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3. To reduce the cost this is sometimes one of the important
reasons for blending of fibres. The cost of a very expensive fabric
can often be reduced by blending with another cheap fibre. For
example expensive wool is blended with cheaper polyester to
reduce the cost.
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PROBLEMS IN DYEING WITH BLENDS:
Cotton being the natural fibre is easy to dye being hydrophilic in
nature. This hydrophilic nature of cotton helps in dyeing with
water soluble dyes like direct dyes, reactive dyes, sulphur dyes, vat
dyes etc.
But with hydrophobic fibres like polyester, nylon etc are not easy
to dye with these water soluble dyes due to very less affinity
towards dye molecule. These are dyed with forcefully inserted into
fibre surface with mean of temperature, pressure.
For the specific characteristics natural and manmade fibres are
combined together or blended this makes the dyeing of the
following composition much more typical emphasizing the feel and
aesthetics of natural fibres and also not affecting the properties of
manmade fibres too.
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SELECTION OF DYES FOR DYEING OF DIFFERENT FIBRES:
Cotton Seeds of cotton plants Vat Dyes and Azonine Dyes (Direct Dyes)
Stems of the
Hemp Fiber Reactive Dyes
Cannibissativa plants
Source: http://dyes-pigments.standardcon.com/dyes-cellulose-fibers.html
Acetate (Cellulose acetate) Doesn't take dyes ordinarily. It requires cross dyeing.
Source: http://dyes-pigments.standardcon.com/dyes-synthetic-fibers.html
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Cellulosic fibres are generally dyed in jigger machine or winch
dyeing machine. These machines can be open or closed as required
to maintain temperature and pressure.
For the continuous dyeing of materials, usage of j-boxes, padding
mangles and IR heating is common now a days.
Cellulosic materials are generally obtained from natural resources
and are hydrophilic in nature due to presence of oxygen molecule
in cellulose molecular structure. On wetting of fabric with water,
cellulose molecule produce anionic sites. These anionic sites help
in building the bondages with dye molecule for beer stability.
Dyes have affinity for both water as well as fabric this decides the
rate of absorption of dye molecule in fibre structure.
Direct dyes shows poor washing fastness and light fastness which
can be improved inn after treatments with potassium dichromate
and copper sulphate respectively.
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Dyeing cellulose with reactive dyes:
Cellulosic materials have better affinity for reactive dyes. These dye
molecules contain tri azine ring which help in attachment with
cellulose molecule with help of covalent bond. This provide a
stronger attachment which leads to better fastness properties.
Dyeing is carried in presence of common salt and sodium
carbonate. Reactive dyes react chemically with fibre cellulose
molecule
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_dye
(2) The fixation phase. After the initial exhaustion phase, the
pH of the dyebath is increased by complete or gradual
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addition of the appropriate type and amount of alkali. This
causes dissociation of some of the hydroxyl groups in the
cellulose and the nucleophilic cellulosate ions begin to react
with the dye. The fixation process then results in additional
dye absorption, to re-establish the dyeing equilibrium. Dye
absorption from solution and reaction with the fibre then
progress until no further dye is taken up.
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Dyeing of cotton/polyester blends:
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EXHAUST DYEING:
2. Batch process
Source : https://www.slideshare.net/ashisdua/dyeing-of-polyester-and-cotton-blends
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PROCESS ROUTE P/C BLEND DYEING:
Source : https://www.slideshare.net/ashisdua/dyeing-of-polyester-and-cotton-blends
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One bath two step dyeing-
Source : https://www.slideshare.net/ashisdua/dyeing-of-polyester-and-cotton-blends
Disperse dye-X%
Vat dye-Y%
Dispersing agent-.5-1%
wetting agent-.5-1%
pH 4-5 with acetic acid (30%)
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Procedure
Prepare the bath with dispersing agent, wetting agent and acetic
acid + treatment for 10-15min at 50-60°c then + disperse and vat
+ dye for 10-15min + raise temp up to 130°c in 60-90 min.
After PET part dyeing cool to 80c for proper levelling then add
NaOH & Na2S2O 4 + dyeing 15min + cooling to 60°c + dyeing for
30 min. for better exhaustion Rinse with cold water + oxidation
with H2O2 for 15min at 50°c + Rinsing with cold water + Soap at
95° C for 25 min using 2 g/l Lissapol D + Hot and cold rinse and
then final wash off.
Only vat dyes (Ik vat dyes) which are stable up to 130°c can be
used for this process.
All vat dyes may be used for the one –bath high temperature
process provided that the dyes are finely divided enough. The IK
vat dyes are not preferred because the dye liquor requires to be
cooled to about 30°c in order to obtain full colour yield. Therefore
when IK dyes are to be used it is preferable to dye by the two-
bath process.
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First treat the material for 10-15 min. at 50°c with hydrogen
peroxide. Then the anionic detergent and raise the temperature
to 95°c. Soap for 10-15 min.
DISPERSE/REACTIVE SYSTEM
This process is used for the reactive dyes which are not stable up
to 130°c, due to which they cannot be used in one step process.
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Disperse/vat dye system- PDPS method (Continious method)
Source : http://textilelearner.blogspot.com/2013/06/dyeing-of-polyester-and-cotton-
blend.html
Source : http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-
owOsdEtpysQ/UcVDhX3V2tI/AAAAAAAAH3k/jAwOciC71ZE/s1600/Untvitled.jpg
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CHEMICAL RECIPE & PROCEDURE:
Chemical recipe-
PROCESS-pad-dry-thermosol-cool-wash:
1. PADDING
Padding Temp-20-300 c
Liquor pick up-60-80%
2. DRYING
First partial drying in infrared pre dryer and then fully
drying.
Partial drying is done to avoid migration of dyes.
Drying is done at 120°c.
3. THERMOFIXATION
It is done at 180-220°c, 30-45sec
It is the fixation step.
4. PADDING
Padding bath contain NaOH + Na2S2O4
5. STEAMING
During this vat dye penetrated inside the cotton part. Then
oxidation, soaping and finally washing.
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Recipe-
Disperse dye-x g/l
Reactive dye-yg/l
Sodium bicarbonate or soda ash-5-20g/l
Urea-100-200g/l
Migration inhibitor-10-20 g/l
Wetting agent- 1-2g/l.
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Dyeing with Reactive Disperse Dyes in Supercritical carbon
oxide.
Dyeing of 80/20 PET/COTTON blend by using azeotropic
solvent.
Polyester/cotton blend fabric with sulphatoethyl sulphone
disperse /reactive dye treatment.
One-bath dyeing PET/COTTON blend with
azohydroxypyridone disperse dye containing a
fuluorosulfonyl.
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Source : http://www.tst.tw/en/technology-more.php?Key=1
Source : http://tamulabo.w3.kanazawa-u.ac.jp/english/index.html
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Hydrophobicity of CO2 is useful in dyeing of polyester fibre or
fabrics with disperse dyes as disperse dyes are also hydrophobic
in nature and can dissolve in super critical CO2 and can easily
penetrate in polyester fibre or fabrics.
Pre-treatment-
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DYEING IN SUPERCRITICAL
CONVENTIONAL DYEING CO2
Dyeing/washing, drying
times is 3-4 hrs per batch. Only 2 hours.
Source : http://textilelearner.blogspot.in/2013/06/dyeing-of-polyester-and-cotton-
blend.html
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DYEING RECIPE:
Disperse dye-2%
Reactive dye-2%
Glauber’s salt-5 gpl
Soda ash-3 gpl
Borax-5gpl
Ph-10 to 11
MLR-1:50
Temp-80,95,1100c
Time-30,45,60 min.
DYEING:
Source : http://textilelearner.blogspot.in/2013/06/dyeing-of-polyester-and-cotton-
blend.html
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Dyeing with Azohydroxypyridone Disperse dyes
containing a fluorosulfonyl group- Advantages:
DYEING:
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1. One bath dyeing of Polyester/cotton blend fabrics with
reactive disperse dyes in successful with SC-CO2 .The
optimum dyeing temperature and pressure are about 393 K
and 20 Mpa respectively . The dyeing behavior of
Polyester/cotton blends is strongly affected by the dyeing
characteristics of the cotton side.The colour fastness of dyed
fabric is almost satisfactory ,but colour fastness become
weak with a decrease in the dyeing temperature. In addition
,the colour fastness of fabric dyed in SC-CO2 is better than
that with that the thermosol dyeing.
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HTHP beam dyeing machine-
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HTHP BEAM DYEING MACHINE:
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HTHP jet dyeing machine:
The jet dyeing machine is an extension of the HPHT winch dyeing
machine. Jet dyeing machine developed by BURLINGTON
Industries and first machine developed in 1963 by Gaston
country Machine co. of U.S.A
Features:
Chemicals added
Acids
Buffers
Sequestering agent
Anticrease agent
Defoamers
Levelling agent
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Advantages of jet dyeing machine:
Disadvantages:
PROBLEMS-
1. Foaming problem
2. Oligomers problem
3. Rope marks
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WINCH DYEING MACHINE:
A dyeing machine consisting essentially of a dye vessel fitted with
a driven winch (usually above the liquor level) which rotates and
draws a length of fabric, normally joined end to end, through the
liquor.
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Description and Dyeing Method on Winch Dyeing
Machine:
The fly roller remain free wheeling along with fabric rope. At the
back of winch tank is the winch wheel, which pulls the fabric
rope from the dye bath over the jockey reel for dropping in the
dye bath for immersion. From the dropped location, the fabric
rope travels back. to be lifted and fed to winch wheel.
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Advantages of Winch Dyeing Machine :
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JIGGER DYEING MACHINE:
Jigg or jigger dyeing machine is one of the oldest dyeing machine
used for cloth dyeing operations. Jigger machine is suitable for
dyeing of woven fabrics, up to boiling temperature without any
creasing. Jigs exert considerable lengthwise tension on the fabric
and are more suitable for the dyeing of woven than knitted fabrics.
Since the fabric is handled in open-width, a jig is very suitable for
fabrics which crease when dyed in rope form.
Source : http://textilelearner.blogspot.in/2011/03/working-process-of-jigger-
dyeing_5465.html
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Dyeing Process by Jigger Dyeing Machine:
Source : http://textilelearner.blogspot.in/2011/03/working-process-of-jigger-
dyeing_5465.html
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4. There is little mechanical action in a jig machine and it is less
suitable where vigorous scouring is required before dying.
5. Moiré effects or water marks may arise on some acetate and
nylon fabrics because of pressure flattening the structure of
the rolled fabric.
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REFERENCES
5. http://textilelearner.blogspot.in
6. http://textilelearner.blogspot.in/2015/12/types-of-
dyeing-machine.html
7. https://www.slideshare.net
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