EXPERIMENT 5:

Load flow analysis using Newton Raphson

method

GROUP 10
DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 19/09/2017

Nilesh Kumar Jha

Neelkanth Kundu
Ritik Vijayvergiya
AIM :
To study and simulate the load flow of a given single line system.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Bus 1: PV bus
Bus 7: slack bus(to balance the real powers in the system, as the losses are not known)
Rest are PQ buses.
Ybus
G =
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 10.2605 -1.8351 -1.3461 -2.2689 -4.8104 0.0000
0.0000 -1.8351 3.6370 -1.8019 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 -1.3461 -1.8019 11.7852 -8.6372 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 -2.2689 0.0000 -8.6372 12.1414 -1.2352 0.0000
0.0000 -4.8104 0.0000 0.0000 -1.2352 6.0456 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
B =
-9.6117 9.8039 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
9.8039 -41.8427 6.6188 5.2576 5.3075 14.7438 0.0000
0.0000 6.6188 -10.8454 4.2667 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 5.2576 4.2667 -39.2198 29.7505 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 5.3075 0.0000 29.7505 -38.4464 3.4434 0.0000
0.0000 14.7438 0.0000 0.0000 3.4434 -27.3577 9.6154
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 9.6154 -9.9900
PROCEDURE:
PART I : LOAD ABILITY MARGIN DETERMINATION
 Consider only constant PQ type of load, selecting load model appropriately.
 Keep reactive limits Qmax, Qmin very high (say +100 and -100).
 Run Load Flow with different load multiplier and stop when LF diverges (does not
provide solutions).
 This loading is generally the approximate loadability limit given by maximum
power theorem for the network. Note down λ , where 1+ λ is the
actual scaling of base case load
λ=1
Bus Vmag Ang(rad)
--- ---- -------
-
1.0000 1.0600 0.0000
2.0000 1.0307 -0.2433
3.0000 1.0235 -0.3244
4.0000 0.9881 -0.3491
5.0000 0.9850 -0.3476
6.0000 1.0309 -0.2867
7.0000 1.0400 -0.2090
Power Injections
----------------
Bus Pinj Qinj Pg Qg
1.0000 2.5807 0.4038 2.5807 0.4038
2.0000 0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000
3.0000 -0.4000 0.2000 0.0000 0.0000
4.0000 -0.8000 -0.1000 0.0000 0.0000
5.0000 -0.9000 -0.2000 -0.0000 -0.0000
6.0000 -1.2000 -0.2000 -0.0000 -0.0000
7.0000 0.8000 0.5274 0.8000 0.5274

λ = 1.5
Converged Voltages
Bus Vmag Ang(rad)
--- ---- --------
1.0000 1.0600 0.0000
2.0000 0.9909 -0.3228
3.0000 0.9766 -0.4331
4.0000 0.9285 -0.4679
5.0000 0.9245 -0.4658
6.0000 0.9879 -0.3811
7.0000 1.0148 -0.2772
PV Bus(es) after convergence --

Power Injections
----------------
Bus Pinj Qinj Pg Qg
1.0000 3.2663 1.0336 3.2663 1.0336
2.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000
3.0000 -0.5000 0.2500 0.0000 0.0000
4.0000 -1.0000 -0.1250 -0.0000 -0.0000
5.0000 -1.1250 -0.2500 -0.0000 0.0000
6.0000 -1.5000 -0.2500 0.0000 0.0000
7.0000 1.0000 0.7000 1.0000 0.7000

Total Real Generation (TPg)= 4.2663

Total Real Load (TPd)= 4.1250
Total Real Loss (Ploss)= 0.1413
Total Reactive Generation (TQg)= 1.7336
Total Reactive Load (TQd)= 0.3750
Total Reactive Loss (Qloss)= 1.3586

λ = 1.8
Converged Voltages
Bus Vmag Ang(rad)
--- ---- --------
1.0000 1.0600 0.0000
2.0000 0.9264 -0.3959
3.0000 0.9032 -0.5393
4.0000 0.8420 -0.5866
5.0000 0.8366 -0.5837
6.0000 0.9128 -0.4686
7.0000 0.9447 -0.3331

PV Bus(es) after convergence --

Power Injections
----------------
Bus Pinj Qinj Pg Qg
1.0000 3.7124 1.9173 3.7124 1.9173
2.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3.0000 -0.5600 0.2800 0.0000 -0.0000
4.0000 -1.1200 -0.1400 -0.0000 0.0000
5.0000 -1.2600 -0.2800 -0.0000 -0.0000
6.0000 -1.6800 -0.2800 0.0000 0.0000
7.0000 1.1200 0.7000 1.1200 0.7000

Total Real Generation (TPg)= 4.8324

Total Real Load (TPd)= 4.6200
Total Real Loss (Ploss)= 0.2124
Total Reactive Generation (TQg)= 2.6173
Total Reactive Load (TQd)= 0.4200
Total Reactive Loss (Qloss)= 2.1973
At the value of λ = 1.932, the NRLF diverges and hence no solution exists for this
highly stressed system.

OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS:

As load increases more current is drawn by the loads, resulting in lower voltages at bus
terminals
As the loading(λ) is increased, for the increased load, generator will try to increase
current, to satisfy the load requirements. Hence the power generation is increased. Thus,
when the loading capacity of system is reached and generator is not able to produce any
more power to satisfy the load, the equations diverge and no solutions exist.

PART II : LINE OVER LOAD ALLEVIATION USING GENERATOR

RESCHEDULING
 The aim of this part is to keep the voltage profile under control by increasing the
power generated by the PV bus.
 Identify one of the lines with relatively heavy flow as overloaded whose voltage
drops significantly upon increasing the load.
 The objective is now to reschedule real power generations at all PV buses to
alleviate this overload. First obtain sensitivity of these generator buses to the flow
on the line designated as over loaded.
 Run repeated load flows with each generator perturbed by a few percentage, one at
a time and observing the change in line flow.
 Starting from top ranked generator, vary its generations to remove the overload.
The generator limit being +/- 0.1 pu. If this generator cannot completely alleviate
overload, try next generation in order of ranking.
For oveload of 50%, without rescheduling,
λ = 1.5
Converged Voltages
Bus Vmag Ang(rad)
--- ---- --------
1.0000 1.0600 0.0000
2.0000 0.9909 -0.3228
3.0000 0.9766 -0.4331
4.0000 0.9285 -0.4679
5.0000 0.9245 -0.4658
6.0000 0.9879 -0.3811
7.0000 1.0148 -0.2772

PV Bus(es) after convergence --

Power Injections
----------------
Bus Pinj Qinj Pg Qg
1.0000 3.2663 1.0336 3.2663 1.0336
2.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000
3.0000 -0.5000 0.2500 0.0000 0.0000
4.0000 -1.0000 -0.1250 -0.0000 -0.0000
5.0000 -1.1250 -0.2500 -0.0000 0.0000
6.0000 -1.5000 -0.2500 0.0000 0.0000
7.0000 1.0000 0.7000 1.0000 0.7000

Total Real Generation (TPg)= 4.2663

Total Real Load (TPd)= 4.1250
Total Real Loss (Ploss)= 0.1413
Total Reactive Generation (TQg)= 1.7336
Total Reactive Load (TQd)= 0.3750
Total Reactive Loss (Qloss)= 1.3586

By increasing the generation by 0.2 at Bus 1 and 7 we see a better voltage profile
Converged Voltages
Bus Vmag Ang(rad)
--- ---- --------
1.0000 1.0600 0.0000
2.0000 1.0021 -0.2671
3.0000 0.9887 -0.3729
4.0000 0.9418 -0.4036
5.0000 0.9378 -0.4001
6.0000 1.0025 -0.2960
7.0000 1.0222 -0.1431

PV Bus(es) after convergence --

Power Injections
----------------
Bus Pinj Qinj Pg Qg
1.0000 2.7488 0.7554 2.7488 0.7554
 2.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000
3.0000 -0.5000 0.2500 -0.0000 -0.0000
4.0000 -1.0000 -0.1250 0.0000 0.0000
5.0000 -1.1250 -0.2500 0.0000 0.0000
6.0000 -1.5000 -0.2500 -0.0000 0.0000
7.0000 1.5000 0.7000 1.5000 0.7000

Total Real Generation (TPg)= 4.2488

Total Real Load (TPd)= 4.1250
Total Real Loss (Ploss)= 0.1238
Total Reactive Generation (TQg)= 1.4554
Total Reactive Load (TQd)= 0.3750
Total Reactive Loss (Qloss)= 1.0804

This setting diverges at λ = 1.98. So we get a more loadability in the system. and also
better voltage profile

OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS: We see that by generator rescheduling we

obtain a lower line losses and also more loadability in the system.

PART III : REACTIVE RESCHEDULING TO IMPROVE VOLTAGE

PROFILE
Run a load flow with higher loading. Study the bus voltages in the output. Identify the
lowest bus voltage as violating the minimum limit, say 1.0 pu. There could be more than
1 bus with voltage less than 1.0 pu. However we focus only on the worst case here
Now, we can control the voltages by two experiments:
I. Changing the transformer taps
Without the change
Converged Voltages
Bus Vmag Ang(rad)
--- ---- --------
1.0000 1.0600 0.0000
2.0000 1.0504 -0.1483
3.0000 1.0481 -0.2058
4.0000 1.0231 -0.2215
5.0000 1.0208 -0.2197
6.0000 1.0529 -0.1644
7.0000 1.0400 -0.0788
Reactive rescheduling using tap ratio 1.06 from 1.04 at 6-7
Converged Voltages
Bus Vmag Ang(rad)
--- ---- --------
1.0000 1.0600 0.0000
2.0000 1.0573 -0.1754
3.0000 1.0552 -0.2332
4.0000 1.0305 -0.2505
5.0000 1.0283 -0.2495
6.0000 1.0611 -0.2072
7.0000 1.0400 -0.1495

II. Adding Bus shunts

using capacitive shunt at Bus 5
For λ=1
Converged Voltages
Bus Vmag Ang(rad)
1.0000 1.0600 0.0000
2.0000 1.0556 -0.1756
3.0000 1.0552 -0.2339
4.0000 1.0328 -0.2520
5.0000 1.0317 -0.2514
6.0000 1.0546 -0.2060
7.0000 1.0400 -0.1491

λ = 2.65
Converged Voltages
Bus Vmag Ang(rad)
1.0000 1.0600 0.0000
2.0000 0.8658 -0.5920
3.0000 0.8289 -0.8140
4.0000 0.7519 -0.8973
5.0000 0.7515 -0.8950
6.0000 0.8881 -0.7178
7.0000 1.0400 -0.5526

OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS:

Not only can the loading be increased, but also we obtaina better voltage profile for same
load
PART IV : LINE OVERLOAD ALLEVIATION USING SERIES
COMPENSATION
 We can also use series capacitive compensation to get more loadability in the
system.
 For a given topology and loading, any such changes causes re-routing of power
flows in system.
 Identify the lines where heavy power flow is occurring.
 Change the line data of the impedance, and observe the changes occurred. We
found the flows to decrease as the compensation was done

Without compensation, at 1.5 times loading

Converged Voltages
Bus Vmag Ang(rad)
--- ---- --------
1.0000 1.0600 0.0000
2.0000 0.9909 -0.3228
3.0000 0.9766 -0.4331
4.0000 0.9285 -0.4679
5.0000 0.9245 -0.4658
6.0000 0.9879 -0.3811
7.0000 1.0148 -0.2772

PV Bus(es) after convergence --

Power Injections
----------------
Bus Pinj Qinj Pg Qg
1.0000 3.2663 1.0336 3.2663 1.0336
2.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000
3.0000 -0.5000 0.2500 0.0000 0.0000
4.0000 -1.0000 -0.1250 -0.0000 -0.0000
5.0000 -1.1250 -0.2500 -0.0000 0.0000
6.0000 -1.5000 -0.2500 0.0000 0.0000
7.0000 1.0000 0.7000 1.0000 0.7000

Total Real Generation (TPg)= 4.2663

Total Real Load (TPd)= 4.1250
Total Real Loss (Ploss)= 0.1413
Total Reactive Generation (TQg)= 1.7336
Total Reactive Load (TQd)= 0.3750
Total Reactive Loss (Qloss)= 1.3586

Power Flows
-----------
Bus i Bus j Pij Qij Pji Qji
1.0000 2.0000 3.2663 1.0336 -3.2663 0.0532
6.0000 2.0000 -0.8477 0.2264 0.8638 -0.2359
 6.0000 5.0000 0.3477 0.1074 -0.3347 -0.1167
2.0000 5.0000 0.8640 0.0832 -0.8115 0.0029
2.0000 4.0000 0.7961 0.1771 -0.7648 -0.0917
2.0000 3.0000 0.7423 -0.0777 -0.7203 0.1279
5.0000 4.0000 0.0211 -0.1362 -0.0210 0.1196
4.0000 3.0000 -0.2142 -0.1529 0.2203 0.1221
6.0000 7.0000 -1.0000 -0.5740 1.0000 0.7000

For 30% compensation at 2-5 line

Converged Voltages
Bus Vmag Ang(rad)
--- ---- --------
1.0000 1.0600 0.0000
2.0000 0.9964 -0.3217
3.0000 0.9822 -0.4252
4.0000 0.9342 -0.4506
5.0000 0.9295 -0.4444
6.0000 0.9937 -0.3760
7.0000 1.0201 -0.2733

PV Bus(es) after convergence --

Power Injections
----------------
Bus Pinj Qinj Pg Qg
1.0000 3.2742 0.9761 3.2742 0.9761
2.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3.0000 -0.5000 0.2500 -0.0000 0.0000
4.0000 -1.0000 -0.1250 0.0000 0.0000
5.0000 -1.1250 -0.2500 -0.0000 -0.0000
6.0000 -1.5000 -0.2500 -0.0000 -0.0000
7.0000 1.0000 0.7000 1.0000 0.7000

Total Real Generation (TPg)= 4.2742

Total Real Load (TPd)= 4.1250
Total Real Loss (Ploss)= 0.1492
Total Reactive Generation (TQg)= 1.6761
Total Reactive Load (TQd)= 0.3750
Total Reactive Loss (Qloss)= 1.3011

Power Flows
-----------
Bus i Bus j Pij Qij Pji Qji
1.0000 2.0000 3.2742 0.9761 -3.2742 0.1048
6.0000 2.0000 -0.7986 0.2111 0.8127 -0.2273
6.0000 5.0000 0.2986 0.1245 -0.2882 -0.1417
2.0000 5.0000 1.0339 0.0088 -0.9605 0.0742
2.0000 4.0000 0.7229 0.1859 -0.6969 -0.1216
2.0000 3.0000 0.7047 -0.0721 -0.6851 0.1134
5.0000 4.0000 0.1237 -0.1825 -0.1233 0.1668
4.0000 3.0000 -0.1798 -0.1701 0.1851 0.1366
6.0000 7.0000 -1.0000 -0.5757 1.0000 0.7000
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS:
Apart from increasing load limit(λ), addition of capacitance in series also reduces
impedance of that line. Hence Voltage of Buses connected to that load line increases,
which results in improved Voltage profile.

PART V : FERRANTI EFFECT

 Make λ negative in a load flow run, to simulate a light load condition case.
 We observe that the bus voltages can be higher than PV buses and slack buses.
 Another indication of Ferranti effect is the reactive power absorption by the
synchronous machines

For λ=1
Converged Voltages
Bus Vmag Ang(rad)
--- ---- --------
1.0000 1.0600 0.0000
2.0000 1.0322 -0.2435
3.0000 1.0246 -0.3202
4.0000 0.9886 -0.3383
5.0000 0.9850 -0.3338
6.0000 1.0319 -0.2841
7.0000 1.0400 -0.2065

For λ= -0.2
Converged Voltages
Bus Vmag Ang(rad)
--- ---- --------
1.0000 1.0600 0.0000
2.0000 1.0660 -0.0915
3.0000 1.0681 -0.1210
4.0000 1.0551 -0.1276
5.0000 1.0534 -0.1261
6.0000 1.0676 -0.1071
7.0000 1.0400 -0.0771

OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS:

Since the line is energized, but there is a very light load or the load is disconnected an
increase in voltage(Ferranti effect) occurring at the receiving end of a long transmission
line, above the voltage at the sending end is seen.
PART VI : PV CURVE OF A BUS

P V
0.0100 1.0260
0.0500 1.0230
0.1000 1.0170
0.2000 1.0100
0.3000 1.0000
0.4000 0.9900
0.5000 0.9700
0.6000 0.9600
0.7000 0.9400
0.8000 0.9100
0.9000 0.8900
1.2000 0.7800
1.3000 no solution

OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS:

As the load at a bus increases the voltage drops and at one point the bus is unable to
sustain it. The curve goes backwards into an unstable region
PART VII : EFFECT OF LOAD COEFFICIENT CHANGE AND SLACK BUS POSITION
CHANGE
In this part load coefficient at bus 4 is changed and also the slack and generator bus
positions are changed and loadability is tested

PV bus at 1 Coefficient(Cp, Cc, Ci) Convergence λ

Slack bus at 7 1 0 0 1.974
0 1 0 2.32
0 0 1 2.58

PV bus at 7 Coefficient(Cp, Cc, Ci) Convergence λ

Slack bus at 1 1 0 0 1.30
0 1 0 1.34
0 0 1 1.36

OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS:

In both cases, the maximum convergence lambda value is minimum for constant power
load and maximum for constant impedance load.