RAYBAN TURLA
This is particularly helpful
A. What is Poetry?
It is a form of literature usually written in lines or verses that
makes up stanzas. The lines and stanzas may be of various lengths.
Some have rhyme and meter.
It is also designed to be recited or read aloud. The recitation
of poem reveals the rhythm and thought omits that help out the
meaning it wishes to convey.
B. What are the Elements of Poetry?
Elements of poetry can be defined as a set of instruments
used to create a poem. Many of these were created thousand of years
ago and have been linked to ancient story tellings. They help bring
imagery and emotion to poetry, stories, and dramas.
Here are the different elements of poetry:
 Sense. It is revealed through the words, images and
symbols.
a.Diction- it refers to the denotative and connotative
meanings.
b.Images and sense impressions- these refer to the
words that appeals to the sense of sight, smell, hearing,
taste and touch.
c.Figure of Speech- refers to the creative use of words
or expressions that a poet uses to enhance the sense
impression.
Key strategy: Use visual stimuli.
if your students find it hard to think creatively. Display an image on
the board. Encourage students to mind-map words, feelings and
emotions the images create and when they have a page of effective
vocabulary, the thought of writing poetry becomes less daunting.
Additionally, use objects that the students can touch and smell and
encourage them to focus on the senses.
 Sound. This is the result of creative combination of
words that poet may resort to the use of alliteration,
assonance, rhyme, repitition or anaphora.
a.Rhythm- this is the ordered alternation of strong and weak
elements in the flow of sound and silence.
b. Meter- this refers to the duration, stress or number of
syllables per line.
c. Rhyme Scheme- this is the formal arrangement of
rhymes in a stanza or in a whole poem.
Key Strategy: Create a certain atmosphere. Try playing
music and soft sounds in the classroom so that they immediately
engage with their surroundings. When writing poems with themes of
nature, play sounds from forests, the sea etc. Get the students to close
their eyes and put their head on the desk and allow them to listen
carefully. They become more involved and often, effective phrases
and vocabulary come to their minds and they become excited by this.
Afterwards, criticize the lyrics of the song. Identify its meter and
rhyme scheme.
 Structure. This refers to the arrangement of words and
lines to fit together and the organization of the parts to
form the whole.
 a. Word Order- the natural and unnatural arrangement
of words.
b. Ellipsis- omitting some words for economy or
effect.
c. Punctuation- abundance or lack of punctuation
marks.
d. Shape- contextual or visual design, omission of
spaces, capitalization or lower case.
Key Strategy: Experiment with structure. This is important
as it seems to be what students find more challenging. Introduce
poems that have interesting structures and explore the reasons behind
enjambment, caesura and the forms they are written in. You can use
a bell that students ring for every punctuation mark when reading the
poem out loud. Link this to pace and speed and how it can represent
certain things in the poem. Students can then experiment with
structure in their own poems.
MARK ANGELO SIGUA
SUBJECT MATTER
Types of Poems: Lyric Poetry
DICUSSION
Definition of Lyric Poem
Lyric Poem- it expresses the author’s mood,
emotion, and reflection in musical language. It derives its
name from the lyre, and was primarily intended to be sung.
Not all the lyrics are singable, but they are all melodious.
a) The ode- the most majestic type of poetry. It
expresses enthusiasm, lofty praise of some person,
or thing, deep reflection, or restrained feeling. The
author is in exalted mood; he/ she feels deeply what
he/ she is saying; hence subject matter can never be
trivial.
b) The elegy-lyric poem that can always be
distinguished by its subject matter, death. It may
voice the author’s personal grief for a loved one, or a
loss affecting the public as a whole, or it may simply
be a meditation on death in general.
c) The sonnet- a lyric poem that can be distinguished
by its form, for it always consist of fourteen iambic
pentameters lines.
d) The song- a short lyric poem which is intended
primarily to be sung. It has that particular melodious
quality required by the singing voice.
e) The simple lyric- the category of all those lyrical
poems that do not properly belong under any of the
other types of lyrics. The simple lyric touches every
mood and emotion of the human heart.
REA MABUNGA
Apostrophe
 when a character in a literary work speaks
to an object, an idea, or someone who
doesn't exist as if it is a living person. This
is done to produce dramatic effect and to
show the importance of the object or idea.
Oxymoron
 a figure of speech in which two opposite
ideas are joined to create an effect. The
common oxymoron phrase is a combination
of an adjective proceeded by a noun with
contrasting meanings, such as “cruel
kindness,” or “living death”.
Litotes
JONALYN PEDELINO
 derived from a Greek word meaning
“simple,” is a figure of speech that employs
an understatement by using double
negatives or, in other words, a positive
statement expressed by negating its
opposite expressions.
Allusion
 is a brief and indirect reference to a person,
place, thing or idea of historical, cultural,
literary or political significance. It does not
describe in detail the person or thing to
which it refers. It is just a passing comment
and the writer expects the reader to possess
enough knowledge to spot the allusion and
grasp its importance in a text.
Paradox
 The term paradox is from the Greek
word paradoxon, which means “contrary to
expectations, existing belief, or perceived
opinion.”
 It is a statement that appears to be self-
contradictory or silly, but which may
include a latent truth. It is also used to
illustrate an opinion or statement contrary
to accepted traditional ideas. A paradox is
often used to make a reader think over an
idea in innovative way.
What is Drama?
Drama is a word of Greek origin meaning "action" and
referring to a performance on the stage in which actors act
out the events and characters of a story. A dramatic work is
usually called a play, but if you want to specify what type
of drama it is, you can call it a comedy, a. tragedy, a farce
or tragicomedy or other names. As wel1 as a play, drama
usually involves
  a playwright or dramatist, that is, the author of the Theatricalism it shows us the truth of our world by
play; imitating our objective limitations of it. It imitates
 a stage, that is, the area in a playhouse or theatre theatre the way imitates life.
where the play is performed; Surrealism is based on the belief that the images in our
 an audience, that is, the people who go to the theatre subconscious reveal the truth and that truth can be
to watch the performance. beautiful , lyrical and sometimes very funny.
Classicism is based on the belief that we can learn the
Theatrical Styles truth if we use our powers of reason to create an ideal
1. Realism world.
2. Expressionism Romanticism is based on the belief that truth is
3. Theatricalism discovered through feeling the emotions of our
4. Surrealism idealized of image perfection.
5. Classicism
6. Romanticism GARLENE LINGAT

Sound Devices are resources used by poets to convey and reinforce

Realism as long as we believe what we’re seeing exists
now or existed once or exists somewhere, the style is
Realism.
Expressionism It’s based on the beliefs that dreams
reveal the truth we hide from ourselves in waking state
that the wildly distorted images that we see when we
dream are what we truly feel.
the meaning or experience of poetry through the skillful use of
sound. After all, poets are trying to use a concentrated blend of
sound and imagery to create an emotional response.
a. Onomatopoeia- the use of words that imitate the sound of
the idea it denotes
ex. Hiss, Swoosh, Bang, Buzz
b. Alliteration- the repetition of consonant sounds, especially
in the initial position
ex. The splendor falls on castle walls
And snowy summits old in story
c. Assonance- the repetition of vowel sounds
ex. Long, long afterward, in an oak
I found the arrow, still unbroken;
I found again in the heart of a friend
d. Rhyme- the repetition of sounds at the end of words
ex. And what shoulder and what art
Could twist the sinews of thy heart?
And, when thy heart began to beat
What dread hand and what dread feet?
e. Consonance- the identity of consonant sounds in words
without the identity or vowel sounds
ex. Black-block
Slip-slop
Creak-croak
f. Anaphora- the repetition of a word or words at the
beginning of two or more successive clauses or verses
ex. Lay me an anvil, O God!
Beat me and hammer me into a crowbar,
… 2) The persuasive essay
Lay me an anvil, O God!
Beat me and hammer me into a steel spike
…
AJ MELEGRITO
An essay is a short academic composition. The word “essay” is
derived from a French word “essai” or “essayer,” which means
“trail.” In composition, however, an essay is a piece of non-fiction
writing that talks or discusses a specific topic.
TYPES OF ESSAYS
1) The expository essay
This is a writer’s explanation of a short theme, idea or issue.
The key here is that you are explaining an issue, theme or idea to
your intended audience. Your reaction to a work of literature could
be in the form of an expository essay, for example if you decide to
simply explain your personal response to a work. The expository
essay can also be used to give a personal response to a world event,
political debate, football game, work of art and so on.
This is the type of essay where you try to convince the reader to
adopt your position on an issue or point of view.
Here your rationale, your argument, is most important. You are
presenting an opinion and trying to persuade readers, you want to
win readers over to your point of view.
3) The analytical essay
In this type of essay you analyze, examine and interpret such things
as an event, book, poem, play or other work of art.
4) The argumentative essay

This is the type of essay where you prove that your opinion, theory
or hypothesis about an issue is correct or more truthful than those of
others. In short, it is very similar to the persuasive essay but the
difference is that you are arguing for your opinion as opposed to
others, rather than directly trying to persuade someone to adopt your
point of view.
The short thesis, which is not really an essay, but is generally
considered as the classic essay form:
Five paragraphs:
State the thesis in the first paragraph.
Give three supporting paragraphs.
In the final paragraph, repeat the thesis statement, worded slightly
differently, giving the impression to the reader that you have
demonstrated it.
Or to put it more plainly:
First paragraph: This is what I’m going to say.
Second paragraph: Now I’m saying it.
Third paragraph: I’m saying it again.
Fourth paragraph: I’m saying it again.
Fifth paragraph: This is what I just said.
NEW APPROACH
“Here is a blank piece of paper (or, I suppose, a blank screen). Put
words on it. Write what you feel. Never mind form or function. Only
mind what comes into your mind. Assertions are as good as facts.
Associations are even better. Conclusions are close-minded.
Punctuation is optional.”
G.K. Chesterton
Chesterton was one of the most gifted essayists of all time.
He wrote over 5,000 essays.
He writes an essay the same way he writes a mystery story.
The ideal essay should be written using the same three elements of
the mystery story: the corpse, the clues, the killer.
: the hook, the string, the catch.
:the question, the partial answers, the complete answer.
The first sentence of an essay is the all-important hook. It needs to be
spectacular. Here is the opening line of one of Chesterton’s most
famous essays:
“Lying in bed would be an altogether perfect and supreme
experience if only one had a coloured pencil long enough to draw on
the ceiling.”
The strength of the essay, which is what distinguishes it from the
short thesis, is also its weakness—and its danger. It is the wonderful
meandering. It is what happens between the beginning and the end.
The only thing more important than the first sentence of an essay is
the last sentence.
SUSAN CRUIZ
A direct or indirect reference to something historical, literary,
religious, or mythical. The author usually uses references that will be
understood by his or her audience, such as an event, book, myth,
place, or work of art. You can also make allusions to pop culture.
Allusions can also be surprising and funny, and are a favorite tool for
rappers to prove their extensive knowledge of many topics.
In other words: dropping good allusions will make you sound smart.
When used properly, allusions can be a great tool for students.
As an introductory activity, ask students to first give a workable
definition of allusion and offer a few examples.
Examples of allusions:
You brag about your backyard so much people will think it's the
Garden of Eden.
Taking my little sister to the park is a real odyssey.

For this activity, you will provide your students with a list of
allusions. You can use this list to get things started; then, incorporate
some of your own. Either write this list on the board or copy and
print it for a handout.
Garden of Eden = A beautiful place
Odyssey = A long trip
Idiomatic Expression is a group of words with a meaning of its own
that is different from the meaning of each separate word. Here are
some examples of expressions:
1. A fish out of water = to feel awkward or uncomfortable,
usually in a new situation
2. To be broke = to be out of money, to have no money
3. Rule of thumb = an unwritten but generally accepted guideline,
policy or method of doing something
4. Give someone the cold shoulder = to show no interest in someone
or something, to ignore.
5. Head over heels (in love) = to be really or completely in love with
someone
6. Penelope’s web – a task that is never ending or done.
7. Achilles’ heel – a weakest point of one’s personality.
8. Bacchanalian beast – a gathering that is characterized by abandon.
9. Herculean task – a great or impossible task.
10. Apple of discord – the object of conflict.
11. Beware of Greeks bearing gifts – be careful if an enemy suddenly
becomes friendly.
Literary Allusions and Expressions
Penelope’s web – a task that is never ending or done.
Achilles’ heel – a weakest point of one’s personality.
Bacchanalian beast – a gathering that is characterized by abandon.
Herculean task – a great or impossible task.
Apple of discord – the object of conflict.
Beware of Greeks bearing gifts – be careful if an enemy suddenly
becomes friendly.
IRISH NICOLE GARCIA
Elements of Drama
Drama is a composition of prose or poetry that is
transformed into a performance on stage. The story progresses
through interactions between its characters and ends with a message
for the audience. Drama has seven elements, namely plot, characters,
setting, dialogue, movement, music, and theme.
Aristotle writings has influence us even today, he was a
Greek Philosopher who wrote Rome and Juliet, Sonnet 116, Henry
IV, V etc. More than 2,000 years ago Aristotle was the first one to
write the essential elements of drama.
Aristotle’s Six Elements of Drama
Plot – refers to the action, the basic storyline of the play. This is what
happens in the play.
Theme – refers to the meaning of the play. The main idea or what
will be the lesson learned from the play. Some plays the theme is
quiet obvious but there are also the theme is subtle.
Characters – refers to the people, animals or plants in the play. They
are the ones who move the action or plot.
Dialogue – refers to the spill or speeches of the characters written by
playwright.
Music/Rhythm – Music is part of drama but Aristotle refers to the
actors’ voices as they speak.
Spectacle – everything what the audience sees as they watch the
play. Refers to the visual elements of the play, sets, costumes, special
effects, etc.

The Modern Theater

The list of elements of drama in the modern theater slightly
changed, though most of them remain the same.
The list of essential elements in modern theater is as follows:
Characters
Plot
Theme
Dialogue
Convention – the methods and techniques of the playwright and the
director to achieve the desired stylistics effect.
Genre – it can be comedy, tragedy, historical, love, etc. This refers to
the type of the play.
Audience – Many playwright and actors considered the audience or
the group of people who watch the play to be the most important
element of drama. All the effort and writing and producing the play
is for the entertainment, to satisfy them, enjoyment of the audience.