Types of communicative strategy .
Topic control – happens when the subject of
Communicative competence – can be
defined as a learners ability to use a target
language correctly and aptly in terms of
grammar and given situational context while
being able to deal with potential lapses.
Grammatical competence – a speaker
exhibits this competence if he/she
understands grammar rules , avoids flaws in
a sentence and identifies awkward sentence
structure among other indicators .
Sociolinguistic competence – this
competence is exhibited when the shared
context and the relationship of the speakers
,among other social elements are taken
into consideration when communicating .
Strategic competence – is the ability to
organize a message effectively and to
overcome any difficulty by applying
appropriate techniques .
Communicative strategies and convention in
conversation .
Communicative strategies – are the means
used to overcome varios problems in
communication which arise from linguistic
lapses or lack of understanding.
Turn-talking - turntalking refers to the
exchange of turns of participants .
Nomination – happens when
communicators decide who takes the turn
to speak .
Restriction – happens when the participants
are limited in what ,when and how they can
speak
the conversation is restricted by one of the
communicators .
Topic shifting – refers to the process in
which a new topic is introduced in the
conversation .
Repair – this refers to the practices used by
speakers to approach problems
encountered in conversation .
Termination – refers to the conversational
practices which are used to close a topic.
The principles of speech writing .
Analyzing the audience
You can deliver an effective speech that
suits your audience if you gather
information about them .
Situational information – includes the size of
your audience and what they know about
the topic and the speaker .
-number of people in the audience
-audience knowledge of the topic
Audience knowledge of and opinion about
the speaker
Demographic information – this refrers to
general chrarteristics of the audience
including age , gender,education ,
occupation and economic status .
Psychological information - includes the
values ,beliefs and attitudes of your
audience .
Values – refer to the principles learned from
influential and rooted institutions such as
the family , church and the school .
Beliefs – refer to the notions that person
consider to be true .
Attitudes – refer to how people look at and
deal with the things around them .
Choosing your topic
select a topic based on the information you
gathered about your audience and ask
yourself what you want to achieve with
your speech .
objectives -choose one objective that you
want to achieve using your speech and then
choose a topic that can be explored well
using your objectives .
the end result – choose an end result that
fits you choose a topic .
Getting information about the topic
Use various sources to support your
arguments , when looking information
,consider the reliability , validity and
currency of your source .
The library – your school library can provide
you with various information sources .
The internet – the internet is vast sources of
information you can use for research .
Outlining and organizing the speech outline
It is important to structure yout thoughts
and your information logically .
Outlining
To establish your speech’s introducition ,
body , and conclusion , begin by preparing
outline .
Introduction – sets the scene for the whole
presentation . during this part you have the
full attention of the audience .
Body – the body of your speech is where you
expound on your thesis statement by
presentating your details and arguments .
Conclusion – the conclusion is even more
important than the beginning . if you give a
very effective beginning and interesting
body ,but fail to end with a positive impact ,
it will undo all your effort and preparation .
Preparing to write
Duration – know how much time is provided
for your delivery .
Word choice – the words you will use
depend on the characteristics of your
audience .
Grammatical correctness – observe correct
grammar to clearly and accurately express
your message and to add your credibility .
Principles of speech delivery
Facial expression – when delivering your
speech,remember that facial expression is
vital because it also adds to the message
that you are communicating .
Posture – stand strainght to demonstrate
your self-assurence and confidence .
Gesture and movement – make sure to use
gestures and movements only when
appropriate .
Voice – your voice is the primary tool for
catching the interest of your audience ,
emplahasizing your mains points , memorized speech – a memorizd speech is
stimulating reactions , and converying your delivered with the aid of prepared text or
message . notes and is committed memory .
Articulations – refers to the act of producing extemporaneous speech -the speaker has a
a speech sound short time to prepare he/she typically
delivers his /her speech with the helps of
Modulations – refers to the manipulations of
notes which show an outline of the speech .
the rate , pitch , and volume of the voice to
denote mood and meaning . impromptu speech – is delivered on the spur
of the moment .
attire – dressing well demonstrates that you
care enough about the audience and your
speech by looking your best .
rapport with audience – establish rapport
with the audience even if your formal talk
has not yet begun .

types of speech according to purpose

informative speech – this type of speech

aims to get the listeners to know more
about the topic
persuasive speech – the aim of a persuasive
speech to influence the judgement ,
decision and perspective of listeners on a
certain topic or to a convince them to do a
particular set of actions .
entertaining speech – this type of speech os
characterized by lightness in tone ,good
humor and fun .
manuscript speech – in this type of delivery
, the speaker reads his/her speech prepared
manuscript .