Load Frequency Control for Two Area Power System Using Different Controllers

INTRODUCTION
Electrical Power systems are interconnected to provide secure and economical operation.
The main objective of automatic generation controller (AGC) is to maintain the balance
between the generation and demand of a particular power system. The problem of
controlling the real power output of generating units in response to changes in system
frequency and tie-line power interchange within specified limits is known as load
frequency control (LFC). The Objectives of LFC are to provide zero steady-state error of
frequency and tie-line exchange variations, high damping of frequency oscillations and
decreasing overshoot of the disturbance so that the system is not too far from the stability.
The interconnected power system is typically divided into control areas, with each
consisting of one or more power utility companies. Sufficient supply for generation of
each connected area to meet the load demand of its customers.

The above mentioned objectives are carried successfully in previous works by different
authors using PI and PID controllers. The interconnected power system is typically
divided into control areas, with each consisting of one or more power utility companies.
Sufficient supply for generation of each connected area to meet the load demand of its
customers. In this paper Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) is used. This type of controller
adds a pole at origin resulting in system type so reducing the steady state error. System
load is never steady using controller these can be controlled. When uncontrolled case
more oscillation, negative overshoot be observed but while comparing to conventional
type controller PID and propose work result gives better performances of dynamic
responses.

PROBLEM OBJECTIVE
The most applied controller is Conventional Proportional Integral (PI) [3,6]. It is easier
but usually gives large settling time. Most research going on now is based on artificial
intelligent systems (fuzzy and neural networks). The inherent gain of these techniques is
that they do not require the system model and identification but depend on human

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 Load Frequency Control for Two Area Power System Using Different Controllers

expertise knowledge of the behavior. A fuzzy with and without PI controller is

proposed and performance comparison is carried out for conventional PI

a) Project Objective
The project presents the controllers to regulate the system frequency. The
performance of the controller like PI and Fuzzy Logic are proposed and
compared on two area of power system. Fuzzy Logic controllers are found
better than the conventional method. Simulations have been performed using
Matlab.
b) Proposed Methodology
A two area system consists of two single area systems , connected through
a power line called tie-line, is shown in the Figure 1. Each area feeds its
user pool, and the tie line allows electric power to flow between the areas.
Information about the local area is found in the tie line power fluctuations.
Therefore, the tie-line power is sensed, and the resulting tie-line power is fed
back into both areas. It is conveniently assumed that each control area can
be represented by and equivalent turbine, generator and governor system.

Fig-1: (Two area power system)

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 Load Frequency Control for Two Area Power System Using Different Controllers

Fig. 1 shows the block diagram representing the two area power system .
This model includes the conventional integral controller gains (K1 , K2) and
the two auxiliary (stabilizing) signals( Δu1, Δu2). The stabilizing signals will
be generated by the proposed fuzzy logic load frequency controller (FLFC).
Each power area has a number of generators which are closely coupled
together so as to form a coherent group, i.e. all the generators respond in
unison to changes in the load. Such a coherent area is called a control area
in which the frequency is assumed to be the same throughout in static as
well as dynamic situation

There exists a maximum on the rate of change of power that can be

generated by steam plants. The constraints of the nonlinear characteristics of
the turbine control should be considered in the load frequency controller
design. If these constraints are not considered in the controller design, the
power area is likely to chase large monetary disturbance.

Since a tie line transports power in or out of an area, this fact must be
accounted for in the incremental power balance equation of each area.

THEORY:
INTEGRAL CONTROL
The integral control composed of a frequency sensor and an integrator. The
frequency sensor measures the frequency error ∆f and this error signal is fed
into the integratorThe input to the integrator is called the Area Control Error
(ACE). The ACE is the change in area frequency , which when used in an
integral-control loop, forces the s steady-state frequency error to zero.

The integrator produces a real-power command signal ∆Pc and is given by

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 Load Frequency Control for Two Area Power System Using Different Controllers

∆Pc = -Ki ∆fdt

= -Ki ACE dt

∆Pc = input of speed –changer

Ki = integral gain constant.

The value of Ki is given by below equation. [4]

2
Ki = 1/4τp Kps (1 + Kps /R) = Kcrit

Fig-2: (Two areas with PI)

The value of Ki is so selected that the response will be damped and non-
oscillatory.

In this case Ki< Kcrit .

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 Load Frequency Control for Two Area Power System Using Different Controllers

FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER

There are three principal elements to a fuzzy logic controller:
1. Fuzzification module (Fuzzifer)
2. Rule base and Inference engine
3. Defuzzification module (Defuzzifier)

Fuzzy control is based on a logical system called fuzzy logic. It is much close
in spirit to human Thinking than classical logical systems . The LFC has
been reported in several papers is to maintain Balance between production and
consumption of electrical power. Due to the complexity and Multi-variable
nature of power systems, a conventional control method has not provided
satisfactory solutions.

The fuzzy logic control has tried to handle the robustness , reliability and
nonlinearities associated with power system controls. Therefore a fuzzy logic
controller (FLC) becomes nonlinear and adaptive in nature having a robust
performance under parameter variations with the ability to get desired
control actions for complex uncertain , and nonlinear systems without their
mathematical models and parameter estimation.

This work proposes a fuzzy controller with up to 49 rules with 7

membership function as negative big (NB) , negative medium (NM) ,
negative small (NS) , zero (ZE) , positive small (PS) , positive medium
(PM) , positive big (PB) . For the control of Area control error (ACE) , there
are two controllers , ACE and d/dt(ACE) . The Defuzzification method
employed is the center of area method.

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 Load Frequency Control for Two Area Power System Using Different Controllers

PID CONTROLLER

The PID controller improves the transient response so as to reduce error amplitude with
each oscillation and then output is eventually settled to a final desired value. Better
margin of stability is ensured with PID controllers. The mathematical equation for the
PID controller is given as:

Where y (t) is the controller output and u (t) is the error signal. Kp, Ki and Kd are
proportional, integral and derivative gains of the controller. The limitation conventional
PI and PID controllers are slow and lack of efficiency in handling system non-linearity.
Generally these gains are tuned with help of different optimizing methods such as Ziegler
Nicholas method, Genetic algorithm, etc., the optimum gain values once obtained is fixed
for the controller. But in the case deregulated environment large uncertainties in load and
change in system parameters is often occurred. The optimum controller gains calculated
previously may not be suitable for new conditions, which results in improper working of
controller. So to avoid such situations the gains must be tuned continuously.

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 Load Frequency Control for Two Area Power System Using Different Controllers

SOFTWARE\HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
AND SPECIFICATIONS
Software Requirements

1. MATLAB 2008
2. Windows 7 ultimate .

SIMULATION AND RESULTS

The following simulations were performed in order to investigate the performance of the
proposed fuzzy logic controller over the conventional integral controller with 2% change
in load of each area with parameters shown below.

Simulation is carried out of two area system as per following systems for
response of Δf1 and Δf2

1. without any controller

2.With PI controller

3.With fuzzy logic controller

4.Fuzzy logic with PI

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 Load Frequency Control for Two Area Power System Using Different Controllers

Simulation is carried out of two area system as per following systems

for response of Pm1, Pm2 and P12

1. Without any controller

2. With PI controller

3. With fuzzy logic controller

4. Fuzzy logic with PI

System Output With Use Of

Conventional Controllers.

Improved System Output By The

Use Of Fuzzy Controlled
Controllers.

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 Load Frequency Control for Two Area Power System Using Different Controllers

MODULE DISCRIPTION
In this study an approach of fuzzy logic controller has been investigated for two
area frequency control of power system. Results have been compared for step load
change against different controller technique mention in the following summary. The
result shows the intelligent controller is having more improved dynamic response.

Summary of frequency deviation of Δf1

Summary of frequency deviation of Δf2

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 Load Frequency Control for Two Area Power System Using Different Controllers

REFERENCES
[1] Haadi Sadat, “Power Systems Analysis” McGraw-Hill companies Inc. 1999.

[2] Elgerd, O.I, “Electric Energy system theory: An Introduction” McGraw-Hill, TMH
edition, 1971

[3] Jawat, T. and Fadel, A, B. “Adaptive Fuzzy Gain Scheduling for Load frequency
control”, IEEE Trans. on PAS, vol. 14, No 1, February 1999.

[4] Nanda, J. and Kaul, B.L, “Automatic Generation Control of an interconnected power
system” IEE Proc. Vol. 125, No. 5, May 1978, pp 385-390.

[5] Fosha, C.E, and Elgerd, O.I. “The Megawatt-Frequency control problem: a new
approach via Optimal control theory, IEEE, Trans. pp 563-577, 1970.

[6] Edison, B, and Ilie, M, “Advanced Generation control: Technical Enhancements,

costs, and Responses of market Driven Demand” Proc. of the 57th Annual American
Power conf; vol. 57, No. 2, 1995, pp 1419-1427.

[7] Gopal, M, “Modern control system theory” Wiley Eastern Ltd, 2nd edition 1993.

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