Trends in Food Science & Technology 53 (2016) 102e112

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Trends in Food Science & Technology

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Review

Therapeutic potentials of bioactive compounds from mango fruit

wastes
Afifa Asif a, Umar Farooq a, *, Kashif Akram a, Zafar Hayat b, Afshan Shafi a,
Farkhandah Sarfraz a, Muhammad Asim Ijaz Sidhu a, Hafeez-ur Rehman a,
Sommayya Aftab c
a
Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
b
Department of Animal Sciences, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
c
The Children's Hospital and the Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Background: Continues spread of infectious diseases which affect almost 50, 000 people every day have
Received 18 February 2016 become a leading global problem and the main reason is the emergence of multi-drug resistance in
Received in revised form bacterial strains. So this alarming condition has necessitated search of new and natural antimicrobial
27 April 2016
substances with higher bioactivity and no side effects. From the last decade, use of plant extracts as a
Accepted 6 May 2016
Available online 10 May 2016
source of bioactive components (phytochemicals) has gained wide attention against synthetic antibiotic
drugs.
Scope and approach: The present review aimed at evaluating the bioactive components of mango kernel,
Keywords:
Mango kernel
their extraction, mechanism of action, anti-microbial potential and other therapeutic roles against
Mango peel various diseases.
Pytochemicals Key findings and conclusions: Recent studies have shown that fruit's waste parts like mango peel and
Antimicrobials agents kernel contain a noteworthy amount of bioactive component of therapeutic worth. These biologically
Pathogens active components include mangiferin, flavonoids, catechin, phenolic acids, gallic acid and gallic acid
Infectious diseases derivatives. The therapeutic importance of these compounds have evaluated through in-vitro and
minimal pre-clinically but there is need to proper pre-clinical trials and afterward clinical trials for health
claims and health benefits.
© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction predominant producers are India and Pakistan (Diarra, 2014).

Mango (Mangifera indica L.), a member of Anarcadiaceae family,
have more than 70 genera, and 1000 varieties, is considered one of
the most important tropical fruits (Fowomola, 2010; Kansci,
Koubala, & Mbome, 2008; Kittiphoom, 2012; Kobayashi et al.,
2013). Dates back in 4000 years ago, South-East Asia is thought to
be the origin of this delicious fruit which is now being cultivated in
more than 90 countries throughout the world (Diarra, 2014). After
bananas, Mango is ranked as the third most integral tropical fruit
crop where its cultivation accounts for 39 million tonnes in 2010.
Mexico, Indonesia, India, Pakistan, Brazil, Philippines, Nigeria, and
Egypt are top mango producers. In the market of South Asia, the
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: umarfarooq@uos.edu.pk (U. Farooq).
Because of its exotic flavour, succulence, and sweet taste mango is
known as the king of fruits and is broadly utilized by consumers in
all stages of maturity throughout the world (Kittiphoom, 2012).
Apart from consumption as ripe fruit, mangoes are processed into
several frozen, canned, dehydrated, concentrated and dried prod-
ucts prepared mainly from mango pulp. Juices, puree, leather,
squash, nectar, pickles, chutney, jam, slices, powder and ready-to-
serve beverages are some of examples of mango products having
considerable demand which is increasing for both domestic and
export markets (Ravani & Joshi, 2013). Besides direct consumption
or industrial processing of mango pulp, significant quantities of
mango fruit wastes mainly in the form of peel and seed (kernel) are
available (Massibo & He, 2008). The mango seed is the major waste
of mango after processing, but it is a promising source of thera-
peutic health benefits (Ashoush & Gadallah, 2011; Kittiphoom,
2012; Momeny, Rahmati, & Ramli, 2012). Depending on their

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2016.05.004
0924-2244/© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 A. Asif et al. / Trends in Food Science & Technology 53 (2016) 102e112
different varieties, mango contains about 20e60% seed of the
whole fruit, and the kernel as 45e75% of the whole seed
(Maisuthisakul & Gordon, 2009). Peel is a waste product of mango
processing industry consisting 15e20% of mango weight (Massibo
& He, 2008) (see Table 1).
Mango contains congregation of several bioactive compounds
and has been used as an important herb in the traditional and
Ayurvedic medicinal system, since centuries (Shah, Patel, Patel, &
Parmar, 2010). These important compounds are distributed in
various concentrations in different parts of mango fruit like seed,
peel and pulp. A number of polyphenols like alkylresorcinol, fla-
vonols, gallotannins, xanthones and benzophenone derivatives
have been reported in mango fruit waste; peel and seed kernel
(Table 2) (Barreto et al., 2008; Berardini, Carle, & Schieber, 2004;
Kno€ dler et al., 2008; Massibo & He, 2008; Schieber, Berardini, &
Carle, 2003). The presence of such valuable bioactive compounds
in the mango fruit waste indicated that it is not a waste instead it's a
coin dumped under rocks (Engels et al., 2011a, b). These so called
wastes parts have many applications in the development of ethno-
veterinary medicines (Alwala, Wanzala, Inyambukho, Osundwa, &
Ndiege, 2010). Various therapeutic potentials of mango fruit
wastes have been investigated including antimicrobial (Alok,
Keerthana, Kumar, Ratan, & Chand, 2013; David & Diemert, 2006;
Gadallah & Abdel Fatah, 2011; Kabuki et al., 2000; Mirghani,
Yosuf, Kabbash, Vejayan, & Yosuf, 2009; Shabani & Sayadi, 2014;
Stoilova, Gargova, Stoyanova, & Ho, 2005) anti-inflammatory
(Andreu, Delgado, Velho, Curti, & Vercesi, 2005; Augustyniak,
Waszkiewicz, & Skrzydlewska, 2005; Nakaishi, 2000; Sanchez
et al., 2000), antidiabetic (Ramesh, Parasuraman, Vijaya,
Darwhekar, & Devika, 2001), analgesic, immunomodulatory
(Berardini et al., 2004; Sahu et al. 2007), antioxidative (Berardini
et al., 2004; Nithitanakoo, Pithayanuku, & Bavovada, 2009; Soong
& Barlow, 2004), anticarcinogenic (Abdullah, Mohammed,
Abdullah, Mirghani, & Qubaisi, 2014; Duthie, Duthie, & Kyle,
2000; Woude et al., 2003).
Among various health benefits, antimicrobial potential of
different fruits including mangoes is of particular research interest
as infectious diseases cause around one-third of all mortality
globally and prevail the primary source of death especially in
developing countries (Akinsulire, Aibinu, Adenipekun, Adelowotan,
& Odugbemi, 2007). These diseases are mostly caused by patho-
genic agents particularly of microbes (Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Sal-
monella, and Clostridium) that are capable of being communicable
to another host (Engering, Hogerwerf, & Slingenbergh, 2013). The
extent of occurrence of different infectious diseases has been
increasing globally (Kaur et al., 2010) due to prolonged destitution,
huge migration to urban vicinities, changes in food handling, food
processing technologies and food marketing systems (Racaniello,
2004). Among all the factors, food borne pathogenic bacteria have
always been considered as a major cause of morbidity and mortality
due to infectious diseases in humans (Djeussi et al., 2013). The
significant rise is experienced in long-standing diarrheal infection
because of waterborne Cryptosporidium, renal collapse due to food
borne Escherichia coli, haemorrhagic colitis, middle-ear diseases
from drug-resistant pneumococci and pneumonia etc. It is because
of the increase in bacterial cells multiplication, mutagenic character
of bacterial DNA and continuous bacterial cells transformation
(Daszak, Cunningham, & Alex, 2000).
In the United States, infectious diseases are reported for 25% of
entire appointments to physicians, where antimicrobial agents are
the second most commonly accepted class of medicines in each
year. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 10
billion infections emerge annually (Akinsulire et al., 2007; Jones
et al., 2008; Williams, 2000). The prevention and control of these
diseases becomes crucial for the survival of human being (Djeussi
103
et al., 2013). Although to manage the threat of infectious diseases,
several strategies including antibiotics, oral therapies, micro-
nutrient supplementation and other conventional methods have
been in use (Di Cesare, DuPont, & Mathewson, 2002). But all these
methods have some limitations such as induction of antibiotic
associated diarrhea (Kremer & Zwane, 2006), increase in pathogen
resistance against drugs (Ge et al., 2002; Goosens, Ferech, Stichele,
& Elseviers, 2005; Mathew, Cissell, & Liamthong, 2007; Nair &
Chanda, 2005; Neogi, Saumya, Mishra, & Raju, 2008; Vaghasiya
et al., 2010), gastrointestinal disturbance, skin rashes, thrust and
mineral imbalance in the body due to available antimicrobial drugs
(Dancer, 2004).
In this scenario, exploration of natural, economical and effective
antimicrobial compounds without side effects is an indispensable
need of the time (Macarthur & DuPont, 2012). These situations has
generated the requirement or demand to discover a novel source of
bioactive compound to prevent the growth of pathogens. The use of
plant based extracts as a natural treatment of microbial pathogens
are certainly considered as safe with low cost and no noticeable
side effects (Akthar, Degaga, & Azam, 2014). In order to generate
awareness and to gather information, the present effort has been
made to highlight the therapeutic potentials of bioactive com-
pounds present in mango fruit wastes with particular reference to
their antimicrobial potential for efficient, sustainable and cost
effective treatment of infectious diseases.
2. Composition of mango seed kernel and peel
Mango seed consists of about 29% shells, 68% kernel and 3% testa
(Diarra, 2014; Odunsi, 2005). The composition of mango seed
kernel varies according to different varieties (Mirghani et al., 2009;
Percival et al., 2006; Ribeiro et al., 2007; Rodriguez et al., 2006).
Based on dry weight, 11% fat, 6.0% protein, 77% carbohydrate, 2.0%
ash and 2.0% crude fibre is the average composition of mango seed
kernel. Mango seed kernel is high in minerals such as sodium,
potassium, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium (Sandhu & Lim,
2007). The mango seed kernel contains 52e56% unsaturated fatty
acids and 44e48% saturated fatty acids (primary stearic acid). A
large quantity of essential amino acids (lysine, leucine, and valine)
is also present in mango seed kernel. Bioactive components which
are present in mango kernel include phytosterols (stigma-sterol,
campe-sterol and also contains vitamin K), sito-sterol (b-sito-ste-
rols), tocopherols, and polyphenols (Soong & Barlow, 2006).
Chemical composition of mango peel varies depending upon
cultivar. A significant amount of total dietary fibre (45e78%),
distributed into soluble (16e28%) and insoluble (29e50%) fractions,
is present in mango peel (Ajila, Bhat, & Rao, 2007). Cellulose,
hemicelluloses, pectin, lipids, proteins, carotenoids and poly-
phenols are also present in mango peel (Ajila et al., 2007). Mango
peel also contain considerable amount of reducing sugars and
because of the presence of reducing sugars mango peel also utilized
for fermentation process, bio-energy and various value added
products (Somda, Savadogo, Quattara, Quattara, & Traore, 2011).
Rehman, Salariya, Habib, and Shah (2004) documented that mango
peel contain a high quantity of pectin (10%e15%) and soaking
process before the extraction of pectin increases its yield to about
21%. The pectin obtained from mango peel possesses better gelling
property as compared to citrus peel pectin (Koubala, Kansci,
Garnier, Ralet, & Thibault, 2012).
3. Bioactive compounds present in mango fruit waste
Ahmed, Saeid, Eman, and Reham (2007) demonstrated the
polyphenolic composition by measuring the various polyphenolic
components in mango seed kernel. The bioactive compounds or the
104 A. Asif et al. / Trends in Food Science & Technology 53 (2016) 102e112

Table 1
Effectiveness of various extracts of mango waste against various microorganism.

Mango Extract type Inhibited microorganisms Action/Effect Reference

waste
powder/extract

Mango kernel Methanolic Escherichia coli Inhibited the growth at a concentration of (Abdalla et al., 2007)
Extract 400 ppm methanol and 5% mango kernel
extract
Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Clostridium botulinum, Inhibition was achieved at a concentration of (Engels et al., 2011a, b)
Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes, 0.2 g/liter
Staphylococcus aureus
E. faecalis Significant reduction of colony forming units (Subbiya et al., 2013)
(CFU)/mL comparable to conventional irrigant
5% NaOCl
Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Citrobacter Inhibition ranged between 5 mm and 18 mm (Amgad et al., 2012)
freundii, E. coli, Gordonia bronchialis, L. with 18 mm/Mycobacterium highest zone of
monocytogenes, Mycobacterium senegalense, M. inhibition
smegmatis, Nocardia asteroids, N. farcinica, N.
otitiscaviarum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, S. aureus,
Streptococcus pyogenes
E. coli, Salmonella typhimurium, P. testosterone, P. Reduction of all tested microbial strains because (Vaghasiya et al., 2011)
syringae, P. stutgeri, P. pictoruim, Proteus of the presence of high amount of tannins and
vulgaris, Proteus morganii, Proteus mirabilis, phenol contents in extract
Klebsiella aerogenes, Enterobacter aerogene,
Citrobacter freundii
S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa Inhibition ranged between 1.40 and 2.23 cm (Mirghani et al., 2009)
after 1 mM dilution
Aeromonas hydrophila, P. Putida, P. aeruginosa, P. Highest zone size were exhibited in the range of (Sahu, Das, & Mishra, 2013)
fluorescens, Vibrio alginolyticus, V. 22.16 mm/400 mg-19 mm/400 mg
parahaemolyticus, V. fluvialis, V. harveyi,
Edwardsiella tarda, E. coli, Flavobactrium
Columnare
Ethanolic Staphylococcus aureus Inhibition by Ultra
structural changes in (Jiamboonsri et al., 2011)
Extract bacterial cell morphology
Mesophilic aerobic microorganism Reduction of 80% mesophilic plate count and (Vega et al., 2013)
Total fungi and yeasts 97% total molds
S. aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, Maximum zone of inhibition was achieved at a (Shabani & Sayadi, 2014)
P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, E. faecalis concentration of 25 mg/mL
S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa Inhibition ranged between 2.23 and 3.30 cm (Mirghani et al., 2009)
E. coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Klebsiella Active against all tested strain at 2500 ppm (Kabuki et al., 2000)
aerogenes, S. aureus, B. cereus, Campylobacter
jejuni
Aqueous S. aureus, P. aeruginosa Inhibition was achieved against Gram positive (Prakash, 2012)
Extract and Gram negative microbes by using spread
plate method
S. aureus, P. aerugenosa Inhibition was achieved by using spread plate (Alok et al., 2013)
method at 10% concentration of extract
B. cereus, B. subtilis, Salmonella typhi, P. Inhibition zone ranged between 3.17 mm and (Khammuang & Sarnthima,
aeruginosa 8.1 mm 2011)
Hexane S. aureus Antibacterial activity achieved because of Iron (Engels et al., 2011a, b)
Extract binding capacity of gallotannins
Powder Vibrio vulnificus, E. coli, S. aureus Inhibited the growth at a concentration of (Kaur et al., 2010)
100 mg/ml
Phosphate S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa Significantly Inhibit the growth ranged between (Mirghani et al., 2009)
Extract 1.5 and 3.3 mm zone of inhibition
Mango peel Aqueous B. cereus, B. megaterium, B. subtilis, Minimum inhibitory concentration was (Rakholiya et al., 2013a, b)
Extract Corynebacterium rubrum, L. monocytogenes, 1250 mg ml
1 and minimum bacterial
Micrococcus flavus, S. albus, E. coli, Klebsiella concentration was >1250 mg ml
1.
aerogenes, Enterobacter aerogenes, Proteus
mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida
albicans, C. neoformans
Ethanolic S. aureus Strains Minimum inhibitory concentration was (de Oliveira et al., 2011)
Extract achieved at 2048 mg/mL it also modulate the
effect of antibiotics.
Acetone S. aureus, S. subflava, Corynebacterium Rubrum, Zone of inhibition ranged between 9 mm and (Chanda, Baravalia, Kaneria,
Extract Salmonella typhimurium, Enterobacter aerogenes, 14 mm. Rakholiya, 2010)
Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis,
Cryptococcus luteolus,
Methanolic Alternaria alternata Inhibited the growth at a concentration of (Vega-Vega, Silva-
Extract 6.25 mg/mL Espinoza1, et al, 2013;
Vega-Vega, Brenda, et al.
2013)
 A. Asif et al. / Trends in Food Science & Technology 53 (2016) 102e112 105

polyphenolic contents in 100 g of mango seed kernel includes Table 2

20.7 mg tannin, 6.0 mg gallic acid,12.6 mg coumarin, 7.7 mg caffeic Important bioactive compounds present in mango fruit waste parts (Ajila et al.,
2007; Koubala et al., 2012; Soong & Barlow, 2006).
acid, 20.2 mg vanillin, 4.2 mg mangiferin, 10.4 mg ferulic acid,
11.2 mg cinnamic acid, and 7.1 mg unknown compounds (Masibo & Fruit waste part Bioactive compounds Chemical nature
He, 2009). The total polyphenolic contents of the mango kernel Mango Peel Mangiferin Xanthonoid
extract was estimated to be 112 mg GAE/100 g. Similarly Palmeira, Proanthocyanidins Flavonoides
Gois, and Souza (2012) reported that mango peels contain a Epicatechin Flavonoides
Quercetin Flavonoides
considerable quantity of polyphenols, carotenoids and dietary fibre.
Isoquercetin Flavonoides
These polyphenols includes mangiferin pentoside, quercitin, Astragalin Flavonoides
syringic acid and ellagic acid (Ajila, Jaganmohan, & Rao, 2010). The Epicatechin Catechin
bioactive components present in mango waste parts (seed kernel Epigallocatechin Catechin
Epicatechin gallate Catechin
and peel) are given in Table 2 and also discussed in detail as
Gallic acid propyl ester Phenolic acid
followed: 3,4- dihydroxybenzoic acid Phenolic acid
Dihydroxybenzoic acid Phenolic acid
Ellagic acid Phenolic acid derivative
3.1. Tannins and tannin like substances
Mango Kernel Gallotannins Hydrolyzable tannins
Mangiferin Xanthonoid
Kabuki et al. (2000) reported antimicrobial activities of an Proanthocyanidins Flavonoides
ethanolic extract from mango kernels against 18 bacterial species Isoquercetin Flavonoides
including foodborne pathogens. It was found that the extract was Quercetin Flavonoides
Fisetin Flavonoides
composed primarily of polyphenols, but the antibacterial compo-
Epicatechin Catechin
nents were not characterized. In a subsequent study it was Epigallocatechin Catechin
demonstrated that mango kernel extracts contain high amounts of Epicatechin gallate Catechin
hydrolyzable tannins (Berardini et al., 2004) and hypothesized that Gallic acid propyl ester Phenolic acid
the antimicrobial activity could be due to the presence of gallo- Gallic acid Phenolic acid
Gallic acid methyl ester Phenolic acid
tannins (Kabuki et al., 2001). Tian et al. (2009) demonstrated the
antimicrobial activity exhibited by gallotannins extracted from a
Chinese plant, Galla chinensis, belongs to mango family, Ana-
cardiaceae. The extracts of Galla chinensis were tested against three 3.4. Catechins
species of Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium,
Shigella dysenteriae) and Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus (þ)-Catechin is a derivative of flavonoid and is further divided
aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus) each for minimum inhibi- into different groups such as (
)-epicatechin, (
)-epigallocatechin,
tory concentrations and shown strong broad spectrum antibacterial (þ)-gallocatechin and (
)-epicatechin gallate. According to
potential. Antimicrobial activities of gallotannins from Galla chi- Scartezzini and Speroni (2000) mangiferin, catechin, and epi-
nensis and Galla rhois extracts were also reported by other re- catechin constitute about 50% of total polyphenolic composition of
searchers (Ahn, Lee, Kweon, Ahn, & Park, 1998; Li, Wang, Zhang, & Mangifera indica extract.
Shi, 2005; Zhu, Chen, & Tang, 2002).

3.2. Mangiferin 3.5. Quercetin

Mangiferin is a xanthone that possess strong antioxidant po-
tential. Mangiferin thought to be more effective antioxidant than
other natural antioxidants like vitamin C and vitamin E and because
of this reason informally known as “super antioxidants.” These
compounds have high heat stability and also known as C-glucosyl
xanthone (Luo et al., 2012; Sanchez et al., 2000). It provides a strong
protective shield to mango kernel against various forms of stresses
(static and dynamic) including pathogenic microflora
(Muruganandan, Gupta, Kataria, Lal, & Gupta, 2002). It might be a
pharmacologically active phytochemical suggested in the Indian
medicinal system for treatment of a number of immunodeficiency
diseases (Scartezzini & Speroni, 2000).
Quercetin is known as a colouring compound because it gives
color to fruits, flowers, and vegetables. They occur in plants in the
form of glycosides, such as rutin (quercetin rutinoside) (Berardini
et al., 2005). Schieber, Ullrich, and Carle (2000) reported the
presence of quercetin and related glycosides in mango. Among all
the glycoside the most commonly found glycosides are quercetin 3-
galactoside (22.1 mg/kg), quercetin 3-glucoside (16.0 mg/kg) and
quercetin 3-arabinoside (5.0 mg/kg). The amount of the quercetin
aglycon was 3.5 mg/kg whereas other flavonol glycosides
(kaempferol) were only present in trace amounts. A large amount
of quercetin is also present in mango peel (Berardini et al., 2005;
Tunchaiyaphum, Eshtiaghi, & Yoswathana, 2013).

3.3. Flavonoids
Flavonoids are the most common type of polyphenols, mainly
divided into six classes on the basis of degree of oxidation. These
classes include flavones, isoflavones, flavanones, flavonols, antho-
cyanins, and proanthocyanidins. Proanthocyanidins (a polymeric
flavanols) are mainly responsible for the astringency of food of
plant origin (Santos-Buelga & Scalbert, 2000). The other flavonoids
present in various parts of mango include epicatechin, quercetin,
isoquercetin, fisetin, and astragalin (kaempferol-3-glucoside)
(Rozema, Bornman, Gaberscik, Haeder, & Trost, 2002).
3.6. Anthocyanins
The recommended daily intake of anthocyanins for humans is
approximately up to 200 mg/dl (Duthie et al., 2000). Degree of
ripeness of mango also affects the total anthocyanin concentration.
The total anthocyanin contents in ripe mango ranged from 360 to
565 mg/100 g as compared to 203e326 mg/100 g in unripe mango
whereas a novel anthocyanin 7-Omethylcyanidin 3-O-b-D-gal-
actopyranoside has also been found in the mango (Berardini et al.,
2005).
106 A. Asif et al. / Trends in Food Science & Technology 53 (2016) 102e112
3.7. Phenolic acids
A large number of phenolic acids are found in mango but most
abundantly occurring phenolic acids includes gallic acid, gallic acid
propyl ester, benzoic acid, 3,4- dihydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid
methyl ester, and benzoic acid propyl ester (Rastraelli et al., 2002).
Structurally they are glucose esterified to form a polyol. Biosyn-
thetically these phenolic acids are formed by the oxidation of gal-
loyl residues in ellagitannins (Scalbert & Williamson, 2000).
Hydrolyzable tannins are derivatives of phenolic acids but found in
low quantity than that of condensed tannins. Gallotannins are
generally regarded as safe (GRAS) for the use in foods and food
products as food additives. Hydrolyzable tannins are easily hydro-
lyzed by the action of digestive acid and/or enzymes, releasing
gallic acid or ellagic acid units (Scalbert & Williamson, 2000).
3.8. Gallic acid and their derivatives
Gallic acid and its derivatives (e.g. ellagic acid) found either in
the free or bound form with tannins as gallo-tannins and ellagi-
tannins respectively. Structurally, gallic acid contains hydroxyl
groups and a carboxylic acid group in its structure, its molecules
has the ability to react with one another to form an ester, a com-
pound form known as digallic acid. Gallic acid does not give
astringent taste because it does not form complex with protein.
Gallic acid was acknowledged as the major polyphenolic compound
present in mangoes, after 6 hydrolyzable tannins (Kim et al., 2006).
The quantity of gallic acid found in mango kernel extract varied
from 23 to 838 mg/100 g depending on the method of extraction
(Soong & Barlow, 2006).
3.9. Ellagic acid
Ellagic acid contains fused 4-rings in its structure and this
specific structure is present in mango whereas in other plants it is
bound to a sugar molecule in the form of ellagitannins, which is a
more water-soluble compound and easily absorbed by the animals.
The quantity of ellagic acid in mango kernel extract has been varied
from 3 to 156 mg/100 g GAE depending on the method of extraction
(Soong & Barlow, 2006).
3.10. Methyl gallate
Gallic acid derivatives methyl gallate and propyl gallate possess
strong antioxidant efficiency. Methyl and propyl gallate have pre-
ventive potential against herpes simplex virus in vitro (Massibo &
He, 2008). The mango seed kernel also possesses antioxidant
property because of its high content of sesquiterpenoids, poly-
phenols, phytosterols, and microelements such as zinc, copper, and
selenium (Berardini et al., 2004; Dinesh, Boghra, & Sharma, 2000;
Kittiphoom, 2012; Schieber et al., 2003).
3.11. Carotenoids
Chen et al. (2004) reported the high amount of carotenoids in
mango peel. These carotenoids possess high vitamin A activity and
anti-oxidant potential. Similar findings were examined by
Varakumar, Kumar, and Reddy (2011) with addition that this high
vitamin A capacity and anti-oxidant potential was because of the
presence of large quantity of beta-carotene contents.
3.12. Dietary fibre
Dietary fibre now a day gaining a lot of attention because of its
positive health impacts like prebiotic, anti-oxidant and anti-
carcinogenic properties. Mango peel contains a significant
amount of dietary fibre and this fibre has high hydration capacity
(Koubala, Kansci, Garnier, Thibault, & Ralet, 2013). Mango peel di-
etary fibre possesses strong anti-oxidant potential as compared to
other natural anti-oxidants like tocopherol. Ajila & Rao (2013)
indicated that this high anti-oxidant potential is because of boun-
ded phenolics to the mango peel fibre.
4. Mechanism of action of antimicrobial activity of bioactive
compounds present in mango waste
Antimicrobial actions of mango kernel extract might be due to
the leaking of bacterial cell membrane by decreasing the perme-
ability of membrane (Lambert, Skandamis, Coote, & Nychas, 2001;
Oussalah, Caillet, & Lacroix, 2006). There are two ends of bacterial
cell membrane, hydrophobic end which is non-polar and hydro-
philic end that is polar (Cristani et al., 2007). The hydrophobic end
reacts with aliphatic side chain while the hydrophilic end of
membrane embeds with the hydrophobic benzene ring and polar
side of phenols (present in mango kernel extract) (Goel, Puniya,
Aguilar, & Singh, 2005). Due to the decrease in permeability of
membrane, the structures of membrane become alter and inhibit
the passing of substrates into cell (Cristani et al., 2007). Chung, Lu,
and Chou (1998) demonstrated that tannins present in mango
kernel extract, form stable complexes with proteins and some
carbohydrates of bacterial cell membrane.
The breakdown of the proton pump, decline in membrane po-
tential, deficiency of the ATP pool and loss of ions are caused by the
permeability of cell membrane (Di Pasqua, Hoskins, Betts, &
Mauriello, 2006; Turina, Nolan, Zygadlo, & Perillo, 2006). The
structural arrangement of different fatty acids, layers of phospho-
lipids and polysaccharides can be disrupted due to the passing of
tannin in mango kernel extract in cytoplasmic membrane and cell
wall (Burt, 2004; Longbottom, Carson, Hammer, Mee, & Riley,
2004). It can also block the physiology of cell by coagulation of
cytoplasm (Burt, 2004). Changes in the bacterial membrane by the
action of quercetin could prevent the secretion of toxins. It can bind
the toxins released to the external environment and also limit the
functioning of trans-membrane beyond the plasma membrane
(Akthar et al., 2014; De-Souza, De-Barros, De-Oliveira, & Da-
Conceicao, 2010; Ultee, Kets, Alberda, Hoekstra, & Smid, 2000).
The direct action on microbial metabolism by inhibition of iron,
oxidative phosphorylation, deficiency of the substrates required for
microbial growth or inhibition of extracellular microbial enzymes
can also explain the antimicrobial activity of mango kernel extract
(Cushnie & Lamb, 2005; Raybaudi-Massilia, Mosqueda-Melgar,
Soli- va-Fortuny, & Martin-Belloso, 2009). The phenolic compounds
have the ability to transfer electrons and donate protons (Pietta,
2000). The ingestion of extract of mango kernel decreases intesti-
nal morbidity by increasing the re-absorption of NaCl and water
(Raybaudi-Massilia et al., 2009; Sairam et al., 2003). The mecha-
nism of action of mango kernel extract is explained in Fig. 1.
5. Natural antimicrobial properties of mango fruit wastes
Due to the presence of various phytochemicals, mango kernel
extract showed a wide spectrum of antimicrobial efficacy against
Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria (Kabuki et al.,
2000). Various studies indicated that antibacterial activity and
strength of immune system are stimulated by the use of dietary
doses of methanolic extract of mango kernel (Sahu et al., 2007). The
possible procedure possessed by mango kernel extract to control
the infectious diseases, could be through the immune system
activation and microbicidal activity (David & Diemert, 2006). It has
been demonstrated that high concentration of mango kernel
 A. Asif et al. / Trends in Food Science & Technology 53 (2016) 102e112
Mango Waste Extracts
Reduce Change in
cytoplasmic membrane structure
contents by complex
formation
(Goel et al. 2005)
(Cristani et al. 2007)
Fig. 1. Mode of action of mango waste extracts against microbes.
extract was needed (30%e35%) for the effective action of man-
giferin against Gram-positive Bacillus pumilus and Gram-negative
Salmonella agona (Stoilova et al., 2005).
Sairam et al. (2003) conducted a comparative experimental
study and reported that the diarrheal disorder which was induced
by magnesium sulphate and castor oil in mice can be treated with
the aqueous and methanolic extracts of kernel of Mangifira indica.
Both methanolic and aqueous extract were given orally in the dose
of 250 mg/kg, showed significant anti-diarrheal activity compara-
ble with that of the standard drug loperamide. Methanolic mango
kernel extract significantly inhibited the growth of Streptococcus
aureus and Proteus vulgaris, but both aqueous and methanolic ex-
tracts did not show any inhibition against the growth of E. coli and
Klebsiella. After the treatment duration, the results showed that the
methanolic extracts of mango kernel had significant impact on
intestinal transit and anti-diarrheal activity as compared to the
aqueous mango kernel extract.
Abdalla, Darwish, Ayad, and El-Hamahmy (2007) performed an
experiment to examine the efficacy of mango kernel extract and oil
against the total bacterial count in sunflower oil, pasteurized cow
milk and potato chips. In this experiment total bacterial count was
reduced by using combination of mango kernel oil and extract in
various concentrations. Combination of 5% oil and 400 ppm
methanolic extract of mango kernel was most effective against
pathogens especially E. coli. Because of this combination sunflower
oil oxidative stability also increased and improved its shelf life. So,
results concluded that the mango kernel oil and extract could be
utilized as natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agents.
The study of Gadallah and Abdel Fatah (2011) showed that
mango seed kernel was an effective inhibitor against the patho-
genic microbes by performing a parallel control study on the
minced beef in refrigerated conditions. The results indicated that
methanolic extract of mango seed kernel was highly effective
against Gram positive pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus and Ba-
cillus subtilis) than Gram negative organisms (Escherichia coli and
Salmonella). Similar results were also showed by another study
conducted by Mirghani et al. (2009) with higher antibacterial ef-
ficacy of mango kernel against Gram positive Bacillus subtilis and
Gram negative Escherichia coli pathogens. These results were also
107
Prevention of DNA Irritate the respiration Inhibit the
and protein by reducing the extracellular
synthesis oxidative bacterial enzymes
phosphorylation
(Akthar et al. 2014) (De Souza et al.
(Oussalah et al. 2006) 2010)
Inhibition of
microorganisms
supported by Alok et al. (2013) who worked on antibacterial
property of two different varieties of Indian mango (Mangifera
indica) kernel extracts at various concentrations against some hu-
man pathogenic bacterial strains (Bcillus Subtilis, Bacillus Cereus,
Staphylococus aureous, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli).
In a study performed by Vega-Vega et al. (2013) the antioxidant
and antimicrobial potential of mango kernel extract was examined
by introducing the extract in fresh-cut mango flesh. The antimi-
crobial and antioxidant potential was evaluated during the storage
period of 15 days under 5  C. Results indicated that gallic acid was
the major bioactive component identified in mango kernel extract.
The fresh cut fruit which was preserved in ethanolic extract of
mango kernel showed maximum resistance against spoilage as
compared to control. It is concluded from the results of study that
mango kernel extract showed both strong antioxidant and anti-
microbial potency (inhibition of 80% of mesophilic plate count and
97% of total molds).
To evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant efficacy of mango
kernel extract Khammuang and Sarnthima (2011) conducted a
comparative research study while using four mango species. This
study revealed that mango kernel extracts of all the varieties
showed broad spectrum antimicrobial potential against both Gram
positive and Gram negative microbes. The most sensitive pathogen
inhibited by all the extracts was Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC
27853. Results of this study revealed that mango kernel extract
might be used as a potential antimicrobial.
Shabani and Sayadi (2014) performed an experiment to examine
the antimicrobial activity of various plants including mango, march
and tamarisk. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts of these plants
were prepared in the ratio of 25 and 50 mg/mL. The antimicrobial
activity was evaluated against pathogenic bacteria Streptococcus
pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Strepto-
coccus pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. The
ethanolic mango kernel extracts showed the maximum zone of
inhibition against Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Vaghasiya, Patel, and Chanda (2011) conducted an experiment
to analyse the antimicrobial effects of seeds of Mangifira indica L.
The methanolic extracts of seeds were utilized against 20 standards
and 41 clinically isolated strains of bacteria. The mango seed extract
108 A. Asif et al. / Trends in Food Science & Technology 53 (2016) 102e112
showed antimicrobial potential against all the strains of bacteria
which were clinically isolated, and almost all strains of bacteria that
were taken as standard. This study further approved the mytho-
logical utilization of Mangifira indica L. for the advancement of new
approaches to cure pathogenic bacterial infections.
Amgad et al. (2012) investigated the in vitro antimicrobial ef-
fects of ethanol and methanol extracts of mango kernel across
delegate fungi, Gram negative, Gram positive and aciduric bacteria.
The in vitro antimicrobial effects of ethanol and methanol extracts
of mango kernel indicated the average inhibition zones ranged
from 5 mm to 18 mm. The greatest inhibition zone (18 mm) was
against Mycobacterium smegmatis. However, the mango kernel
ethanolic and methanolic extracts indicated satisfactory inhibitory
actions against all the examined strains. The study of Jiamboonsri,
Pithayanukul, Bavovada, and Chomnawang (2011) supported
these results with additionally proposed that mango seed kernel
extract can be another effective remedial operator or collateral
healing besides penicillin G in the therapy of methylene resistant
Staphylococcus aureus infection.
Mirghani et al. (2007) evaluated the antimicrobial effects of
mango seed kernel against the strains of Gram-negative (Pseudo-
monas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Bacillus
subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. The outcomes
demonstrated that Lemak (variety of mango) provided comparably
greater antimicrobial effects among different types of mango with
average zone of inhibitions ranged from 1.40 to 2.23 cm.
Kaur et al. (2010) also reported antimicrobial activity of meth-
anolic extract of mango seed kernel against Staphylococcus aureus,
Escherichia coli and Vibrio vulnificus. Karthy and Ranjitha (2011) also
reported that tannins (gallotannins) present in ethanolic extract of
mango kernel have strong antimicrobial potential. Diterpenoids
that were extracted from different varieties of mango plant illus-
trated the strong bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bac-
teria and also inhibited the growth of Micobacterium tuberculosis
(Garcia, Bocanegra-Garcia, Palma-Nicolas, & Rivera, 2012; Kurek,
Grudniak, Kraczkiewicz-Dowjat, & Wolska, 2011).
Rakholiya, Kaneria, Desai, Chanda et al. (2013a, b) performed a
comparative study to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of mango
wastes (seed kernel and peel). In this study ripe and unripe mango
wastes were used against 10 Gram positive, 10 Gram negative and 5
fungi. After the experimental trial, results indicated that ripe
mango peel and seed were more effective against pathogens as
compared to unripe mango seed kernel and peel. It was also
observed that mango seed showed higher antimicrobial potential
as compared to mango peel.
El-Hawary and Rabeh (2014) examined antimicrobial and anti-
fungal efficacy of three different cultivars of Magnifera indica
including zebdeya, hindi and cobaneya. Along with antimicrobial
and antifungal activity immunostimulant and anti-carcinogenic
activity were also measured. In the current study mango peel
essential oil was used for the evaluation. Results indicated that
essential oils of cultivar Hindi showed broad spectrum anti-
bacterial effect against both Gram positive (18e21 mm) and Gram
negative (16e19 mm). This cultivar also revealed considerable anti-
fungal potency against Candida albicans whereas no anti-fungal
activity was showed against Aspergillus flavus by all the cultivars.
It was also demonstrated that peel essential oil of Magnifera indica
zebdeya (phagocytic indices ¼ 1.47) and Magnifera indica cobaneya
(phagocytic indices ¼ 1.06) showed appreciable immunostimulant
activity which was measured by low Macrophage migration index.
The anti-carcinogenic potential of the peel essential oils were
examined in vitro against MCF-7, HCT-116 and HepG2 cancer cell
lines using MTT assay and the results showed significant effect with
IC50 ¼ 1.62e1.77, 2.95e5.56 and 2.76e3.14 ml/ml, respectively.
In the root canal biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis cause
inconvenient to be destroyed by the typical irrigants with no
infection to the body. Therefore, plant materials with minimum
adverse effects were investigated for root canal therapy by Subbiya
et al. (2013). In this study, the antimicrobial potential of Mangifera
indica L. kernel extract was estimated and correlated with typical
irrigants (2% chlorhexidine and 5% sodium hypochlorite) across
dentinal biofilm of E. faecalis. Broth micro dilution and agar diffu-
sion method was accomplished with extracts and typical irrigants
across E. faecalis planktonic cells. The experimental duration was
consisting of 3 weeks. Results of mango kernel extract utilization
against root canal biofilm of E. faecalis showed the considerable
reduction of colony forming units (CFU)/mL and antimicrobial ac-
tivity at par with 5% NaOCl was observed.
Rakholiya et al. (2013a) studied the antimicrobial potential of
aqueous extracts of mango (Mangifera indica L) peel (ripe and un-
ripe) and seed. The results revealed that the highest antimicrobial
activity was observed in case of ripe peel extract with >15 mm zone
of inhibition against Gram positive bacterium i.e. Micrococcus fla-
vus. Similarly, ripe and unripe seed extracts showed maximum
zone of inhibition against P. vulgaris followed by Proteus morganii.
Similarly, another study was carried out by Vega-Vega et al. (2013)
to evaluate the antifungal activity of ethanolic and methanolic ex-
tracts of mango peel against Alternaria alternate. Results revealed
that the mango peel ethanolic extract exhibited the highest anti-
fungal activity at a concentration of 6.25 mg/mL.
The mango peel extracts not only possess antimicrobial poten-
tial but also play role to enhance the antimicrobial activity of the
antibiotics. In this regard a study was conducted to evaluate the
antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus against norfloxacin,
erythromycin and tetracycline (de Oliveira, Falc~ ao-SilvaSiqueira-
Junior, Costa, & de Melo Diniz, 2011). The ethanolic extract from
mango peel was also used along with these antibiotics. The results
revealed that, due to the addition of mango peel extract, the anti-
biotic resistance of the tested culture was reduced (resistant culture
was inhibited by the antibiotics and mango peel extracts).
6. Other therapeutic uses
Ramesh et al. (2001) examined the antidiabetic effect of alco-
holic extract of mango seed kernel. In the study, the extract of
mango seed kernel was compared with tolbutamide 500 mg/kg.
The results revealed that mango seed kernel extract showed
considerable effect on hypoglycaemia in the normal rats (fasted)
after 3 h of drug application, when compared with normal group. In
aloxone induced diabetic rats, the extract of mango seed kernel
considerably enhanced insulin level at the quantity of 100 and
200 mg/kg. It was concluded that mango seed kernel extract
stimulate the production of insulin in pancreas of Wistar rats and
have significant action across aloxone induced diabetes in Wistar
rats.
To evaluate the anti-allergic and antimicrobial potential of some
Thai crops, a comparative study was conducted by Tewtrakul,
Itharat, Thammaratwasik, and Ooraikul (2008). In this study
various crops including mango, banana, germinated rice, okra,
durian, jackfruit, rambutan, jampadah, huasa potato, tamarind,
coconut, fan palm fruit and dioscorea tuber. Crop's waste parts (peel
and seed) were tested for anti-allergic against antigen-induced b-
hexosaminidase and antimicrobial potential against Bacillus subtilis,
Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results
demonstrated that mango seed possessed highest anti-allergic and
antimicrobial activity followed by banana peel. So these results
indicated that mango waste (seed and peel) has strong therapeutic
potential and can be used as nutraceutical for the treatment of
allergic and bacterial infections.
The properties of mango kernel oil like analgesic,
 A. Asif et al. / Trends in Food Science & Technology 53 (2016) 102e112
immunomodulatory, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory are
because of presence of bioactive component; gallotannin 15.5 mg/g
(Berardini et al., 2004). Abdullah et al. (2014) conducted an
experiment to analyse the activity of ethanolic mango kernel
extract against breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7). The
result of this experiment indicated that the extract promotes
cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cells and MDA-MB-231 cells with IC50 values
of 15 and 30 mg/mL, respectively. The anti-proliferative, NR uptake
and LDH release assays were used for further confirmation of
cytotoxic property on the cells. So it was concluded that mango
kernel extract come into sight to be higher cytotoxic to both es-
trogen negative and positive breast cancer cell lines than to normal
breast cells. Lamson and Brignall (2001) also performed study on
breast cancer while using mango kernel extract as remedy.
Sahu et al. (2007) performed a parallel-control and randomized
experimental trial on fish to evaluate the effectiveness of mango
kernel extract on the immune responses. The results indicated that
mango kernel extract was more effective for immune responses
which are related to serum protein, albumin, superoxide anion
production and survivability of fish. After the results it was
concluded that mango kernel extract enhances the ability of fish to
be more resistant against pathogenic infection and strengthen the
immune system. Soong and Barlow (2004) assayed the antioxidant
activity of a variety of fruit seeds, namely, mango, jackfruit, longan,
avocado, and tamarind and found that the antioxidant activity of
the mango seed kernel was the highest, a fact attributed to its high
polyphenolic contents.
Mango kernel extract possess numerous physiological activities
because of containing an important bioactive component “ellagic
acid”. Ellagic acid has the potential to inhibit the binding of DNA,
the DNA adducts formation of N-nitrosobenzylmethylamine and N-
nitrosodiethylamine- induced lung tumorigenesis and mutagenic
activities. It also possess antiviral and antioxidant efficacy, and
enhances the detoxifying enzymes activities (Rashmeet, Reen, &
Stoner, 2006). Massibo and He (2008) suggested that addition of
ellagitannins (ellagic acid derivative) in a minute quantity in hu-
man diet provide effective target physiological function rather than
purified ellagic acid in high quantity.
Another bioactive component, anthocyanins present in mango
kernel extract demonstrated strong therapeutic potential against
human diseases associated with oxidative stress such as coronary
heart disease and cancer (Duthie et al., 2000; Lazze et al., 2003).
Roberts-Thomson et al. (2008) demonstrated the effectiveness
of mango kernel components quercetin and mangiferin and the
aglycone derivative of mangiferin, norathyriol, to improve the
transactivity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
(PPARs). Peng and Kuo (2003) reported that quercetin have the
ability to protect Caco-2 cells from lipid peroxidation caused by
hydrogen peroxide and Fe2þ. Molina, Sanchez-Reus, Iglesias, and
Benedi (2003) documented by performing an experiment on
mouse liver to examine the quercetin efficacy against lipid oxida-
tion. They found that quercetin reduces the rate of lipid oxidation
by increasing the amount of glutathione, so in this way quercetin
protects the liver from oxidative damages.
Quercetin inhibits cell proliferation in colon carcinoma cell lines,
in mammary adenocarcinoma cell lines (Woude et al., 2003), Mol-4
human leukemia cells, platelet aggregation calcium mobilization,
and tyrosine protein phosphorylation in platelets (Hubbard,
Wolffram, Lovegrove, & Gibbins, 2003) and also induces apoptosis
(Mertens-Talcott, Talcott, & Percival, 2003). Quercetin by acting as
antioxidant performs anti-histamine and anti-inflammatory activ-
ity (Andreu et al., 2005; Augustyniak et al., 2005; Nakaishi, 2000;
Sanchez et al., 2000).
Hernandez, Rodriguez, Delgado, and Walczak (2007) demon-
strated that the major polyphenols (mangiferin and catechin) in the
109
mango kernel extracts inhibit activation induced cell death. These
mango kernel polyphenols may react with H2O2 and prevent the
fenton reaction between Fe2þ and H2O2 because this reaction re-
sults in the formation of hydroxyl radicals. Reduction of hydroxal
radicals results in the protection of human T lymphocytes. Jagetia
and Baliga (2005) found that mangiferin provided protection
against radiation-induced sickness and mortality. It has been sug-
gested that mangiferin reduces blood glucose levels by inhibiting
the glucose absorption from the intestine.
Muruganandan, Srinivasan, Gupta, Gupta, and Lal (2005) found
that mangiferin possess both intra-pancreatic and extra-pancreatic
mechanisms to control the diabetic complications. Mangiferin ef-
ficacy might be enhanced because of its dual actions. Mangiferin
also showed antihyperlipidemic potential by significantly
decreasing the plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL
while increasing in HDL levels in diabetic rats. According to Singh,
Sharma, Kumar, Kumar, and Sinha (2009) mangiferin has also the
strong antifungal potential against Thermoascus aurantiacus,
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Trichoderma reesei, and Aspergillus flavus.
The therapeutic effect of mango peel and flesh extracts con-
taining bioactive molecules, as well as the individual phenolic
compound (mangiferin and quercetin) on endothelial cell migra-
tion responsible for formation of blood vessels was observed in a
study. Results showed that mangiferin, and extracts rich in man-
giferin, increased the migration of endothelial cells which was
found to be dose dependent. The results finally suggested that the
mango peel extract possess health promoting potential due to the
presence of mangiferin against diseases related to the impaired
formation of new blood vessels (Daud et al., 2010).
Mangiferin is a special polyphenol, which has been extensively
studied due to its nutraceutical and pharmaceutical properties to
combat degenerative diseases like cardiovascular diseases and
cancer. The synergism of the various mango polyphenols is signif-
icant for maximum antioxidative activity. The mango peel powder
(MPP) has significant contents of total dietary fibre and total ca-
rotenoids (Elhassaneen, El-Waseef, Fathy, & Ahmed, 2013) as well
as a potential source of minerals and antioxidants (Imran, Butt,
Anjum, & Sultan, 2013).
The mango peel extracts possess hypoglycemic properties due
to the presence of Mangiferin (xanthone) which is considered as a
good antioxidant compound (Saleh, El-Maraghy, Reda, & Barakat,
2014). In a study, the streptozotocin-induced rats (diabetic) were
fed on diet supplemented with mango peel powder. The results
revealed that due to the incorporation of mango peel powder, there
was significant increment in high density lipoprotein and decline in
lipid peroxidation, urine sugar, blood glucose level (fasting), total
cholesterol and triglycerides as compared to the control (Gondi,
Basha, Bhaskar, Salimath, & Rao, 2015).
It has been reported from different studies that the mango peel
extracts show antiproliferative effects (dose dependent) against
cancer cell lines. The scientists and researchers had correlated this
potential health benefit of the mango peel with its phenolic and
flavonoid contents (Kima et al., 2010).
7. Conclusion and future prospective
The bioactive components (phytochemicals) containing plant
food is acquiring interest in the scientific society by reason of its
potential to prevent and control the various illnesses. Mango fruit
waste extracts have significant curing and protection potential
against various diseases especially to prevent the growth of caus-
ative pathogens of infectious diseases. However, there is need of
optimization of extraction and utilization of bioactive compounds
from mango fruit waste. Moreover, the mango kernel extract could
be a possible alternative to antibiotics with the advantage of cost
110 A. Asif et al. / Trends in Food Science & Technology 53 (2016) 102e112
effectiveness, no adverse effects and a natural mode of treatment
after getting pre-clinical evidences. These pre-clinical trials could
be performed in detail through in-vivo research studies for the
investigation of potential of each bioactive compound of mango
kernel.
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