Historical References

Historical References in Sangam Poems – From Ainkurunūru, Kurunthokai, Natrinai,

Akanānūru and Puranānūru

(references from the other books will be added soon)

ஐஐஐஐஐஐஐஐஐஐஐ – 17 references

Poem numbers are in brackets.

தததததத (54, 55, 57), ததததத (56), ததததத (56), ததததததத (58), தததததத
(61), தததததத (171 – 180)

Information about Kings and Towns in Ainkurunūru:

Three Great Kings – ததததத
Towns – தததததத, ததததத, ததததததத, தததததத, தததததத

ஐஐஐஐஐஐஐஐஐஐ – 33 references

தததததத (7), தததததத (11), ததததத (11), ததததத (15, 73), தததததத (73,
292), ததததத (19), ததததததததத (34, 178), தததததத (34, 166), தததத
(75), ததததத (75), ததததத (80), ததததததத (89,
128), ததததத (116), தததததத (116), ததததததத (163), தததத (196), ததத
(199), ததததத (210), தததததத (128, 238), தததததத (258), ததததத
(258), ததததததத (258), ததததத (298), தததததத (312), ததததததததத
தததததததத (328), ததததததததத (393), தததததத (393)

Kings, Towns and People in Kurunthokai:

Three great kings – ததததத, ததததததத (ததததத), ததததததததத ததததததததத
Telugu speaking people – தததததத
Groups of people within Tamil Nadu – ததததத, ததததததத
Seven Great Vallals – தததத, ததத, ததததத, தததததத (தததத), தததததத,
ததததத (தததததத)
Towns – தததததத, தததததத, ததததத (Pataliputra), தததததத, ததததததத
Rivers – தததததத, தததத (river in Pataliputra)
Small region kings – தததததத, ததததததததத தததததததத, ததததத
Generous Donors – ததததத, ததததத

ஐஐஐஐஐஐஐ – 56 references
ததததத (தததததததத)(381), தததததததத (ததத) (167, 237), தததததத
(367), ததததத (87, 190), ததததத (180), ததததததத (260, 350), தததததத
(113), ததத (6, 52, 265, 320), தததத (320), தததததத (141, 390), ததததததததத
(14, 105, 395), தததததததத (280), ததததததத (10), தததததத
(23), ததததததததத (14), ததததததத (39, 298, 340, 387), தததததத
(265), ததததத (10, 87, 227, 281, 379, 400), தததததததத (300), ததததததத
(58), தததததத (8, 18, 195), தததததத (270, 391), ததததத (358), தததததத
(10), ததததததத (192), ததததததத (131, 180), ததததததத (8, 18, 185,
346), தததததத (265), ததததததத (390), தததததததத தததததத
(தததத), ததததத, தததததத (212), ததததத (ததததததததத)(150), ததததத
(340), தததததத (280), ததததததத (350), தததததத (390)

ஐஐஐஐஐஐஐஐ (288 references)

Towns and Places in the Poems
ததததததததததத – Aka 266
ததததததத – Aka 266
ததததததத – Aka 196
ததததததததத – Aka 44
ததததததத – Aka 46
ததததத – Aka 159
ததததததததத – Aka 36, 175, 209
ததததததத – Aka 141
தததததததத – Aka 266
தததததத – Aka 4, 6, 93, 122, 137, 226, 237, 369, 385
ததததததததத – Aka 91
ததததததத – Aka 93
ததததத – Aka 6, 222, 226, 376
ததததததத – Aka 44
தததததத – Aka 135, 365
தததததததத – Aka 6, 62, 76, 123, 126, 166, 177, 181, 186, 205, 213, 222, 226, 326, 341,
376, 385, 396
ததததததத – Aka 60, 284
தததததததத – Aka 168
தததததததத – Aka 45, 145
ததததத – Aka 93, 116, 149, 231, 253, 296, 315, 346
தததததததததத – Aka 35
தததததத – Aka 27, 130, 201, 296, 350
ததததததததததத – Aka 220
தததததததத – Aka 54 (தததததததத ததத), 117, 204, 269 (ததததததத ததத)
தததததததத – Aka 90, 220
தததததத – Aka 10, 60, 290
தததததத – Aka 90
தததததத – Aka 266
ததததததததததத – Aka 59
ததததததத – Aka 96
ததததத – Aka 152
தததத – Aka 15, 142, 152, 208, 258, 372, 375, 396
ததததததத (தததததத) – Aka 110, 181, 190
தத ததத – Aka 186, 326
ததததததததத தததததததத – Aka 227
தததததத – Aka 127
தததததத – Aka 57, 149
தததததத – Aka 251
ததததத – Aka 216, 226, 263, 396
தததததத ததததததத
தததததத தததததததததத –
ததததததததத- Aka 81
தததததத – Aka 55, 246
ததததததததததததத – Aka 211
தததததத – Aka 249,
தததததத – Aka 166
தததததத – Aka 4-14, 6-5, 93-5, 122-21,37-6
தததததத ததத – Aka 33-14, 62-13, 208-22, 209-15, 213-15, 303-6, 338-14
தததததத – Aka 27-9, 130-11, 201-4, 296-10, 350-13
தததததத – Aka 57-15, 149-11
ததததததத – Aka 97-13
தததததத – தததததததத தததததததததத தததததததததத தததத – Aka 55-10,
246-9
தததததததத – Aka 85, 141, 209, 211, 213

Historical references in Akanānūru

தததத – ததத தததததததததத, Aka 76-3, 96-12, 113-4
ததததத – Aka 208-18
ததததத ததததத – Aka 105, 211
தததததத – Aka 142, 162, 325
ததததத – Aka 44
தததததத – Aka 271
ததததத – Aka 45, 126, 145
ததததத தததததத – Aka 196, 262
தததத தததததததத – Aka 69, 152, 198
தததத தததததத – Aka 148, 181, 208, 396
ததததததததத – Aka 222-7, 236-16
தததத ததததத – Aka 216
தததததததத – Aka 45-14, 76-10, 135-5, 222-10, 236-20
தததததத – Aka 276, 336, 386, 396, 398
தததததத ததததததத – Aka 386
ததத – Aka 61
தததததத – Aka 70
ததததததத தததததததத – Aka 36
ததததததத ததததததத – 96, 116, 174
தததத தததததத தததததத – Aka 375
ததததததததததத – Aka 65, 168, 233, 238
தததததத – Aka 79, 319
ததததத – Aka 36, 115, 253
ததததத – Aka 115, 126, 266, 366
ததததத – Aka 36, 105, 211
ததததத – Aka 44
ததத – Aka 208, 209
ததத – Aka 6
ததத – Aka 208, 209
தததததத – Aka 44
ததததத – Aka 81
ததததத – Aka 44, 226
தததததத – Aka 44, 386
தததததத ததததத – 197
தததததத – Aka 78
ததததததத ததததத – Aka 55, 125, 141, 246, 376
ததததததத – Aka 135, 365
தததததததததத ததததத தததததததததத ததததத – Aka 199
தததததததத – Aka 70-13, 342-4
தததத – Aka 35, 209
தததததத – Aka 6-6, 62-9, 76-12, 123-11, 126-5, 166-14, 177-16, 181-12, 186-16, 205-12,
213-22, 222-8, 226-10, 326-10,341-4, 376-11, 385-4, 396-14
தததத தததத தததததத – Aka 345
தததததத ததததத – Aka 346
ததததததததத – Aka 91, 212, 270, 290, 376
தததததத – Aka 12, 13, 78, 182, 232, 322, 348
ததததததததததத – Aka 262
ததததததத – Aka 79, 253, 368
தததததததத – 159
தததததததத தததத – 209-15,
ததததத – Aka 15-2, 90-12, 113-5, 196-10, 205-9, 216-11, 251-7, 262-6
தததத – Aka 93, 263
தததத ததததததத – Aka 346
தததததத – Aka 14, 21, 54, 74, 124, 155, 214, 219, 253, 264, 293, 311, 321, 354, 399
தததத ததத – ததததததததததத ததததத தததத தததததி தததததத ததத (Aka
47-16)
ததததததததத – Aka 36
தததததததத தததததத – Aka 216
ததததத – Aka 36
தததததத – Aka 149, 209
தததததததத – 55, 127, 347
ததததத – Aka 36
ததததததத – Aka 36, 46, 47, 57, 106, 116,137, 149, 175, 209, 296, 335
ததததத – Aka 60, 93, 96, 123, 137, 201, 213, 326, 336, 356, 369, 375, 385
தததததத – 148
ததததததததத ததததத – 31
ததததததத – Aka 25-20, 36-15, 45-9, 145-11, 196-11, 322-8, 331-12
தததத தததத – 15-5
ததததததத (ததததததத தததததத) – Aka 342
தததததததத (ததததததத தததததத) – Aka 13, 138
ததததததததத – Aka 213
தததததத – Aka 265
தததததத – Aka 251
தததததத ததத – Aka 356
தததததத தததததத – Aka 258
தததததத தததததததத – Aka 97
தததததத ததததததத – Aka 266
தததததததத ததத – Aka 1, 61
ததததததததத ததததததததத – Aka 162, 231, 253, 266, 338
ததததததததத ததததததத – Aka 303
ததததத – Aka 13
ததததததததத தததததத – 135
ததததததத தததததத – 246
தததததத – Aka 10, 65, 70, 140, 187, 210, 226, 250, 300, 330, 340, 350, 366
தததத – Aka 78, 303
தததததத – தததத ததத Aka 1-4, 61-16
ததததததத – Aka 77-16, 143-12
ததததததத – Aka 152
தததததத – Aka 61, 83, 209, 295, 311, 359, 393
ததததததத – Aka 6
ததததததத – Aka 100
தததததததததததததததத – Aka 44
ததததததததத தததததத – Aka 205
ததததததத – Aka 60, 62, 142, 152, 303, 338
தததததததத – Aka 44
ததததத – Aka 6, 211, 226
ததததத – Aka 222
ததததத – Aka 1, 35, 91, 101, 119, 121, 130, 212, 127, 129, 187, 249, 269, 309, 337
ததததததி தததததததத – Aka 202
ததததத – Aka 35, 53, 63, 67, 75, 87, 89, 105, 169, 284, 297, 319, 363, 377, 387
தததததததத தததததத – Aka 66
தததததததத ததததததத ததததததத – Aka 142
தததததத – Aka 142, 148, 181, 208, 396
தததததததத – Aka
ததததததத – Aka 69-10, 251-12, 281-8
ததததத – Aka 149
ததததத – aka 340
தததததத – Aka 107, 213, 253, 281, 295, 375, 381
தததததத ததததததத –
ததததத – Aka 117, 204, 269
தததததததததத – Aka 45, 359, 389
தததததத – Aka 33, 77, 143, 159, 213, 309, 381
தததததததததத – Aka 147
தததததத – Aka 135, 206, 246, 258, 331

Historical References in Puranānūru

Kings and leaders in Puranānūru

தததததததத தததததத தததததத ததததததத ததததத – Athiyamān Thakadūr

Poruthu Veelntha Elini (he is தததததததத தததததததத ததததத – name is different
because the poet wrote this after he lost Thakadur to ChēramānThakadūr Erintha Perunchēral
Irumporai) – Pura 230
தததததததத தததததததத ததததத – Athiyamān Nedumān Anchi – Pura 87, 88, 89,
90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 206, 208, 231, 232, 235, 315 and 390
தததததததத தததததததத ததததத தததத தததததததததததி – Athiyamān
Nedumān Anji Makan Pokuttu Elini – Pura 96, 102 and 392
தததததததத ததததத – Anthuvan Keeran – Pura 359
தததததத தததததத தததததததத – Ampar Kilān Arunvanthai – Pura 385
தததததத – Aviyan – Pura 383
ததததததததத – Āthanungan – Pura 175
தததததத ததத ததததத ததததததததததததத – Āriyappadai Kadantha
Neduncheliyan – He wrote Pura 183
ததததததததததத – Irungōvel – Pura 201, 202
தததததததததத – Ilavelimān – Pura 162, 207 and 237
ததததததததத தததததத ததததத ததததத – Eernthūr Kilan Thōyan Māran –
Pura 180
ததததததத ததததததததததததத – Uraiyūr Muthukoothanār – Pura 331
ததததத தததத – Ēraikkōn – Pura 157
ததததத தததததததததததத – Ēnāthi Thirukkilli – Pura 167
ததததததத தததததததத ததததத – Oymān Nalliyakōdan (Nalliyāthan): Pura 176, 376
ததததததத ததததததததததத – Oymān Villiyāthan: Pura 379
ததததததததி தததத தததததததததததததத – Ollaiyūr Thantha PoothaPāndiyan –
He wrote Pura 71
தததததத ததததததத ததததததததததததத – Kadalul Māyntha Ilamveruvaluthi – He
wrote Pura 182
தததத ததததததததததததத – Kadiya Neduvēttuvan – Pura 205
தததததததத தததததததத ததததத – Kōperu Nalli – Pura 148, 149 and 150
தததததததததத தததததத – Karumpanūr Kilan – Pura 381 and 384
ததததததததததததத ததததத தததததததத ததததததததத – Kānapēreyil
Kadantha Ukkira Peruvaluthi – Pura 21, 367
தததததத – Kumanan – Pura 158, 159, 160, 161, 164 and 165
ததததததததத தததததத – Konkānam Kilān – Pura 154, 155 and 156
ததததததததததத ததததததததததததத ததததததததததததத ததததததததத –
KōChēramān Yānaikatchēy Māntharanchēral Irumporai – Pura 229
தததததததததத ததததத – Kōperunchōlan – Pura 67, 212, 213, 217, 218, 219, 220,
221, 222, and 223. He wrote Pura 214, 215 and 216
தததததததத தததததத தததததத – Sirukudi Kilān Pannan – Pura 173, 388
ததததததத ததததததததத தததததததத ததததததததத – Chēramān Kadalōttiya
Velkelu Kuttuvan – Pura 369
ததததததத ததததததததத ததததததததத – Chēramān Kanaikkāl Irumporai – He
wrote Pura 74
ததததததத தததததததததத ததததததத தததததததததத ததததத – Chēramān
Karuvūrēriya Olvāl Kōperun Chēral – Pura 5
ததததததத ததததததததத ததததத ததததததததத – Chēramān Kudakkō Chēral
Irumporai – Pura 210 and 211
ததததததத ததததததத தததததததததததததத – Cheramān Kudakkō
Nedunchēralāthan – Pura 62, 63 and 368
ததததததத ததததததததத தததத – Chēramān Kuttuvan Kōthai – Pura 54
ததததததத தததததததத ததததததத – Chēramān Kōkōthai Mārpan – Pura 48 and 49
ததததததத ததததததததததததததத ததததததத தததததததத – Chēramān
Kōttampalathu Thunjiya Mākōthai – He wrote Pura 245
ததததததத தததததததததததததத ததததததத தததததததததததததத
ததததததததத – Chēramān Chikkarpalli Thunjiya Selvakkadunkō Vāliyāthan (Chēramān
Selva Kadunkō Vāliyāthan)– Pura 387
ததததததி ததததததத ததததததத ததததததததத – Chēramān Selva Kadunkō
Vāliyāthan (Chēramān Chikkarpalli Thunjiya Selvakkadunkō Vāliyāthan) – Pura 8, 14,
Pathit 61-70
ததததததத தததததத தததததத ததததததததததத ததததததததத – Chēramān
Thakadūr Erintha Perunchēral Irumporai – Pura 50, Pathit 71-80
ததததததத தததத ததததத ததததததததததததத – Chēramān Pālai Pādiya
Perunkadunkō – Pura 11, 282
ததததததத தததததததததததததத – Chēramān Perunchēralāthan – Pura 65
ததததததத தததததததததததத தததததத தததததததத – Chēramān Perunchōtru
Uthiyan Chēralāthan – Pura 2
ததததததத தததத தததததத – Chēramān Māri Venko – Pura 367
ததததததத ததததததததததததத ததததததததத – Chēramān Māntharanchēral
Irumporai – Pura 53
ததததததத ததததததததததததத ததததததததததததத ததததததததத –
Chēramān Yānaikatchēy MāntharanChēral Irumporai – Pura 17, 20 and 22
ததததததத தததததத – Chēramān Vanjan – Pura 398
ததததத ததததததததததத ததததததத ததததததத தததததததததத
தததததததததத – Chōlan Ilavanthikai Palli Thunjiya Nalankilli Chētchenni – Pura 61
ததததததததத ததததததததததததத தததத ததததததததததததத – Chōlanāttu
Pidavūr Kilārmakan Perunchāthan – Pura 395
ததததத ததததததததத ததததத ததததததததததததத – Chōlan Rāsasooyam
Perunarkilli – Pura 16, 367, 377
ததததத தததததத தததததத தததததததத தததததத – Chōlan Uravapaharer
Ilanchēt Chenni – Pura 4
ததததத ததததததத தததததததததததத – Karikāl Peruvalathān (Karikālan,victor of
Venni) – Pura 7, 66 and 224
ததததத ததததததததததததத ததததததத ததததததததததததததததத – Chōlan
Kurāpalli Thunjiya Perunthirumāvalavan – Pura 58, 60 and 197
ததததத தததததததததததததத ததததததத தததததத ததததத – Chōlan
Kulamutrathu Thunjiya Killi Valavan – Pura 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 46, 69, 70,
173 (he wrote 173), 226, 227, 228, 386, 393 and 397
ததததத தததததததததத – Chōlan Nalankilli – Pura 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 45, 68,
225, 382 and 400. He wrote Pura 73 and 75
ததததத தததததததததத ததததத தததததததததத – Chōlan Nalankilli’s young
brother Māvalathān – Pura 43
ததததத தததததததததததததத – Chōlan Nalluthiran – He wrote Pura 190
ததததத தததததததததததத – Chōlan Nedunkilli – Pura 44, 45 and 47
ததததத ததததததததததததத தததததததத தததததத – Chōlan Neythalankānal
Ilanchētchenni – Pura 10
ததததத ததததததததததததத ததததததததததததத தததததததத தததததத –
Chōlan Pāmulūr Erintha Neythalankānal Ilanchēt Chenni – (also known as ததததத
ததததததததததததத தததததததத தததததத, ததததத தததததததததத
தததததத தததததததத தததததத), Pura 10, 203, 370, 378
ததததத ததததததததததத ததததததததததததத – Chōlan Pōrvaikkō Perunarkilli –
Pura 80, 81, 82, 83, 84 and 85
ததததத ததததததததததத ததததததததததததததததத – Chōlan Mudithalai
Kōperunarkilli – Pura 13
ததததத தததததததததத தததத ததததததததத தததததத – Chōlan
Verpahradakkai Peruviral Killi – Pura 62 and 63
ததததத ததததத ததததததததததததததத – Chōliya Ēnāthi Thirukkuttuvan –
Pura 394
தததததததததத – Thanthumāran – Pura 360
தததததத தததததததததததத – Thāmān Thōndrikōn – Pura 399
தததததததததத ததததததததததத – Thondaimān Ilanthiraiyan – He wrote Pura 185
ததததததத ததததததத – Nallēr Muthiyan – Pura 389
தததத தததததத ததததத – Nālai Kilavan Nākan – Pura 179
தததததததத தததததததத – Nānjil Valluvan – Pura 137, 138, 139, 140 and 380
ததததததததத தததததததததததத – Pāndiyan Arivudainampi – Pura 184. He wrote
Pura 188
ததததததததத ததததததததததத ததததததத ததததததத தததததததத –
Pāndiyan Ilavanthikai Palli Thunjiya Nanmāran – Pura 55, 56, 57, 196 and 198
ததததததததத ததததததத ததததததத ததததததததததத ததததத – Pāndiyan
Karunkai Olvāl Perumpeyār Valuthi – Pura 3
ததததததததத தததததததததததத – Pāndiyan Keeransāthan – Pura 178
ததததததததத தததததததததததத ததததததத ததததத ததததத – Pāndiyan
Koodakārathu Thunjiya Māran Valuthi – Pura 51 and 52
ததததததததத தததததததததததததததத ததததததத தததததததத – Pāndiyan
Chithiramādathu Thunjiya Nanmāran – Pura 59
ததததததததத ததததததததததததததத ததததததததத ததததததததததததத –
Pāndiyan Thalaiyālankānathu Cheruvendra Neduncheliyan – Pura 18, 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 72,
76, 77, 78, 79, 371 and 372 – He wrote Pura 72
ததததததததத தததததததததத தததததததததததத ததததததததத – Pāndiyan
Palyākasālai Muthukudumi Peruvaluthi – Pura 6, 9, 12, 15 and 64
ததததததததத ததததததததத தததததததத ததததததத ததததததததத –
Pāndiyan Velliampalathu Thunjiya Peruvaluthi – Pura 58
ததததததததத ததததததததததததத – Pālai Pādiya Perunkadunkō – He wrote Aka 5,
99, 155, 185, 261, 267, 291, 337, 379, Kur 16, 37, 124, 135, 137, 209, 231, 262, 283, 398,
Nat 9, 48, 118, 202, 224, 256, 318, 337, 384, 391. Pura 11 and 282 were written for him.
ததததததத ததததததத – Pittankotran – Pura 168, 169, 170, 171, 172
ததததத ததததததததத தததத தததததததததததததததத – Queen Perunkōpendu,
wife of Pāndiyan PoothaPāndiyan – She wrote Pura 246, Pura 247 was written for her
ததததத ததததததத தததததத/ தததததத – Unknown King/leader – Pura 361
தததததததததததத தததததத – Poraiyātru Kilān – Pura 391
ததததத தததததத தததததததத – Malli Kilān Kāriyāthi – Pura 177
தததததததத ததததத தததததத தததததததததததத – Malaiyamān Chōliya
Vēnāthi Thirukkannan: Pura 174
தததததததத தததததததததததததத – Malaiyamān Thirumudi Kāri – Pura 121, 122,
123, 124, 125 and 126
ததததததத தததததத தததததத – Vallār Kilān Pannan – Pura 181
ததததததத ததத – Valvil Ōri – Pura 152, 153 and 204
தததததததததத தததததததததத – Vāttrāttru Eliniyāthan – Pura 396
தததததததத தத – Vichi Kō – Pura 151, 200
தததததததத – Velimān – Pura 238
தததத ததத தததததததத – Pura 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 240,
241, 374 and 375
தததத ததததத – Vēl Evvi – Pura 233 and 234
தததத தததத – Vēl Pāri – Pura – 105, 106, 107, 108, 111, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118,
119, 120, and 236
தததததததத தததததததததத ததததத – Vaiyāvi Kōperum Pēkan – Pura 141, 142,
143, 144, 145, 146 and 147

Towns from names of poets, kings and leaders: Allūr, Ampar, Arisil, Ālankudi, Alathūr,
Āvaduthurai, Āvūr, Aiyāthi, Aiyūr, Aiyūr Moolam, Chikkal, Chithiramādam,
Eernthūr, Erukkattūr, Erumai, Idaikkundrūr, Ilavanthikai, Karumpanūr, Karuvūr, Kallil,
Kāri, Kāvirippoompattinam, Kudavāyil, Kundrūr, Koodakāram, Koodalūr, Kōttampalam,
Kovūr, Kulamutram, Kurāpalli, Kutta Nādu, Mankudi, Mārōkam, Mathurai, Marungūr,
Mukaiyalūr, Muranjiyūr, Mōsi, Nālai, Neythalankānal, Niyamam, Okkūr, Ollaiyūr,
Perunkundroor, Poonkundram, Pakkudukkai, Pullatrūr, Pēreyil, Pāmulūr, Pidavūr, Poraiyār,
Sirukudi, Thakadūr, Thalaiyālankānam, Thankāl, Thāmal, Thuraiyūr, Uraiyūr, Vadamōtham,
Vallār, Vāttrāru, Virichiyūr, Viriyūr, Veerai, Venni and Vēmpatrūr.

Clans: Āviyars (147), Kosars (169, 283, 396), Vēlirs (24, 135, 201, 396)
 Towns and cities in the poems: Alumpil (283), Araiyam (202), Ampar (385), Eyil (71),
Kanthāram (258), Karumpanur (384), Koodal (347), Kōvalūr (99), Kumari (17, 67), Maiyal
(71), Mathurai (58), Māvilankai (176, 379), Milalai (24), Musiri (343), Muthūr (18, 24),
Neythalankānal (10), Ollaiyūr (242), Oonoor (348), Pidavūr (395), Pōnthai (338),
Thalaiyālankānam (19, 23), Thondi (16, 48), Thuraiyūr (136), Thuvarai (201), Uranthai (39,
58, 68, 352, 395), Uraiyūr (212), Vākai (351), Vallār (181), Vanji (11, 39), Venkudai (394),
Vilangil (53)

Mountains and hills: Himalayas (2, 228), Kōdai (Kodaikanal – 205), Kolli Mountain (22,
158), Konkanam (155, 156, 154), Mullūr Mountain (123, 126, 174), Muthiram Mountain
(158, 160, 163), Pāyal Mountain (398), Parampu Mountain (108, 109, 110, 113, 158, 176,
201), Pothiyam (2, 128), Thōtti Mountain (150), Venkadam (381, 385, 389, 391)

Rivers: Ān Porunai (36), Kaviri (35, 43, 58, 68, 166, 174, 385, 393, 399), Kumari (6),
Pahruli (9), Porunai (11, 387), Vaiyai (71)

Forts: Kānapēriyil (21)

Others: Arunthathi (122), Aryans (King Ariyappadai Kadantha Neduncheliyan), Asurar

(174), Mauryas (175)

Friendships:

Poet Kapilar and Pāri – Poems 105-120, 200-202 and 236 reveal the friendship of Kapilar and
Pāri. The three mighty kings lay siege to Pāri’s Parampu Mountain. Kapilar pleaded with
them to go away. By deceitful means, they killed Pāri and took his mountain. Kapilar
assumed responsibility for Pari’s daughters and took care of them as his own daughters.

Poet Avvaiyār and Athiyamān – There was only one Avvaiyār in the entire Sangam
literature. There were a couple of other female poets with the same name in later Tamil
literature. Avvaiyār had great respect for Athiyamān. Poems 87-104, 231, 232, 235, 315 and
390 reveal their friendship.

Poet Pisiranthaiyār and Kōperunchōlan – Pisiranthaiyar was born in Pandiya Nadu. He lived
during the reign of Pandiyan Arivudai Nampi. He became friends with the Chōla king
Kōperunchōlan. He joined him in death. Poems 67, 212, 215, 216, 217 and 218 reveal their
friendship.

Poet Pothiyār and Kōperunchōlan – Pothiyār was one of the court poets of
Kōperunchōlan. He was also a good friend to the king. He wanted to sit with the king facing
north, to die. However, the king bade him to go back and attend to his pregnant
wife. Pothiyār came back after his son was born and sat facing the north and killed himself,
to join his friend in death. Poems 217 and 220-223 reveal their friendship.

Battles:

Venni Battlefield: Karikālan beat Chēramān Perunchēralāthan and eleven Velirs at the
Venni battlefield (Poem 66). There are references to this battle in Akanānūru 55, 246,
Puranānūru 66 and Porunarātruppadai 147. Natrinai 390 has a reference to Venni town
belonging to the Chōla king Killi.
Thalaiyālankānam Battlefield: Pāndiyan Thalaiyālankānathu Cheruvendra Neduncheliyan
defeated the Chēra and Chōla kings along with five Vēlirs at this battlefield (Poem 19). This
battle is referred to as Alankānam battle in Akanānūru 36, 175, 209, Mathuraikānji 127 and
Natrinai 387. Pāndiyan Thalaiyālankānathu Cheruvendra Neduncheliyan, was the one for
whom Mathuraikānji was written. The Pathuppāttu song Mullaippāttu was written for
him. Some scholars believe that the Pathuppāttu song Nedunalvādai was written for him,
although there is no mention of a king’s name in Nedunalvādai. There is a description of
neem leaves tied to spears, which makes it appear that it was the army of a Pandiyan king.

Thakadūr: Athiyan Elini (Athiyamān) was crushed in a battle here by ChēramānThakadūr

Erintha Perunchēral Irumporai (Poem 50). A book titled ‘Thakadūr Yathirai’ of which we
have only fragments, describes this battle.