49 Lecture18compatibilitymode 141123121730 Conversion Gate02

Digital Image Processing
Image Restoration
Noise models and additive noise removal
5/15/2013 COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad Digital Image Processing CSC330 1
Image Restoration
Image Restoration
 What is noise (in the context of image processing) and how can it
be modeled?
 What are the main types of noise that may affect an image?
 What are the possible solutions?
 Subjective Vs Objective (Enhancement Vs Restoration)
Degradation Model for a Digital Image
Noise Models
Noise and Noise Models
 Gaussian (normal)
 Impulse (salt-and-pepper)
 Uniform
 Rayleigh
 Gamma (Erlang)
 Exponential
Effect of Noise on Images & Histograms
 Gaussian
 Exponential
 Impulse
(salt-and-pepper)
 Rayleigh
 Gamma (Erlang)
 Uniform
Noise Models: Gaussian Noise
Noise Models: Rayleigh Noise
Noise Models: Erlang (Gamma) Noise
Noise Models: Exponential Noise
Where
Noise Models: Uniform Noise
 1 
 , if a  z  b 
p( z )   b  a 
0 otherwise 
The mean and variance are

given by
ab (b  a ) 2
 , 2 
2 12
Noise Models: Impulse (Salt and Pepper) Noise
Periodic Noise (Example)
 Spatially Dependent Case
Applicability of various noise models
Estimation of noise parameters
Estimation of noise parameters (example)
Estimation of noise parameters (example)
Estimation of noise parameters
Restoration of noise-only degradation
Filters to be considered
Mean Filters: Arithmetic mean filter
Causes a certain amount of blurring (proportional to the window size) to

the image, thereby reducing the effects of noise.
Can be used to reduce noise of different types, but works best for Gaussian,
uniform, or Erlang noise.
Mean Filters: Geometric mean filter
– A variation of the arithmetic mean filter

– Primarily used on images with Gaussian noise
– Retains image detail better than the arithmetic mean
Mean Filters: Harmonic mean filter
Harmonic mean filter
– Another variation of the arithmetic mean filter

– Useful for images with Gaussian or salt noise
– Black pixels (pepper noise) are not filtered
Arithmetic and geometric mean filters (example)
Mean Filters: Contra-harmonic mean filter
Classification of contra-harmonic filter applications
Contra-harmonic mean filter (example)
Contra-harmonic mean filter (example)
Rank / Order / Order Statistics Filters
– Known as Rank filters, Order filters OR Order Statistics filters
– Operate on a neighborhood around a reference pixel by

ordering (ranking) the pixel values and then performing an
operation on those ordered values to obtain the new value for
the reference pixel
– They perform very well in the presence of salt and pepper noise
but are more computationally expensive as compared to mean
filters
Rank / Order Statistics Filters: Median filter
Rank / Order Statistics Filters: Median filter
– Most popular and useful of the rank filters.
– It works by selecting the middle pixel value from the ordered set
of values within the m × n neighborhood (W) around the
reference pixel.
• If mn is an even number, the arithmetic average of the two
values closest to the middle of the ordered set is used
instead.
– Many variants, extensions, and optimized implementations in

the literature.
Median filter (Example)
Rank / Order Statistics Filters: Max and Min filter
Rank / Order Statistics Filters: Max and Min filter
– Max filter also known as 100th percentile filter

– Min filter also known as zeroth percentile filter
– Max filter helps in removing pepper noise
– Min filter helps in removing salt noise
Max and Min filter (Example)
Rank / Order Statistics Filters: Midpoint filter
– Calculates the average of the highest and lowest pixel values

within a window
– What would it do with salt and pepper noise ?
Midpoint filter (Example)

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Digital Image Processing

 Subjective Vs Objective (Enhancement Vs Restoration)

The mean and variance are

Causes a certain amount of blurring (proportional to the window size) to

– A variation of the arithmetic mean filter

Harmonic mean filter

– Another variation of the arithmetic mean filter

– Operate on a neighborhood around a reference pixel by

– Most popular and useful of the rank filters.

– Many variants, extensions, and optimized implementations in

– Max filter also known as 100th percentile filter

– Calculates the average of the highest and lowest pixel values

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