$20 billion, a SLOVENIA RUSSIAN
C A N A D A CROATIA B-H FEDERATION
than one percent of
small fraction of the total amount YUGOSLAVIA
BULGARIA
agricultural land
ITALY
ALBANIA FYR
generated from the sale of SPAIN
MACEDONIA
PORTUGAL GREECE
manufactured tobacco products.
Tobacco is grown on less than KAZAKHSTAN
MONGOLIA
MOROCCO TUNISIA
one percent of the world’s UNITED STATES
MALTA
UZBEKISTAN DPR
ALGERIA KYRGYZSTAN KOREA
agricultural land, and on a wide OF AMERICA GEO JAPAN
AR AZER
M TURKMEN
TURKEY TAJ
variety of soils and climates. Since REP.
KOREA
TUNISIA
the 1960s, the bulk of production BERMUDA IRAQ
ISL. REP.
AFGHANISTAN
C H I N A
MOROCCO see inset IRAN
has moved from the Americas to KUWAIT PAKISTAN BHUTAN
BAHAMAS LIBYAN
ALGERIA NEPAL
Africa and Asia: land devoted to MEXICO TURKS & CAICOS
ARAB
JAMAHIRIYA
BAHRAIN
QATAR
WESTERN SAHARA EGYPT UAE
tobacco growing has been halved CUBA
JAMAICA
DOMINICAN REP.
PUERTO RICO SAUDI ARABIA
BANGLADESH
MYANMAR
Hong Kong
ANGUILLA INDIA LAO SAR
in the USA, Canada and Mexico, BELIZE
HONDURAS
HAITI
ST KITTS & ANTIGUA & BARBUDA
MAURITANIA
MALI
OMAN PDR VIET NAM
GUATEMALA NEVIS DOMINICA CAPE VERDE NIGER THAILAND
but has almost doubled in China, EL SALVADOR
NICARAGUA
ST VINCENT & GRENAD. ST LUCIA
SENEGAL
GAMBIA CHAD SUDAN
ERITREA YEMEN
GRENADA BARBADOS BURKINA CAMBODIA PHILIPPINES
Malawi and United Republic of
GUINEA-BISSAU FASO DJIBOUTI
COSTA RICA TRINIDAD & TOBAGO NIGERIA
BENIN
VENEZUELA GUINEA
GHANA
TOGO
GUYANA CÔTE
LIA
PANAMA
Tanzania. SRI LANKA PALAU
SURINAME SIERRA LEONE ETHIOPIA
MA
D’IVOIRE MALDIVES
CAR
SO
FRENCH GUIANA (Fr) BRUNEI DAR.
COLOMBIA
The production of tobacco
CAMEROON MICRONESIA,
LIBERIA UGANDA MALAYSIA FED. STATES OF
EQUATORIAL
GUINEA
leaves has more than doubled
KENYA CYPRUS SINGAPORE
SYRIAN ARAB
ECUADOR SAO TOME
GABON
DEM. REP. R SEYCHELLES REPUBLIC
LEBANON
since the 1960s, totalling nearly
& PRINCIPE CONGO CONGO IRAQ
B
UNITED REP. ISRAEL
JORDAN PAPUA
TANZANIA
7 million metric tons in 2000. I N D O N E S I A NEW
SOLOMON
BRAZIL ANGOLA
WEST BANK GUINEA ISLANDS
COMOROS
The greater use of fertilisers and & GAZA
MALAWI
PERU EGYPT
pesticides, as well as the increased 2,661
ZAMBIA MADAGASCAR SAUDI ARABIA
REUNION
MOZAMBIQUE
environmentally damaging. The S
ISLANDS TOKELAU
AUSTRALIA
problem does not end with SOUTH L
NAURU
SAMOA
AMERICAN
SAMOA
AFRICA
URUGUAY WALLIS AND
growing tobacco: the processes FUTUNA ISLANDS (Fr)
COOK
FIJI NIUE
used in curing tobacco leaves ARGENTINA VANUATU
TONGA
cause massive deforestation. 45%
There are millions of tobacco
41%
NEW
contributing to their debt burden, 16% 18% 19% Leading producers of tobacco leaves
while using their economic plight
lic
Repub
an
China
adesh
568
Pakist
lic of
i
Jorda
Malaw
ay
Urugu
Repub
46 47
MANUFACTURING TOBACCO CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
TUNISIA
CYPRUS
spent on tobacco itself. More is ISRAEL
LEBANON
IRAQ ISL. REP.
MOROCCO
IRAN
spent on paper, filters, and JORDAN
PAKISTAN
LIBYAN
ALGERIA NEPAL
packaging than on tobacco. MEXICO CUBA ARAB
JAMAHIRIYA
EGYPT
Nearly 2 million people are JAMAICA
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
BANGLADESH
MYANMAR
Hong Kong SAR
Macau
INDIA LAO SAR
employed in the manufacture of BELIZE HAITI PDR
GUATEMALA CAPE VERDE THAILAND PHILIPPINES
tobacco products, two-thirds of NETH. ANTILLES ST VINCENT & GRENADINES SENEGAL
GAMBIA SUDAN
YEMEN
GRENADA BARBADOS BURKINA CAMBODIA
whom are working in China, COSTA RICA TRINIDAD & TOBAGO FASO
VENEZUELA
GHANA
India and Indonesia. Job losses
PANAMA GUYANA
SURINAME SIERRA LEONE
CÔTE
ETHIOPIA India:
D’IVOIRE SRI LANKA
COLOMBIA
6 million children,
which would result from a LIBERIA
CAMEROON
UGANDA SOMALIA ages 4 to 14, MALAYSIA
less tobacco to be used in each Where the tobacco dollar goes 2.28 Less tobacco per cigarette
cigarette. Today’s cigarettes are ADDITIVES
For every dollar spent on tobacco in the USA… estimated lbs of leaf used NEW
2.05 Selected additives and effects ZEALAND
highly engineered, exquisitely per 1,000 cigarettes
21¢ is for wholesale, retail & transport
designed “nicotine delivery 1.81 in the USA Ammonia changes pH and may
1960–1999 increase nicotine absorption
devices”.
7¢ is for non-tobacco materials
Besides using less tobacco per Because of the Sweeteners make more palatable
4¢ is for the tobacco itself
cigarette, the composition of the use of additives Eugenol and numb throat and
and other 1.15 Menthol facilitate inhalation
cigarette is also changing.
11¢ is for federal tax
NORWAY
FINLAND
SWEDEN ESTONIA
British American
RUSSIAN
Tobacco LATVIA
Philip Morris is the world’s UNITED DENMARK LITHUANIA
FED.
PORTUGAL
cigarettes worldwide and has the GREECE
KAZAKHSTAN
largest network in the most
TUNISIA
Japan Tobacco
countries. Philip Morris MOROCCO
International
UZBEKISTAN DPR
ALGERIA
The tobacco industry is a UNITED STATES KOREA JAPAN
OF AMERICA
TURKEY REP.
mixture of some of the most KOREA
CYPRUS LEBANON
powerful transnational Philip Morris TUNISIA
ISRAEL IRAQ ISL. REP.
C H I N A
$47.1 billion
MOROCCO
IRAN R J Reynolds
commercial companies in the JORDAN
PAKISTAN
LIBYAN BAHRAIN
ALGERIA
world. Tobacco companies, MEXICO
ARAB
JAMAHIRIYA EGYPT UAE
which frequently merge, own CUBA
JAMAICA
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC SAUDI ARABIA BANGLADESH
MYANMAR
Hong Kong SAR
INDIA
other huge industries and run an HONDURAS
OMAN VIET NAM
GUATEMALA THAILAND PHILIPPINES
intricate variety of joint ventures. EL SALVADOR
NICARAGUA BARBADOS
State tobacco monopolies have COSTA RICA TRINIDAD &
TOBAGO
VENEZUELA
GHANA
PANAMA NIGERIA
been in decline since the 1980s. GUYANA
SURINAME
SIERRA LEONE
SRI LANKA
COLOMBIA
About 7,000 medium to large CAMEROON
MALAYSIA
ÒWe see the new
UGANDA
Cigarette exports
15 Tobacco Trade million of cigarettes 2000
Cigarette imports
over 100,000 1,000 – 4,999 below 100 Top 10
cigarette importing countries
343
Tobacco trade is big business, for Manufactured cigarettes are also 10,000 – 99,999 100 – 999 no data 2000 numbers of cigarettes
both the raw material (tobacco traded globally. Again, the USA is
leaves) and the finished product the largest exporter of 5,000 – 9,999
(manufactured cigarettes). manufactured cigarettes,
Brazil is the largest exporter of accounting for nearly 20 percent 33.6bn
IRELAND
45bn DENMARK
Top 10 tobacco leaf, and the Russian of the world total. Japan is the UNITED
KINGDOM NETH. NORWAY
Leaf exporters Federation and the USA are the largest importer of cigarettes. BELGIUM
GERMANY CZECH RUSSIAN
CANADA
191
that grow tobacco, such as the reports, 846 billion cigarettes CROATIA
POLAND 20bn
ITALY SLOVAKIA KAZAKHSTAN
USA, also import foreign tobacco were exported, but only SPAIN
132
129
U S A MOLDOVA
as well as exporting their own 619 billion were reported to be ALB
YUG BUL
AZERBAIJAN
UZBEKISTAN
JAPAN
101
TURKEY
Argentina 73
REP.
94
MALTA
USA exports approximately the provide a sense of the size of the JORDAN
PAKISTAN
C H I N A
EGYPT
Greece
MEXICO
Turkey
CUBA
India
DOMINICAN
Italy
USA
CÔTE d’
more expensive than tobacco increasing from virtually no COLOMBIA
SIERRA LEONE IVOIRE
SRI LANKA
CAMEROON MALAYSIA
from other countries, the value of exports in 1980 to over ECUADOR KENYA SINGAPORE
CONGO
US tobacco leaf exports are about 20 billion cigarettes exported in UNITED REP. 49.3bn INDONESIA
TANZANIA
BRAZIL
double that of the same quantity 2001, worth about US$320
99
MALAWI
of imports. million. In 2005 the value of ZIMBABWE
129
SAMOA
REUNION
China’s export trade in cigarettes PARAGUAY
Top 10 AUSTRALIA
190
AFRICA
URUGUAY
thousand metric tons million.
241
ARGENTINA
1999 ssia
u
to R
263
NEW ZEALAND
to Denm
7,111 ark
an ermany
CANADA
to Netherlan 28,868 CANADA Jap to G
7,138 8,946 ds RUSSIAN to 5,134 ep. 4,681
1,130
FEDERATION eaR
9,252 r
Ko
an
y 873
man
UNITED
ium
Ger to Belg to
Ja p KINGDOM
NETHERLANDS DENMARK
to to Belgium
t 6,691 1,232 GERMANY
o
GERMANY
10,520 BELGIUM BELGIUM
U S A 77,133 SWITZERLAND
39,039 to Italy ITALY JAPAN USA SPAIN AND
7,181 TURKEY C H I N A 2,121 LIECHTENSTEIN REP.
CYPRUS KOREA
JAPAN
C hina to Cyprus LEBANON
from Turkey from 7,093 3,880 ISRAEL
an
876 ap
7,113
34,217 6,995
r ael from J
to Is
y
SAUDI
rk e
to 4,227 ARABIA
sia
one
from
DOMINICAN 4,437
sia Ind
Tu
M In ia fro
ra b
A
from
ala iA
rgen
m
wi 12,218 S a ud 743
fro
7,696 10,637 to
Tobacco leaves Cigarettes re
tina
Brazil
apo
metric tons 2000 metric tons 2000 t o Sing SINGAPORE
INDONESIA
3,388
BRAZIL I N D O N E S I A
MALAWI
total imported: 196, 597 total imported: 15,274
total exported: 182, 519 total exported: 148,533
52,786 13,743
13,997
US imports US imports
ARGENTINA
US exports US exports
Smuggled cigarettes
16 Smuggling Estimated smuggled cigarettes as percentage of
domestic sales 1995
SWEDEN 30% or more
ESTONIA
“…price is only one of many factors that RUSSIAN recent or current
LATVIA 20% – 29%
FED.
influence smuggling rates. Other more UNITED
smuggling routes
LITHUANIA
important factors include: the tobacco KINGDOM where known
industry’s own role in facilitating IRELAND NETH. 10% – 19%
BELARUS
smuggling; the lack of appropriate GERMANY POLAND
controls on tobacco products in BELGIUM
CZECH
5% – 9%
UKRAINE
international trade; and the existence of LUX. REPUBLIC SLOVAKIA
RUSSIAN
entrenched smuggling networks, FRANCE
AUSTRIA HUNGARY FEDERATION 1% – 4%
unlicensed distribution, lax anti- ROMANIA
smuggling laws, weak enforcement and C A N A D A
official corruption.” WHO, 2000 YUGOSLAVIA BULGARIA
no data
ITALY
Andorra ALBANIA
SPAIN
Between 300 and 400 billion Montréal GREECE
KAZAKHSTAN
cigarettes were smuggled in Vladivostok
$1.8 billion
Port Said IRAN
product. They are smuggled LIBYAN Dubai
PAKISTAN NEPAL BHUTAN
ARAB
across almost every national JAMAHIRIYA EGYPT UAE
in revenue each year from
BANGLADESH
Hong Kong cigarette smuggling
border by constantly changing ST. MAARTEN
INDIA
MYANMAR
LAO SAR
PDR
routes. Aruba
NIGER
CHAD
THAILAND VIET NAM
Maradi SUDAN
Cigarette smuggling causes BURKINA FASO
CAMBODIA PHILIPPINES
SINGAPORE
conscious young people in ECUADOR
EQUATORIAL
GUINEA
1
2001-02
Some governments are now Encarnation
global total
2000-01 318 billion
the companies. Measures needed Western Europe Asia-Pacific
to control smuggling should 50 billion 85 billion
include monitoring cigarette
routes, using technologically
sophisticated tax-paid markings 2001-02
2000-01 22%
2002-03 Lost revenue
on tobacco products, printing 21% 21% 2003-04
20% Tax revenue lost for each lorry load
unique serial numbers on all 1999-2000 smuggled into the European Union
Projected share
packages of tobacco 18%
if new measures are taken US$ 1997
products, and and duty increased by 5%
Meat / butter
increasing penalties. Live animals Milk powder $54,000
1998-99 $24,000 $36,000
12% Alcohol Cigarettes
$480,000 $1,200,000
Tackling tobacco smuggling
1997-98 Cigarettes smuggled into the UK
1996-97 6% as percentage of market share
54 4% 1996 – 2004 projected 55
17/ Tobacco industry promotion CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
NORWAY
FINLAND
1999 or latest available data
LEBANON
MOROCCO Time
C H I N A
Red & White
advertising and sponsorship, and Casa Sports
ISRAEL
KUWAIT PAKISTAN
when cigarette sales are falling. MEXICO CUBA Cleopatra BAHRAIN
QATAR
Nacional
EGYPT UAE
Annual marketing expenditure is JAMAICA
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC SAUDI ARABIA
BANGLADESH Hong Kong
PUERTO RICO INDIA VIET NAM SAR
over $200 per smoker, and over Rubios HONDURAS Craven “A”
OMAN
Wills Gold Flake
46 cents for every pack sold.
GUATEMALA
EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA Embassy
THAILAND Vinataba
Hope
Viceroy BARBADOS PHILIPPINES
Promotional allowances, that is COSTA RICA TRINIDAD & TOBAGO Three Rings Krong Thip
VENEZUELA
GHANA
PANAMA GUYANA NIGERIA
payments made to retailers to SIERRA LEONE
Tresor SRI LANKA
Dunhill
COLOMBIA
facilitate sales, account for 41 Diplomat
CAMEROON
UGANDA MALAYSIA
)
Madison
ris
or
developed world. Cigarette ZIMBABWE
M
BOLIVIA MAURITIUS
lip
advertising on television and radio
hi
(P
CHILE Longbeach
o
is common, and a variety of other
or
Peter Stuyvesant
lb
FIJI
AUSTRALIA
ar
venues are exploited. These
M
SOUTH
AFRICA
include sports, arts, pop, fashion
and street events, adventure ARGENTINA 350
billion
tours, contests, give-aways and Holiday
y)
How the marketing $9,575m
Changes in cigarette marketing
ol
the internet.
op
NEW
M n
na a
on
dollar is spent in the USA
hi s h
There are also the hidden expenditure in the USA 1970-99 ZEALAND
(C g t a
2000
n
Ho
advertisements such as the US$ million cigarette consumption per person
y)
placement of cigarette smoking
)
co
ol
advertising on public transport 4
op
ac
speciality item distribution 265
on
and tobacco products in films. In
To
233
special offers and gifts 3,516
M
direct mail advertising 93
point of sale advertising 347
y)
n
$4,895m
newspaper advertising 52
y)
billion
na
pa
ol
addition there is sponsorship of
ol
op
hi
(Ja
magazine advertising 295
op
internet advertising 0.95
(C
on
on
n
4,095
a
$3,992m
ve
3,969
M
universities, good-will donations 3,858
in
M
Se
outdoor advertising 9
na
Ch
)
na
sta
3,400
hi
ild
hi
d
for community events, and
(C
m
Re
(C
M
ee
2,827
he
ish
sports 128
(R
free samples 22
ng
Ba
a
im
Ho
coupons 705
1,975
Pr
products bearing the cigarette 130 130
$1,242m
name. Such marketing is seen billion billion
$491m 110
throughout both the developed $361m billion 103 100
billion billion
and the developing world. 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 World’s most popular brands
1999
58 59
18 INTERNET SALES CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
18
BUY CHEAP SPECIALS DISCOUNT CIGARS BIDIS PREMIUM TOBACCO
Internet Sales DUTY
G O V E R N M E N T H E A LT H WA R N IN G : S M O K I N G C A N S E R I O U S LY D A M A G E Y O U R H E A LT H
G O V E R N M E N T H E A LT H WA R N IN G : S M O K I N G C A N S E R IO U S LY D A M A G E Y O U R H E A LTH
FREE
G O V E R N M E N T H E A LT H WA R N I N G: S M O K I N G C A N S E R IO U S LY D A M A G E Y O U R H E A LT H
G O V E R N M E N T H E A LT H WA R N IN G : S M O K IN G C A N S E R IO U S LY D A M A G E Y O U R H E A LT H
G O V E R N M E N T H E A LT H WA R N IN G : S M O K I N G C A N S E R IO U S LY D A M A G E Y O U R H E A LT H
G O V E R N M E N T H E A LT H WA R N IN G : S M O K IN G C A N S E R I O U S LY D A M A G E Y O U R H E A LT H
G O V E R N M E NT H E A LT H WA R N IN G : S M O K IN G C A N S E R I O U S LY D A M A G E Y O U R H E A LT H
G O V E R N M E N T H E A LT H WA R N IN G : S M O K IN G C A N S E R IO U S LY D A M A G E Y O U R H E A LT H
G O V E R N M E N T H E A LT H WA R N I N G : S M O K I N G C A N S E R IO U S LY D A M A G E Y O U R H E A LT H
SELLERS
Cigarettes, the internet was made for you.”
David Streitfeld, Washington Post, 2000
INTERNET CIGARETTE SEARCH Google, 2002
WORLDWIDE
Cigarette vendors are very easy to
locate online by the simplest Test ordering from 1 2 websites
search mechanisms. which claim to offer low price cigarettes
This mode of purchase to the UK market 2001 Search term Results found
translates into global penetration
BUYERS
of tobacco products, discount cigarette 9 , 070
unprecedented access of 3 sites sent cigarettes
WORLDWIDE
cigarettes to minors, cheap cheap cigarette 5,510
cigarettes through tax avoidance 1 site charged but did not send cigarettes
and smuggling, and unfettered tax free cigarette 1,540
advertising, marketing and 8 sites took no money and sent no cigarettes
promotion. mail order cigarette 374
It is often impossible to identify
the country of origin of such Prices quoted for 200 cigarettes £10 – £27
vendors. The majority appear to
be in Europe and the USA, but Retail price in UK £38.60
countries as varied as Cyprus and
Panama also offer internet sales. Price in UK if intercepted by Customs £38.15 INTERNET CIGARETTE VENDORS, USA 2000
Strangely, some vendors take
credit card details from
prospective purchasers but then
neither charge nor dispatch any “Wow!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
cigarettes. What a great internet cigarette vendor sites 88
The internet is also used by “Most sites offering “Philip Morris admits website for cigs. I
tobacco interests to undertake can’t believe I have sites with Surgeon-General’s warning 24%
cheap cigarettes are a rip being behind Wavesnet
sophisticated public relations, to been looking all
off. All cigarettes bought website, an internet sites selling bidis 8%
denigrate pro-health organisations over the web for
and individuals, to undermine the
via the Internet must company set up to run
bear UK taxes. There are fashion parades and rave cheap cigs and here sites with special promotions 33%
science of tobacco, and to attack
no allowances or loopholes. parties where cigarettes you were all the
tobacco control legislation (see
Cigarettes bought from are sold at a discount.” time..........with a sites with age warning 81%
map 20). Legislation has not yet
caught up with this new threat to sites that do not arrange complete list of
health. payment of UK taxes are Australian Associated companies. Thanks types of age verification required:
Sales of cigarettes and other liable to forfeiture. In Press, 2000 a lot!”
forms of tobacco over the the last year Customs
customer self-reporting they are over 18 49%
internet started in earnest in the have destroyed over 10
mid-1990s, and are predicted to typing in a birth date 15%
million such cigarettes.”
rise in future.
entering driving license information 9%
HM Customs and Excise, UK User comment posted on
2000 discount cigarette site, 2002 US teenagers with internet access over 50%
60 61
19 Politics CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
Lorillard-Loews $2.6m
RJ Reynolds $4.7m
INFOTAB,
(tobacco industry
“What are we trying to accomplish? pressure group), 1988
“Unless countervailing Prevent further deterioration of overall
steps are taken (such as lobbying), social, legislative and regulatory climate,
Total: $35.5 million and ultimately, actually improve the
public decision-making will march
with public opinion.” climate for the marketing and use of
RJ Reynolds, 1978 tobacco products.”
Philip Morris, 1990
62 63
20 smokers rights CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
Organisations Norway
• Roykringen
FOREST: Freedom Organisation for the Right
to Enjoy Smoking Tobacco
France FRANCE
• Association SWITZERLAND
du Calumet de
UNITED STATES la Paix ITALY
OF AMERICA USA
• FORCES International
• American Smokers
SPAIN
GREECE
Greece
Alliance
Spain
• Club de • Eleftheria
• National Smokers
Alliance
Fumadores por
la Tolerancia Switzerland
Italy ) + !
• FORCES Italiana
• Tobacco • Associazione
Friends Club Italiana Fumatori
!
• Federazione
Tabaccai
-
"
#$ # %&'(
The tobacco industry has long company funding. In a 1988
/
appreciated the importance and document, the head of Philip
difficulty of mobilising smokers to Morris said, “Should we strive to -
speak out on behalf of smokers’ set up FOREST type
"
rights. Consequently the tobacco organisations throughout our
+ %&&.
companies have investigated ways regions?”.
that they could “stimulate” the At the request of Philip Morris
development of groups of the public relations firm of
64 65
21 tobacco Industry documents CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
Legacy website
21 Tobacco Industry Documents ICELAND Guildford:
British American
FINLAND
Number of documents relating to each country found
on the Legacy website of tobacco industry documents 2002
Tobacco NORWAY
SWEDEN
ESTONIA
The higher the figure, the more important the country is
LATVIA
RUSSIAN to the industry.
“On May 12, 1994, an unsolicited box FED.
DENMARK
of what appeared to be tobacco company LITHUANIA 5,000 and above
documents was delivered to Professor
IRELAND UNITED
Stanton Glantz…The documents in the box BELARUS
dated from the early 1950’s to the early
KINGDOM NETH. GERMANY POLAND 1,000 – 4,999
BELGIUM
1980’s. They consisted primarily of CZECH UKRAINE
REPUBLIC SLOVAKIA
confidential internal memoranda related LUX.
REP.
500 – 999
HUNGARY
to B&W and BAT. Many of the documents FRANCE SWITZ.
AUSTRIA MOLDOVA
SLOVENIA ROMANIA RUSSIAN
contained internal discussions of the CROATIA 100 – 499
C A N A D A B-H FEDERATION
tobacco industry’s public relations and SAN MARINO
BULGARIA
SPAIN YUGOSLAVIA
legal strategies over the years, and they MONACO ITALY FYR MACEDONIA under 100
ANDORRA ALBANIA
were often labelled “confidential” or
’privileged.’ The return address on the box PORTUGAL no
data orother countries
GREECE
was simply ‘Mr Butts’.”
KAZAKHSTAN
TUNISIA
AFGHANISTAN
Lorillard see inset IRAQ ISL. REP.
"
industry documents. Public The Tobacco Institute MOROCCO IRAN
release of these documents clearly The Council for Tobacco Research LIBYAN KUWAIT PAKISTAN BHUTAN
ALGERIA NEPAL
BAHAMAS ARAB BAHRAIN
MEXICO
illustrated their power in JAMAHIRIYA
EGYPT
QATAR
UAE
CUBA DOMINICAN
BANGLADESH
exposing tobacco industry JAMAICA
BELIZE
REPUBLIC
PUERTO RICO
SAUDI ARABIA
INDIA
MYANMAR LAO
HAITI ANTIGUA & BARBUDA OMAN PDR VIET NAM
ST KITTS &
corporate behaviour, and they GUATEMALA
HONDURAS
NEVIS DOMINICA CAPE VERDE
MALI NIGER THAILAND
EL SALVADOR SENEGAL ERITREA YEMEN
ST LUCIA
profoundly influenced public NICARAGUA ST VINCENT & GRENADINES
GRENADA BARBADOS
GAMBIA
BURKINA
CHAD SUDAN
CAMBODIA PHILIPPINES
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO GUINEA-BISSAU FASO DJIBOUTI
NIGERIA
opinion. COSTA RICA
BENIN
VENEZUELA GUINEA
GHANA
TOGO
PANAMA GUYANA CÔTE
ETHIOPIA PALAU
SURINAME SIERRA LEONE D’IVOIRE MALDIVES SRI LANKA
Following the release of the COLOMBIA CAMEROON
CAR
BRUNEI DAR.
MICRONESIA,
LIBERIA SOMALIA MALAYSIA
BAT documents and as a result of EQUATORIAL UGANDA FED. STATES OF
million
GUINEA KENYA SYRIAN ARAB
CYPRUS REPUBLIC SINGAPORE
litigation and legal settlement ECUADOR
SAO TOME
GABON
R SEYCHELLES LEBANON
& PRINCIPE B IRAQ
ISRAEL
agreements in the USA,
pages
UNITED REP. PAPUA
WEST BANK JORDAN
TANZANIA I N D O N E S I A NEW
AND GAZA
documents introduced through BRAZIL
COMOROS
GUINEA SOLOMON
ISLANDS
documents are
PARAGUAY
depositories in Minneapolis, USA CHILE TOKELAU
TUVALU
and Guildford, UK. now in the public SOUTH
S AUSTRALIA NAURU
SAMOA
domain
L
As a result of the 1998 Master URUGUAY
AFRICA
VANUATU
COOK
FIJI NIUE
Settlement Agreement between
ARGENTINA TONGA
46 states and the tobacco
industry, the documents of the
NEW
Minnesota Depository are to be
7
ZEALAND
Tobacco Control
Current foundation grant recipients selected countries
RUSSIAN
Basic scientific epidemiological (BMJ) FED.
LITHUANIA
International Development Research Centre –
UNITED
research over the last 50 years has European Union:
KINGDOM
Research for International Tobacco Control
In addition to subsidising the
proved the harmfulness of growing of tobacco, the EU GERMANY
POLAND United Nations Foundation
also invests a small, but HQ BELGIUM
tobacco. growing proportion of money EU Community Fund
UKRAINE
in tobacco control and for Research Rockefeller Foundation
Reducing tobacco use requires alternative crops. and Information REP.
knowing what works, and on Tobacco MOLDOVA RUSSIAN
FEDERATION
Fogarty International Center
applying this information C A N A D A
TUNISIA
development agencies and C H I N A
MOROCCO
foundations, tobacco control KUWAIT PAKISTAN
BAHAMAS NEPAL
research in the developing world MEXICO
DOMINICAN
BAHRAIN
Macau SAR
REPUBLIC
UAE
is also beginning to flourish. CUBA
JAMAICA SAUDI ARABIA
Hong Kong SAR
GHANA
GUYANA
recurring research themes for SURINAME SRI LANKA PALAU
COLOMBIA
developing countries, including TURKEY MALAYSIA
MICRONESIA,
FED. STATES OF
a
n
s
ke
is
es
e
er
DS
as ula
er
m
sio
us
os
et
ro
nc
th
AI
ul
se asc
en
ab
o
St
ei
Ca
As
cc
rc
rt
zh
e
Di
v
ba
be
io
pe
Al
rd
Tu
To
Hy
di
70 71
Ca
23 Tobacco control organisations CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
SPAIN
in public or office buildings,
PORTUGAL
restaurants or public transport. GREECE
CYPRUS LEB
smoking bans are likely to TUNISIA
ISRAEL
IRAQ
MOROCCO
1729 Bhutan
consume fewer cigarettes per KUWAIT BHUTAN First documented
NEPAL
day, are more likely to consider MEXICO
98%
legislation
EGYPT
quitting, and quit at a greater CUBA BANGLADESH bans tobacco use in
BELIZE MALI
LAO
all religious places,
rate, than smokers employed in GUATEMALA
HONDURAS DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC INDIA
PDR
THAILAND which is still observed
EL SALVADOR
workplaces with no or weaker GRENADA
BARBADOS
85% SUDAN
CAMBODIA today.
PHILIPPINES
policies. COSTA RICA TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
BENIN
PANAMA VENEZUELA
NIGERIA
A total ban works better than SRI LANKA
MICRONESIA,
a partial ban. Most airlines are UGANDA MALAYSIA FED. STATES OF
d
trend is towards a safer, cleaner anne
re b es,
UNITED REP. 1970 Singapore
w e TANZANIA The cost of workplace smoking
ing rkplac rage
indoor environment in the home Smoking banned in buses, SOLOMON
smok
BRAZIL Euros 2000 ISLANDS
o e cinemas, theatres
and in public and work places. ÒIf n all w ryÕs av uld and other specified
i s t w o PERU
indu
ZAMBIA a company has 10,000 employees
ion he buildings.
the onsumpt É and t uld of which 3,000 smoke
c ine e wo is each smoker smokes 6 cigarettes per day at work
decl ing rat rly, it
BOTSWANA
CHILE a cigarette break lasts 5 minutes KIRIBATI
t a r
quit seÉ Cle tant fo o
each smoker wastes 30 minutes every working day TOKELAU
PM t t acco in the
the 3,000 smokers cost the company FIJI NIUE
ip M
Phil
First quarter sales before and after
smoking bans in restaurants and bars smoking smoking 2001
serving food and alcohol banned banned $2.3bn 2000
California 1992-2001 in restaurants in bars
US$ billions
2.8 $2.1bn
2.2 1999
$2.0bn $2.0bn
0.9 $1.8bn $1.8bn $1.8bn $1.8bn
0.7 Polluted spaces 1998
0.0 Nicotine concentration in public places 1996 1997
restaurants secondary household large underground medical hospitals household Barcelona, Spain 2000
school smokers stores subway stations school non-smoking micrograms per cubic metre 1992 1993 1994 1995
74 75
25 Advertising Bans CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
NORWAY FINLAND
2.0%
SWEDEN p.a.
The tobacco industry denies that
advertising plays a role in DENMARK anti-tobacco
UNITED
encouraging people to smoke or KINGDOM advertising messages
IRELAND 15% of total tobacco
increasing the amount smoked, NETH. GERMANY
advertising messages
BELGIUM
but the research suggests
LUX. 6.3%
otherwise. As governments AUSTRIA
FRANCE SWITZ. Percentage reduction
acknowledge the harm caused by comprehensive set in smoking
C A N A D A ITALY
tobacco and the need to of advertising bans 2000
discourage its use, restrictions SPAIN ALBANIA
TUNISIA
the restriction. Because of the MOROCCO ISRAEL IRAQ ISL. REP.
IRAN
shift of marketing dollars from PAKISTAN
ALGERIA NEPAL
one medium to another, the MEXICO
JORDAN
EGYPT
evidence suggests that JAMAICA
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC SAUDI ARABIA
BANGLADESH
MYANMAR
INDIA LAO
comprehensive bans on all forms GUATEMALA
HONDURAS
PDR VIET NAM
NIGER THAILAND PHILIPPINES
of tobacco promotion can be EL SALVADOR
NICARAGUA
SENEGAL
SUDAN
YEMEN
CAMBODIA
effective in reducing tobacco use, COSTA RICA TRINIDAD & TOBAGO NIGERIA
BENIN
VENEZUELA
GHANA
TOGO
PANAMA CÔTE
while partial restrictions have SIERRA LEONE D’IVOIRE ETHIOPIA SRI LANKA
COLOMBIA
limited or no effect. CAMEROON
UGANDA MALAYSIA
Health warnings
26 Legislation: Health Warnings ICELAND
NORWAY
FINLAND
health warnings on packs of cigarettes
SWEDEN
required by law
ESTONIA
LATVIA
RUSSIAN no health warnings required
“Plain packaging is important because it FED.
DENMARK
eliminates the positive imagery associated UNITED LITHUANIA
public support for visible
KINGDOM
with the brand and potentially disrupts
the process of smoking initiation whereby IRELAND
BELARUS
health warning messages
NETH. POLAND
child smokers become brand loyal.” GERMANY 2001 percentages
BELGIUM
Rob Cunnigham and GREENLAND CZECH
REPUBLIC SLOVAKIA
UKRAINE in selected countries
LUX. 88%
Ken Kyle, 1995 REP.
AUSTRIA HUNGARY MOLDOVA
FRANCE SWITZ. SLOVENIA ROMANIA
Health warnings about tobacco C A N A D A SAN MARINO CROATIA B-H RUSSIAN FEDERATION
YUGOSLAVIA BULGARIA
have been in existence for four ANDORRA
MONACO ITALY
ALBANIA
FYR
SPAIN MACEDONIA
hundred years, starting with King PORTUGAL
GREECE
James I in England and Fang Yizhi KAZAKHSTAN
78%
in China, both in the 17th century MOROCCO TUNISIA MALTA
MONGOLIA
TUNISIA
CYPRUS AFGHANISTAN
LEB IRAQ ISL. REP.
following scientific reports on the BERMUDA
MOROCCO
ISRAEL
WEST BANK IRAN
JORDAN
hazards of smoking in the USA BAHAMAS ALGERIA LIBYAN
& GAZA KUWAIT PAKISTAN NEPAL
BHUTAN
ARAB BAHRAIN
MEXICO
and the UK. These early warnings DOMINICAN WESTERN SAHARA
JAMAHIRIYA
EGYPT
QATAR
UAE 98%
CUBA REPUBLIC BANGLADESH Hong Kong
were weak and inconspicuous. JAMAICA
BELIZE
ANGUILLA MALI
SAUDI ARABIA MYANMAR LAO SAR
HAITI ANTIGUA & BARBUDA MAURITANIA NIGER OMAN PDR VIET NAM
ST KITTS &
Contemporary Canadian warnings GUATEMALA
HONDURAS
NEVIS DOMINICA CAPE VERDE
INDIA
THAILAND PHILIPPINES
EL SALVADOR ST LUCIA
SENEGAL 83% ERITREA YEMEN
are the most vivid in the world NICARAGUA ST VINCENT & GRENADINES
GRENADA BARBADOS GAMBIA
BURKINA
CHAD SUDAN
CAMBODIA
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO GUINEA-BISSAU FASO DJIBOUTI
and are serving as the model for COSTA RICA
BENIN
VENEZUELA GUINEA
GHANA
TOGO
PANAMA GUYANA CÔTE
LIA
NIGERIA ETHIOPIA PALAU
SURINAME SIERRA LEONE
MA
D’IVOIRE MALDIVES SRI LANKA
other countries, such as Brazil. FRENCH GUIANA (Fr) CAR
SO
BRUNEI DAR.
COLOMBIA CAMEROON MICRONESIA,
LIBERIA MALAYSIA
While many countries have some EQUATORIAL
GUINEA
UGANDA
KENYA
FED. STATES OF
SINGAPORE
type of health warning on the ECUADOR SAO TOME
GABON
DEM. REP. R SEYCHELLES
& PRINCIPE CONGO CONGO B
pack, these are not universal and UNITED REP.
I N D O N E S I A
PAPUA
TANZANIA NEW
many that do exist are not as BRAZIL
COMOROS
GUINEA SOLOMON
ISLANDS
ANGOLA EAST TIMOR
unequivocal, simple and stark as PERU MALAWI
ZAMBIA
is necessary; some are not in the MADAGASCAR
MARSHALL
ZIMBABWE
BOLIVIA ISLANDS
local language nor on all tobacco NAMIBIA
BOTSWANA
MAURITIUS
MOZAMBIQUE KIRIBATI
PARAGUAY TOKELAU
products. CHILE
AUSTRALIA NAURU
ect
AMERICAN
ey rej
Reports from Canada and S
TUVALU SAMOA
bran
ARGENTINA
prominence and believability of Health warnings in Canada
health warnings. That is, no use and
Brown son, Impact on smokers of the new Canadian NEW
of colour, logo or graphic design, a m
Willi 02
ZEALAND
health warnings 2002
but simply a generic pack of 20
90%
43%
44%
21%
cigarettes, with the brand name. Canadian warnings are the most vivid in the world
Health authorities now and serve as the model for other countries
recommend that cigarette noticed were more concerned felt increased motivation resisted
packages should not contain tar the new warnings about health effects to quit smoking temptation to smoke
of smoking on one occasion or more
and nicotine levels as measured smokers to compensate to get
by smoking machines, as these do more nicotine from each
not reflect the actual inhalation of cigarette) and are thus to include this information on the
tar and nicotine due to cigarette misleading. Others suggest that a pack of cigarettes in a section on
design (primarily ventilation range of values should be toxic constituents, which also
holes), and individual smoker presented that better resembles includes levels of carcinogens and
behaviour (a tendency for how smokers actually smoke, and carbon monoxide exposure.
78 79
27 Health education CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
Anti-tobacco campaigns
27 Health Education ICELAND
NORWAY
FINLAND
2002
Countries participating in :
SWEDEN
ESTONIA World No Tobacco Day
RUSSIAN
LATVIA
Education is essential for UNITED DENMARK
FED.
Quit & Win
LITHUANIA
sustained progress in tobacco GREENLAND
KINGDOM as well as World No Tobacco Day
IRELAND
BELARUS
control. Many legislative or tax NETH. GERMANY POLAND The Quit & Win programme, in addition to helping
BELGIUM
interventions will not be CZECH UKRAINE smokers quit, is also an excellent vehicle for
nt:
stateme LUX. REPUBLIC SLOVAKIA
communicating the hazards of smoking, and often
effective if there is no public public
not old e
private statement: HUNGARY
REP.
e
AUSTRIA
r
MOLDOVA
you wa
MOROCCO TUNISIA
of 87 percent of respondents in restrictions on MALTA
UZBEKISTAN DPR
cigarette advertisingÉÓ
ALGERIA KYRGYZSTAN
orris
KOREA
Argentina, India, Japan, Nigeria, GEO JAPAN
Philip M ong Kong,
U S A AR AZER
M TURKMEN
d, H
TURKEY TAJ REP.
and the Russian Federation were
billboar 1990.
KOREA
US Tobacco Institute,
SYRIAN ARAB
REPUBLIC C H I N A
TUNISIA
CYPRUS
in favour of international efforts AFGHANISTAN
1991
BERMUDA ISRAEL LEB IRAQ ISL. REP.
MOROCCO
IRAN
to create a set of rules and WEST BANK
AND GAZA
JORDAN
KUWAIT PAKISTAN BHUTAN
BAHAMAS LIBYAN
ALGERIA NEPAL
regulations to curb tobacco use. MEXICO
ARAB
JAMAHIRIYA
BAHRAIN
QATAR
TURKS & CAICOS EGYPT
WESTERN SAHARA UAE
Schools can provide an ideal CUBA
JAMAICA
DOMINICAN
REP. PUERTO RICO SAUDI ARABIA
BANGLADESH
MYANMAR
Hong Kong
INDIA LAO SAR
venue not only to teach about the BELIZE
HONDURAS
HAITI
ST KITTS &
ANGUILLA
ANTIGUA & BARBUDA
MAURITANIA
MALI
OMAN PDR VIET NAM
GUATEMALA NEVIS DOMINICA CAPE VERDE NIGER THAILAND
harmful effects of smoking, but EL SALVADOR
NICARAGUA ST VINCENT & GRENAD.
ST LUCIA
SENEGAL
GAMBIA CHAD SUDAN
ERITREA YEMEN
GRENADA BARBADOS BURKINA CAMBODIA PHILIPPINES
also to teach students refusal skills COSTA RICA TRINIDAD & TOBAGO GUINEA-BISSAU FASO
NIGERIA
DJIBOUTI
BENIN
VENEZUELA GUYANA GUINEA
GHANA
TOGO
PANAMA CÔTE
LIA
and an understanding of the to quit smoking, and ideally SURINAME SIERRA LEONE ETHIOPIA PALAU
MA
D’IVOIRE MALDIVES SRI LANKA
FRENCH GUIANA (Fr) CAR
SO
BRUNEI DAR.
COLOMBIA
behaviour of the tobacco making the course part of a LIBERIA
EQUATORIAL
CAMEROON
UGANDA MALAYSIA
MICRONESIA,
FED. STATES OF
GUINEA
industry. This includes analysing coordinated school health ECUADOR GABON
KENYA SINGAPORE
SAO TOME DEM. REP. R SEYCHELLES
the manipulation of young people programme, reinforced by & PRINCIPE CONGO CONGO B
UNITED REP. PAPUA
by marketing which equates community-wide efforts. BRAZIL
TANZANIA I N D O N E S I A NEW
GUINEA SOLOMON
ANGOLA ISLANDS
COMOROS
smoking with growing up, To improve its public image, EAST TIMOR
ye
15
by smoking and to change beliefs, portray smoking as an adult SOUTH TUVALU AMERICAN
ar
L SAMOA
AFRICA
URUGUAY WALLIS AND
attitudes and intentions. This decision, and that young people FUTUNA ISLANDS (Fr) SAMOA COOK
FIJI NIUE
alone is not sufficient to change should wait until they are grown ARGENTINA
VANUATU TONGA
behaviour. A school tobacco up to decide to smoke. Since
control programme must also young people aspire to be young
60,0 0 0 p
NEW
ZEALAND
incorporate prohibiting tobacco adults, this type of message may
s
use at all school facilities and actually make smoking more
7 0,0
rie
art
nt
events, helping students and staff appealing to youth. ip u
ic
00
an co
20
ts 1
es
9 9 4 1 3 u n tri
pa
rti
0,0
cip
0
World No Tobacco Day: 31st May annual themes a n ts 1 9 9 6 2 5 co
0
pa es
rtic tri
42
0, i pan un
00 ts 1 9 9 8 4 8 c o
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 0p s
70 a rt rie
0,0 icip u nt
Tobacco Women Growing up Tobacco in Tobacco Health The Media The Sports and The United Growing up Cessation The Secondhand Tobacco 00
a nts 2
0 0 0 71 co ie s
p a r ti ntr
or Health: and without Public at the Services, against Economics The Arts Nations and without Entertainment smoke kills. Free Sports: cipa cou
n ts 2 0 0 2 a b o u t 1 0 0
Choose Tobacco Tobacco Places and Workplace including Tobacco of Tobacco without Specialized tobacco Industry Let's clear Play it
Health on Public Health Tobacco Agencies the air clean
Transport Personnel, Against
against Tobacco
Tobacco "United for
a Tobacco-
80 Free World" 81
28 Quitting CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
NORWAY
Ex-smokers
28 Quitting ICELAND
FINLAND
Percentage of people who used to smoke
who have quit smoking latest available data
40% or more
SWEDEN
ESTONIA
in the smoker, family or friends available in all parts of the world: VENEZUELA TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
GHANA
CÔTE
dying from tobacco, the media, social support, clinics, quitlines, COLOMBIA
D’IVOIRE
1 day later Heart, blood pressure, and the blood at home and at work ZEALAND
NORWAY FINLAND
2000 or latest available data
75% or more
SWEDEN
ESTONIA 50% – 74%
“Sugar, rum and tobacco are commodities DENMARK LATVIA
which are nowhere necessaries of life, which UNITED 25% – 49%
are become objects of almost universal KINGDOM
IRELAND
consumption, and which are therefore POLAND
extremely proper subjects of taxation.” NETH. GERMANY
24% or less
Adam Smith An Inquiry into the Nature and BELGIUM
CZECH
Causes of the Wealth of Nations 1776 51%
REPUBLIC SLOVAKIA no data
AUSTRIA
47% FRANCE HUNGARY ROMANIA
41% SWITZ. SLOVENIA countries or states with tobacco taxes dedicated
The price of tobacco is the single C A N A D A
33% 31% 32% to tobacco control, health promotion
BULGARIA
largest factor influencing short ITALY or general health care
26% 24% SPAIN ALBANIA
term consumption patterns. More PORTUGAL
countries with tax of $2 or more for 20 cigarettes
importantly, price plays a major
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
UNITED STATES GREECE
MONGOLIA
role in determining how many OF AMERICA
young people will start smoking, Tax down – but prices up ARMENIA JAPAN
and thus profoundly influences Declining cigarette tax in the USA TURKEY
REP.
KOREA
various
states as a percentage of retail price C H I N A
longterm consumption trends. Smokers often assume that cigarettes Chongqing
There is a clear inverse have become so expensive because
of increased taxes. In fact, in the USA, PAKISTAN
relationship between tobacco NEPAL
MEXICO while the price of cigarettes has increased,
taxes and tobacco consumption. the proportion going to tax is half of what
EGYPT
INDIA BANGLADESH
JAMAICA
For every 10 percent increase in it was in 1965. VIET NAM
source of revenue for countries, taxes are also easy to implement, BOLIVIA
ZIMBABWE
for by tobacco taxes is relatively fact that people are smoking less. £2.60 SOUTH
AFRICA GUAM
URUGUAY
ARGENTINA
Smoking goes down 9.05%
as prices go up 16,200
NEW ZEALAND
Real cigarette prices 7.72%
and cigarette consumption
14,900
in the UK 1971–95 14,600
£2.14 £2.20 ÒOf all
13,900 the conc
expenditure on cigarettes there erns,
5.40%
in millions of pounds sterling £2.01 is on
Ð taxati e
4.88%
that ala on Ð
12,400
4.00% rms
11,500 the most us
price of £1.80
11,300 .Ó
Philip M
Argentina
20 cigarettes £1.75 10,500
£1.84
orris,
Greece
Nepal 1985
China
9,900
Brazil
£1.55
£1.50 Government income from tobacco
Countries with the highest percentage of tobacco tax
1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 as a proportion of total government revenue 2000
84 85
30 Litigation CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
Lawsuits
30 Litigation Netherlands
(sued EU)
Legal action against the tobacco industry 2002
40 years, the tobacco industry ITALY control activists) cases brought by the tobacco industry 2002
(sued government)
boasted it had not lost a single SPAIN
!"#$
law suits seeking to force the lawsuit against BAT in 2002 been fundamentally thwarted
industry or government to found “that given the fact that not under this category by virtue of
comply with legal or a single document was in fact the 1998 destruction programme.”
86 87
31 projections CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
Cigarette consumption
31 Projections by Industry
NORWAY
FINLAND
Projected rates of growth and decline
2008 compared with 1998
SWEDEN
ESTONIA
increase decrease
RUSSIAN
The tobacco industry predicts a LATVIA FED. over 30% under 10%
DENMARK
UNITED LITHUANIA
global expansion of the tobacco KINGDOM 20% – 29% 10% – 19%
IRELAND
epidemic in the next few years. NETH. GERMANY POLAND
BELARUS
10% – 19% over 20%
The increases in consumption lie BELGIUM CZECH UKRAINE
REPUBLIC SLOVAKIA under 10% other countries
principally in the developing HUNGARY
REP.
MOLDOVA
AUSTRIA
nations, while consumption in the FRANCE SWITZ. ROMANIA RUSSIAN
C A N A D A FEDERATION
industrialised countries will be BULGARIA
ITALY
static or in decline. SPAIN
THAILAND PHILIPPINES
UK, South Africa, Hong Kong,
Australia, Singapore and Finland.
VENEZUELA NIGERIA
GHANA
CÔTE
In Africa, only the South African D’IVOIRE
COLOMBIA
market is expected to decrease. MALAYSIA
32 The Future
2000–2010 2010–2020 2020–2030 2030–2040 2040–2050
“The use of tobacco, which has made its
way thanks to the spirit of imitation, as
well as to its peculiar effects, has
vanquished humanity and will continue to 2.2 billion
reign until the end of the world.”
Louis Lewin, Phantastica: Narcotic and
Stimulating Drugs, 1924 Number of smokers 2.0 billion
assuming constant
“There will be 1 billion deaths from prevalence and medium variant
tobacco in the 21st century unless strong
1.8 billion
and sustained action is taken now.” projected population
Richard Peto and Alan Lopez, 2002 1.6 billion
Number of smokers
Future predictions are by their assuming reduced 1.4 billion
1.6 billion
nature speculative but some prevalence of 1.5 billion
things are certain: the tobacco –1.0% p.a., medium 1.4 billion 1.4 billion
variant projected 1.3 billion
epidemic, with its attendant population
health and economic burden, is
both increasing and also shifting
Health Tobacco’s share of global death Individuals genetically prone to tobacco- Tobacco’s share of global death and disability New global virus pandemic temporarily Number of cumulative deaths from
from developed to developing and disability is 3%. related diseases can be identified at birth. increases to 9%. pushes tobacco issues completely off the tobacco:
nations nations; and more women 700 million children exposed to Cancers, currently untreatable, could be 85% of smokers live in poor countries.
agenda. • if present trends continue: 520 million
are smoking. passive smoking at home. treated. Spectacular advances in investigation,
770 million children exposed to passive • if proportion of young adults taking up
smoking at home. smoking halves by 2020: 500 million
The industry is consolidating, 82% of smokers live in developing New technology for diagnosis and treatment diagnosis and treatment of tobacco-related
• if adult consumption halves by 2020:
countries. will be expensive and have little impact on diseases, but unlikely to affect global mortality.
and also shifting from the west to global mortality statistics.
340 million
developing regions, where there
may be less government control Economics Global annual economic costs of Tobacco-related illnesses rise to top health The gap between rich and poor countries Global annual economic costs of tobacco:
tobacco: expenditure in many countries. grows as health services in poor US$1 trillion a year.
and public debate about the role US$500 billion a year by 2010. countries collapse under the strain of
Many governments conclude the economic
of transnational tobacco costs of tobacco outweigh any benefit. tobacco disease and deaths.
companies. A severe economic depression and/or a major
The future looks bleak; the international security crisis cause tobacco
issues to temporarily diminish in importance.
global tobacco epidemic is worse
today than it was 50 years ago. Tobacco Attempts to produce genetically Industry consolidation leads to 2 or 3 huge Much of the developed world moves to a The tobacco industry is fully regulated, with New, commercially profitable uses of
And it will be even worse in industry modified tobacco with lower conglomerates accounting for the bulk of managed tobacco industry, with licensing of nicotine as an addictive drug, and tobacco are found.
nicotine. global sales. tobacco-attributable health care costs manufacture, promotion and sale under strict
another 50 years unless an reimbursed and compensation paid to regulatory control by government agencies.
Continued privatisation sees end of state-run
extraordinary effort is made now. Some tobacco companies buy
tobacco companies. individual smokers and non-smokers Huge advances are made in genetics. The
pharmaceutical companies. harmed by tobacco.
Several countries have already Niche markets still exist for smaller players tobacco plant becomes key to producing
(e.g. cigars, snuff). Cigarettes only available on prescription vaccines and other beneficial medical
shown that smoking rates can be The industry tries to re-position its
in rich countries. products.
reduced. These successes can be public image as a responsible Liberalisation of global trade rules welcomed
corporation. by the industry. World’s top tobacco companies now
reproduced by any responsible based in Asia.
Smuggled cigarettes overtake legal sales.
nation, but only through The industry seeks regulation on its Almost no tobacco is grown in the USA.
own terms.
immediate, determined, and
sustained governmental and Action Framework Convention on Tobacco Elimination of tobacco advertising and Tobacco control funded from a
community action. The future taken Control ratified. promotion worldwide. percentage of tobacco tax in many
epidemic depends on Vaccine produced to switch off nicotine countries.
Some countries ban smoking. receptors. “Duty Free” tobacco no longer exists.
understanding of the issue, and
Medical schools globally introduce systematic Health education messages are more
policies, politics and actions Incentives for quitting include
teaching on tobacco.
monetary savings through rebates skilful, hard-hitting, and disseminated
taken today. re is uncert
and lower health insurance Smoke-free areas will be exchanged for non- more effectively. utu ain ay n
ever occ
ef … ur…
premiums. smoking being the norm. In every country tax on tobacco is 75% Th S tsm
om n
of retail price. eo ve
Doubts about new “less hazardous”
Cigarette packets will be plain black and f th ese e
white and contain only brand name and
products increases. explicit health warnings.
In developed countries, there is a Tobacco dependent economies are assisted in
gradual shift in the perception of diversifying.
90 smoking as it comes to be seen as
anti-social.
Nicotine Replacement Therapy sold over the
counter worldwide.
91
Ta bl e A T h e D e m o g r ap h i c s o f To b a c c o
1 2 3 4 5 6
Countries Population Adult smoking Youth smoking 1 Youth exposed to Cigarette Quitting Countries
passive smoking at home 2 consumption percentages of people
thousands percentages percentages who quit smoking
total male female total male female percentages annual per person by 2002
Djibouti – – – – – – 80 – – – – – – – – 29 Djibouti
Dominica – – – – – – 30 – – – – – – – – 35 Dominica
Dominican Republic 13,250 1.28% 17,229 40 – 14,640 – 1,480 – – – – – – – 239 Dominican Republic
East Timor – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – East Timor
Ecuador 1,725 0.02% 3,461 100 – 883 246 361 – 1.90 1.30 – – – – 617 Ecuador
Egypt – – – 1,400 500 – 55,040 17,469 40,000 1.16 1.16 – – 57% 1.34% 629 Egypt
El Salvador 600 0.10% 1,100 – – 84 448 0 – – – – – 42% – 310 El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0 Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1 Eritrea
Estonia – – – – 600 – 4 – – – – – – 70% 1.29% 20 Estonia
Ethiopia 4,500 0.05% 3,000 – 200 - 200 898 – – – – – – – 9 Ethiopia
Fiji 180 0.07% 150 12 14 – 130 98 – – – – – – – 58 Fiji
Finland – – – 193 1,700 1,307 3,904 700 – 3.73 3.35 Helsinki 28.7 73% 2.03% 4,856 Finland
France 9,254 0.05% 25,534 23,300 67,571 46,023 70,528 4,400 48,000 3.13 2.75 Paris 20.5 75% 0.37% 5,298 France
Gabon – – – – – – 100 50 – 1.32 1.22 – – – – 16 Gabon
Gambia – – – – – 116 793 0 – – – – – – – 18 Gambia
Georgia 1,801 0.11% 1,855 – 1,500 – 2,000 – – 1.00 – – – – – 1,732 Georgia
Berlin 18.4
Germany 3,000 0.03% 8,500 90,637 33,604 41,430 189,669 15,455 205,500 2.81 2.75 Frankfurt 17.3 72% 1.38% 9,489 Germany
Ghana 4,200 0.06% 2,500 – 35 255 56 1,121 – 1.40 – – – – – 40 Ghana
Greece 62,917 1.65% 136,593 17,000 11,000 100,889 19,554 9,943 28,200 2.05 1.64 Athens 24 73% 8.69% 1,228 Greece
Grenada – – – – – – 30 19 – – – – – – – 18 Grenada
Guatemala 8,374 0.43% 18,630 1,900 600 9,043 643 556 – 1.29 0.97 – – – – 628 Guatemala
Guinea 2,000 0.13% 1,800 – 20 – 70 – – – – – – – – 2,025 Guinea
Guinea-Bissau – – - – – – – – – – – – – – – 3 Guinea-Bissau
Guyana 100 0.02% 90 – – – – 193 – – – – – – – 22 Guyana
Haiti 400 0.05% 550 – 20 – 660 350 – – – – – – – 87 Haiti
Honduras 11,214 0.47% 4,318 236 – 2,547 3,205 – – – – – – – – 163 Honduras
Hungary 5,764 0.14% 10,485 3,500 500 759 17,539 2,750 30,000 1.09 0.77 Budapest 71.4 42% 0.02% 480 Hungary
Iceland – – – – 600 – – – – 4.43 4.53 – – – – 235 Iceland
India 463,200 0.23% 701,700 1,500 200 119,643 1,500 537,692 90,000 1.24 0.91 Mumbai 102.5 75% 2.43% 1,447 India
Indonesia 223,000 0.72% 145,000 17,500 140 37,097 40,913 237,401 190,000 0.62 0.62 Jakarta 61.7 30% 3.38% 834 Indonesia
Iran, Isl. Rep. 20,000 0.07% 21,000 – 8,000 1,516 842 7,197 – 0.96 0.46 – – – – 289 Iran, Isl. Rep.
Iraq 2,400 0.04% 2,250 – – – 2,400 1,000 – – – – – – – 129 Iraq
Ireland – – – 2,000 450 83 5,650 1,279 – 4.47 4.47 Dublin 30.6 75% – 6,605 Ireland
Israel – 0.05% – 200 2,400 10 4,700 600 – 3.22 1.91 Tel Aviv 29.3 – – 3,277 Israel
Italy 46,900 0.46% 132,200 193 56,475 93,862 38,830 13,330 55,300 2.70 1.93 Milan 26 73% – 2,165 Italy
Jamaica 1,175 0.44% 1,800 40 1,780 130 450 750 – – – – – 42% – 227 Jamaica
Japan 23,991 0.6% 60,803 13,961 83,478 31 98,919 14,200 265,000 2.34 2.09 Tokyo 8.9 60% 0.02% 17,611 Japan
Jordan 3,099 1.06% 2,667 300 200 483 1,400 1,051 – 2.04 0.98 – – – – 5,954 Jordan
Kazakhstan 4,500 0.01% 9,000 12,600 3,000 7,521 6,129 – – – – – – – – 33 Kazakhstan
Kenya 4,500 0.19% 7,000 550 50 4,423 50 1,701 – 1.55 0.90 Nairobi 157.6 – 0.09% 169 Kenya
Kiribati – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0 Kiribati
Korea, Republic of 24,300 1.62% 68,198 6,712 9,378 5,618 12,781 3,600 84,600 1.50 1.26 Seoul 26.6 60% 3.46% ***1,717 Korea, Republic of
Korea, Dem. People’s Rep. of 44,000 2.10% 63,000 – – 5,000 576 – – – – – – – – ***1,717 Korea, Dem. People’s Rep. of
Kuwait – – – – 1,000 – – 0 – 1.10 – – – – – 571 Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan 14,465 0.64% 34,613 – 1,000 35,000 6 1,294 – – – – – – – 1 Kyrgyzstan
Lao People’s Dem. Rep. 6,700 0.87% 33,400 – – – 260 500 – – – – – – – 30 Lao People’s Dem. Rep.
Latvia – – – – 1,000 – 1,544 286 – – – – – – – 13 Latvia
104 Sources: see page 124 ***combined total for Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and Republic of Korea 105
Ta bl e B T h e B u s i n e s s o f To b a c c o
1 2 3 4 5 6
Growing Tobacco Tobacco Trade Manufacturing Costs Tax
Countries Tobacco Countries
Land Agricultural Tobacco Malboro or Local Labour needed to Tax as a Tobacco industry
devoted to land devoted produced equivalent brand buy a pack of proportion excise tax
international Marlboro or of cigarette revenue as a documents
growing to tobacco Tobacco Tobacco on the
tobacco farming Cigarettes Cigarettes leaf leaf Number Cigarettes brand equivalent price proportion
of manufactured international of total tax Legacy
percentage exports imports exports imports brand revenue website
millions workers
hectares of total metric tons millions metric tons metric tons millions $US per pack city minutes percentages percentages
Lebanon 9,700 2.02% 13,500 – 1,400 3,100 270 3,800 – – – – – – – 610 Lebanon
Lesotho – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 6 Lesotho
Liberia – – – – 200 - – 91 – – – – – – – 105 Liberia
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 650 0.03% 1,500 – 2,200 - 3,100 1,251 – 4.55 1.82 – – – – 24 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Lithuania – – – – 1,500 - 2,915 418 – – – – – – 0.16% 44 Lithuania
Luxembourg *380 – *1,300 *14,000 *8,200 *16,666 *41,014 – *20,750 2.24 1.90 Luxembourg 12 – – 495 Luxembourg
Macedonia, Former Yugos. Rep. of 25,000 1.66% 32,000 – 500 9,900 2,200 5,604 – – – – – – – 24 Macedonia, Former Yugos. Rep. of
Madagascar 2,110 0.11% 2,000 – 1 40 362 814 – – – – – – – 14 Madagascar
Malawi 113,823 6.18% 120,000 30 80 93,000 800 74 – – – – – – – 421 Malawi
Malaysia 12,500 0.14% 7,260 10,609 1,037 274 19,974 9,873 – 1.13 1.08 Kuala Lumpur 20.7 33% – 1,429 Malaysia
Maldives – – – – – – 70 – – – – – – – – 3 Maldives
Mali 230 0.02% 180 – – – 60 – – – – – – – – 31 Mali
Malta – – – 250 50 1 7 158 – – – – – – – 140 Malta
Marshall Islands – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Marshall Islands
Mauritania – – – – – – 800 – – – – – – – – – Mauritania
Mauritius 440 0.63% 700 – – – 89 207 – – – – – – – 60 Mauritius
Mexico 22,674 0.06% 45,205 20 5 10,509 8,623 5,122 46,500 1.55 1.24 Mexico City 49.4 60% 1.41% 2,121 Mexico
Micronesia, Federated States of – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2 Micronesia, Federated States of
Moldova, Republic of 18,608 0.92% 22,407 5,300 400 21,811 2.652 – – 1 – – – – – 2 Moldova, Republic of
Monaco – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 767 Monaco
Mongolia – – – – – – – 0 – – – – – – – 8 Mongolia
Morocco 3,500 0.03% 3,500 – 3,100 – 8,021 2,301 – 2.63 1.36 – – – – 179 Morocco
Mozambique 7,000 0.08% 9,470 – 40 – 600 – – – – – – – – 32 Mozambique
Myanmar 30,000 0.31% 46,260 800 800 – 622 2,059 – – – – – – – 440 Myanmar
Namibia – – – – – – – 0 – – – – – – – 1 Namibia
Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1 Nauru
Nepal 4,283 0.20% 3,809 – – – 3,100 3,142 – – – – – 73% 6.37% 39 Nepal
Netherlands – – – 101,550 14,725 19,630 112,607 4,739 90,000 2.80 2.56 Amsterdam 18.5 72% 1.44% 1,956 Netherlands
New Zealand – – – 75 20 36 3,930 450 – 3.71 3.69 Auckland 35.3 68% – 2,353 New Zealand
Nicaragua 1,395 0.05% 2,000 – – 1,243 775 – – – – – – – – 82 Nicaragua
Niger 1,000 0.03% 850 – 800 413 100 – – – – – – – – 29 Niger
Nigeria 22,000 0.07% 9,200 – 8,500 180 1,500 0 – 0.86 0.86 – – – – 529 Nigeria
Niue – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1 Niue
Norway – – – 50 1,000 364 6,480 – – 6.48 6.48 Oslo 38.5 78% 1.76% 2,755 Norway
Oman 270 0.18% 1,300 – – 514 327 0 – – – – – – – 87 Oman
Pakistan 56,400 0.22% 107,700 400 4,000 2,446 180 5,701 36,644 0.83 0.53 – – 73% 0.11% 634 Pakistan
Palau – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 5 Palau
Panama 1,100 0.17% 1,800 – 100 152 2 177 – 1.20 1.20 Panama 81.4 – – 1,220 Panama
Papua New Guinea – – – – 5 – 140 617 – 1.85 1.85 – – – – 60 Papua New Guinea
Paraguay 7,000 0.2% 11,000 2,500 2,500 4,625 5,500 250 – 1.10 0.93 – – – – 168 Paraguay
Peru 13,500 0.06% 17,231 – 10 144 628 470 – 1.42 1.34 – – – – 440 Peru
Philippines 40,869 0.59% 49,493 3,105 2,614 17,639 26.790 14,682 74,400 0.67 0.51 Manila 41.8 63% – 1,907 Philippines
Poland 14,057 0.13% 29,545 7,716 104 4,955 60,288 12,440 110,000 1.51 1.13 Warsaw 55.7 39% 3.26% 2,169 Poland
Portugal 2,132 0.07% 6,193 3,800 1,606 3,505 7,840 1,193 – 1.86 1.77 Lisbon 26.2 81% – 495 Portugal
Qatar – – – – – – 20 – – – – – – – – 101 Qatar
Romania 10,970 0.1% 14,800 – 5,500 838 25,257 7,500 21,000 1.01 0.88 – – – 0.20% 90 Romania
Russian Federation 1,700 <0.1% 1,600 900 15,000 420 263,129 17,600 **293,000 0.98 0.59 Moscow 71.3 – – 503 Russian Federation
Rwanda 2,800 0.24% 3,800 – 30 – 30 0 – – – – – – – 1 Rwanda
106 Sources: see page 124 * data for Belgium and Luxembourg ** data for Former Soviet Union 107
Ta bl e B T h e B u s i n e s s o f To b a c c o
1 2 3 4 5 6
Growing Tobacco Tobacco Trade Manufacturing Costs Tax
Countries Tobacco Countries
Land Agricultural Tobacco Malboro or Local Labour needed to Tax as a Tobacco industry
devoted to land devoted produced equivalent brand buy a pack of proportion excise tax
international Marlboro or of cigarette revenue as a documents
growing to tobacco Tobacco Tobacco on the
tobacco farming Cigarettes Cigarettes leaf leaf Number Cigarettes brand equivalent price proportion
of manufactured international of total tax Legacy
percentage exports imports exports imports brand revenue website
millions workers
hectares of total metric tons millions metric tons metric tons millions $US per pack city minutes percentages percentages