Sunteți pe pagina 1din 55

Ir Maurice Bottiau

Concrete &
DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Deep Foundations

Piling Retaining walls Soil Improvement


• Driven • Diaphragm • Injections
– Precast walls • Stone columns
– Cast-in-situ • Jetgrouting
• Pile walls
• Bored • Rigid inclusions
– CFA
• Soilmix
• Soilmix
– Kelly
• Displacement
auger
Driven piles
Bored piles
Secant pile walls
Diaphragm walls
Foundation performance

Soil type Construction Monitoring


and testing

It’s all about reliability


Soil characteristics

Importance of soil characterization


Intermediate or particular soil types
Layered conditions
Deep Foundation
construction

Systems and installation parameters


Equipment
Materials
Monitoring & Testing

Document pile installation


Check design and/or execution
Detect defaults
Codes : European execution codes

• Deep Foundations EN 1536 Bored PIles


construction : EN 1537 Injection Anchor

– CEN TC 288 : Execution of


EN 1538 Diaphragm Wall
EN 12063 Sheet Pile
special geotechnical works EN 12699 Displacement Pile
(1992) EN 12715 Injections
• Concrete : EN 12716 Jet Grouting

– TC 104 : NBN EN 206- EN 14199 Micro PIles

1:2013 and its annex D. EN 14475 Reinforced Earth


EN 14490 Soil Nailing
• Testing: EN 14679 Deep Soil Mixing

– TC 341 : EN 14731 Deep Vibro Densification


EN 25237 Vertical Drain
Deep Foundations and…

CONCRETE
Deep Foundations and concrete
Deep Foundations classification w.r.t concrete

Direct casting Pumping through Tremie pipe


under gravity hollow stem casting
• Driven Cast- • Augercast (CFA) • Bored piles
in-situ • Cased auger • Diaphragm
• Some (pile walls) walls
displacement • Some
auger displacement
auger
Direct casting under gravity
Driven cast in situ concrete pile

Typical diameter driving tube and


bottom plate (mm)
273 (310, 330)
300 (330, 350, 365)
323 (365, 380, 400)
365 (400, 410, 435)
380 (435, 450, 465)
406 (465, 480, 500)
457 (520, 535, 560)
508 (560, 580, 615)
559 (615, 640, 660, 680)
610 (660, 680, 710, 740)

Execution sequence
Displacement cast in situ augercast type ATLAS
Direct casting under gravity

• Usually limited to diameters < 650 mm.


• Casting “in dry conditions” but concrete
directly in contact with water and soil.
• Plastic concrete with high resistance against
segregation.
• Attention to bleeding due to installation
process (=displacement).
Pumping through hollow stem
Cased Augercast (FOW) piles
Pumping through hollow stem

• Augercast systems
• Difference between closed and open circuits.
• High slump concrete > 180 mm
• Usually placed in submerged conditions
• Usually small quantities of concrete per pile : 1-4
m³/pile.
• Mixers stay on site for 2-4 hours…
• Placement of reinforcement cage in fresh
concrete
Tremie pipe casting
Bored piles
BORED PILES

Principle of execution

Bruface, Geotechnical Eng., C. Bauduin


Concrete for bored piles
Diaphragm walls
Diaphragm walls
Tremie Concreting Process

• Pour through tremie pipe


to avoid segregation
• Pipe at pile/excavation
bottom, concrete pushes
aside residues and not
cleaned deposits on
bottom
• Continuous concrete
pouring operation while
tremie pipe remains 1,5 to
2 m in fresh concrete; pipe
is retracted during pouring

30
Tremie pipe casting

• For large diameter bored piles and diaphragm walls.


• High slump concrete.
• Usually placed under submerged conditions
• Large quantities (sometimes > 200 m³)
• Concreting cadence : 50 to 80 m³/h
• Concrete should remain workable through the whole
process. Attention to timeframe!
• Concrete should be able to completely fill the
excavation and embed any reinforcement or box-out
D wall concreting process
D wall concreting process

• Concrete surface should be kept as horizontal


as possible.
• Three measurement points.
D Wall concreting process
Deep Foundations and concrete

• Placement is usually in wet conditions


• Sometimes casted at large depths (> 50 m), or pumped
on long distances
• Through small diameters tremie pipes or hollow stem
of augers.
• Against soil and/or supporting fluid
• Sufficiently workable to fill the voids created by the
tubes/tools or present in the surrounding soil
• Technological aspects linked with reinforcement
/cover/tolerances…
• Attention to supply cadences and continuity
Concrete for Deep Foundations-General requirements (1)

Special properties in concrete’s fresh stage


(during the casting process) :
• completely fill the excavation and embed any
reinforcement or box-out,
• allow self-levelling and self-consolidation,
• not undergo excessive segregation, bleeding,
or filtration
Rheology

• Rheology determines the success of placement


and the quality of the final product.
• The key rheological characteristics are:-
– Workability (ability to completely fill the excavation
and compact by gravity);
– Flow retention (how long specified fresh properties
will be retained); and
– Stability (resistance to segregation, bleeding and
filtration).
Concrete for Deep Foundations-General requirements (2)

Design of concrete mix:


• durability in addition to strength
• tendency to specify
– higher strength classes (C35/45)
– lower water/cement ratios.
• Higher dependence on chemical admixtures
5 components concrete mix
Concrete for deep foundations

Revision of EN 206-1

• Revised version of NBN EN 206-1:2013 :


specification, performances, production and
conformity of concrete
• Annex D : additonnal requirements for
concrete for special geotechnical works
(formerly in EN 1536:2010 and EN 1538:2010)
BORED or DISPLACEMENT PILES Concreting mix and properties
according NBN EN 206-1:2013 - annex D
Mix proportions (acc EN 1536)
Cement content
− Placement in dry conditions ≥ 325 kg/m³
− Placement in submerged conditions ≥ 375 kg/m³
Water – cement ratio (W/C) < 0,6
Fines content, d< 0,125( mm (inclusive cement)
− Coarse aggregate d > 8mm ≥ 400 kg/m³
− Coarse aggregate d≤ 8 mm ≥ 450 kg/m³

Consistency rate for fresh concrete in different conditions (acc EN 1536)


Flow diameter range Slump range Typical conditions
mm mm (examples)
500 150 Concrete placed in dry conditions
560 180 Placed by pumping or
Concrete placed in submerged conditions
under water by tremie
600 200 Concrete placed by tremie in submerged
conditions under a stabilising fluid
Note: the measured slump (H) or flow diameter Φ is to be rounded up to the nearest
10 mm
ABEF/CSTSC specs for D Walls
Control and testing
Controls on site Tests after execution
• Rheology • Direct Testing methods
– Rheometer – Coring within the foundation
• Workability – Closed circuit television (CCTV)
– SFlow table test acc. to EN 12350-5 inspection of the foundation and its
base, inside a drilled hole.
– Slump test acc. to EN 12350-2, ASTM – Excavation to inspect the surface of the
C143 foundation.
– Slump Flow test acc. to EN 12350-8, – Extraction of a pile.
ASTM C1611
– L-Box test acc. to EN 12350-10
• Workability time • Cross hole sonic logging
– Knead bag test • Thermal Integrity Profiling
• Stability • Gamma logging
– Static Segregation or Washout test acc.
to ASTM C1610
– Bleeding test acc. to EN480-4, ASTM
C232
– Visual Stability Index Test (VSI) acc. to
ASTM C1611
– Concrete Filter Press test acc. to tone –
Betone mit Konsistenz ≥ F 59
– Bauer filter press acc. to Australian
Tremie Handbook
Control Timeframe
Bauer test

• Principle: The test simulates


the water retention ability of
fresh concrete under
hydrostatic pressure and
determines the filter loss
through a filter.
• Procedure: A cylindrical
container is filled with 1.5 l of
fresh concrete and pressurized
with compressed air (5 bar).
The water which separates
from bulk concrete through a
filter paper is collected at the
bottom of the container in a
cylinder. The recorded filter loss
is a measure for filter stability
of the concrete.
Bored piles testing

• NDT : Non-Destructive Test


methods to evaluate
structural integrity is pulse
echo or low strain testing
• CSL : Crosshole Sonic Logging
uses the propagation time
and relative energy of an
ultrasonic pulse
• Core drilling of the base of
the pile (or the defect zone
identified by CSL)
TIP: Thermal Integrity Profiling (TIP)
Materials and execution process
are closely linked…
…and should remain in the same
hands!
Concrete is key in structural capacity
and essential to Deep Foundation
Performance
Lookout
Concrete for Deep Foundations:
• Specific requirements
• Specific delivery aspects
• Specific testing methods
Lookout
Deep foundations specialists
want to keep the full control of
the deliveries!
Lookout
Pile
Foundations

Thank you for your kind attention

S-ar putea să vă placă și