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    Introduction to comparative law

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    An Introduction To Comparative Law - Zweigert Kötz

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    Introduction to comparative law

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    INTRODUCTION TO COMPARATIVE LAW KONRAD ZWEIGERT at 1996) AND. HEIN KOTZ, MOL (ch) EBA. Profesu, Unversity of Hamdg ier Mas Plaka for Prego eral Pre La ‘Third Revised Eaition ‘wanted fom the German by ‘TONY WEIR alow of Ty Coleg, Cambie CLARENDON PRESS - OXFORD OXFORD (xn ney Peo fe ety of Ox teh Usventye bene lens roar sani bond ney Pe Rae Yo Fis in psn 197 © Nt Bs Co ‘in Ges patos p08 Ono Unteny oa © at Pa ee) ‘me uate autor bebe ene eine 81 ‘isu aoe oi penny np ina pcp go ul a rts circa Emaar mcrae eps irate rarer ei arn Eg bos9 bby Preface to the Third Edition ‘Aa Varies int ech whl alles Eeeasn, Wisen aus. ‘Nonlet ‘A genous end eed ids tage by noting moe ea ‘Ain ee enim degen af cave no ht ean eee Mote ‘ey otc wm Saig ees SRST PE a ‘Whi tis work may well rove of we to any lawyer wih a nee in dis covering how comparative lw ean broaden his horizos, itis primary ‘Signed forte younger geetation. They seam moe intrested in broad horsons than ther elders, aod in thi cao they wl ead to now more law thins provided by most pl education, which sill unduly nations. “This book is designe top them in that respect, a wll to counteract the provincnlism, bemoaned by Thering. which vitals legal scholarship ‘wheats confined within polticl fonts and its pracioners retreat into the shell of tr own national systems. “The years which have passed since he publication of the second edition hve been very eventful. The socialist legal fami’ is dead and bur, and aldnough it wil take a long tne to ezae the traces of more than forty ‘Jean of toa sbjoction to poiteal ideology, st sumed right to dscard the ‘haps on sodiahat law” On the otber huad, the “Europeanizaion’ of ‘rate lw fe now very touch nthe ai, and poop ave gun to ce hat {is aly by means af emparaie la that itl be posible to ct ste tues of priate law common to Euope asa whole Axel Flesner abd I decided to make a sar on this many years ago, and the fat volume of ‘ur European Contract Law is now in rit pais of it ave found ther ‘nay into the present volume “The Fnoducon to Comparative Law now bas more readers outside Ge~ smany thn inside has been translated into Telae (by Barbara Porzo land Estes Cig), apancee (Masso Ok, Russian Jn Jmaacey) and (Chinese Pan Handias, Mi Tian, Gad Hoagjun snd He Wats), and A. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS I ‘The Concept of Comparative Law ‘Ao, "Enlogice Rehuforun nt Adan Timber, Lush Vl ade ren). ‘wars, Some Toapht onthe Method of Comparuve Law: The Compt of Ta Revista Rev hl dr m3 (380) 5. ‘ BexwBronn, iigeBemetngn Ober de Bethan vice Rec olan Rectinerecung Ze (orp linloie und Rechiersacbng RSP (981) 90. ‘Cansomian, L'Appor du drt cmp racing iia’: Lede “Ine del Sod eta sare 69) 3, ‘come, "Dis Beestang der europea Retapariche fr de Recher ha abe 3 9658 1 De Gat, 4 Msn Apa Conpaate Low 95) roms, Methos of Socopeal Rear i Cmpuaive Law’, Rab 35 cis Drom Remeoee (es), Rehan and Rekertichg (97, Inpetantcossbutess fiom Dest, Cen, Hen, Rebar Te, Zoi ner) Cobunn, Zam Vers on Regie und Rehaerglchune ARSP a sais 36. OPN Gh Lamers Cal Views on Conpartie Lepl Histon 15 Ae J ‘Canp Cine useonovnth, Zl nd Metoder vterectich renner Recs Zot 9 5398 0 Lnmenr,"omcptin iia dniton de cece doit compar Fri Verba des staner et doce Congr interatomic 908) 36, psa eZee ataren (le) Racneraane 097) 3 aoRAND, Hook Review 8 Mev 23 (95) Mars, “Richserpcg ud repchende Rechisodclope’ Zc fir Redexocl 1 G9) 65. at, The Ely of Lav (2 ei, 3978) Fn, Sone Tu Aboot Compt La te a Br a 9507. Comparative Lam in Space and Te 4A Ging 70 0958). Rani, Abend Neen dr Reshregchang 929), pee Rabe “Gsm decree ED 2 General Conidertins ans, Lgl Sstees Compuatie Law and Lap tens "Bop the Seri See DX Sls. 968 04. ifn ine Recher (2d 98) ‘icc, mst compara (he 92) ‘Senin atman - WaRtanboht, Dr compar Tore iinet princes (on. ‘row, "Te End to Be Serve by Compartie Law 2 Th Re 325 (9) ‘Tal, "Compra La Expanding Horas 0 JSPTL 65 (ot) Wiovoen, “Redgate ued Rechveptcbag et Mémotes de Caine ‘eration ope I (98). ‘irs, Roman Law ar he ais of Comparative Law in Law-~4 Conary oP ire 195 1095 a) ‘armory, ‘Dat snlogncte Dimeson in der Rektverichun’ Rab 38 ‘oso 298 pores (le), Rehonpleune (978) 1 BeroRe we try to discover the ese, Jaw, let us at say what ‘comparative law yeas. The words suggest an ntl activity ith le ‘comparison as its proces “Rew compara ie made eet feet us sel tem, ax for example, betweee diferent paragaphs of the German Gri ‘Cae I hie were ll at was meaat by comparative lay it would be hard to see ow it difeed fom what lye normaly do: Exmers constantly have to juxtapose and harmonize the roles of ht vm stem, ha com pe them, before they can reach any pret dcsion or hoot conc on. Sic thsi charcterise of every national te of law, comparative law mst meas more than appears onthe surface. The ext deasion that of internationalism, Thus "compar omparson of the een egal systems of he wo “Comparative law ae we Know it ared in Pars in woo, the year ofthe ‘Word Exhibition At thir bilant panorama of human aclevemeat there were naturalyioumerable congresses, and the great Feenc sols Edouano Lawoaxr and Rarwoxp SaLaiLss took tbe opportunity to Found an Intemational Congres for Comparative Law, The sient of ‘comparative law, or a any tates method, was grey advanced by the ‘ccurence of this Congres, nd the views expesied ati ve led 10 @ Stealth of productive rexeareh im this branch of legal study, young tough “The temper of the Congress was in tune with the times, whose increasing ‘wealth and splendour had given everyone, scholars ince an inpertab~ sblefaith in progress Sar of his existence, otain of pont und convinced ‘fits aucos, man ws tying to Breakout of is loa cones and peace nd sims of comparative ‘The Concept of Comparative Law a sly to maser the word and al that was init, Naturally enough, lamyers ‘Joe atfeced by this spirit merely to interpret and elaborate ht own 30- {em no longer sts them. This outgoing spirit permeates all the Congest {apa the whole Congress wat donaatd by a arming tle in proses _WhatLasonet and Sees ad in mind was the development of nothing Jes than a common law of mankind (det camman deh). A word mat be cated today, perhaps not even tomorrow bit crete itmust be, and comparative law most crete As LaMBR putit above 1.1, pp26 1), comparative lay must resolve the aciental and dvs Gicecs i bets of peoples atin stages of cultural sad economic “evelopment, and redo tena eid deanna ial, Ta, or socal quali siden o 1 enone ont cms Cipaatie lw as develope continuo sce then, dept great ‘hangs intan'satitdetowardexistence Te bn progress, sche: tert 90, has ded. World wars have weakened, ot desuored, ath in Seidl Yetta orca eof otigaticntl ted of comparative lanehas been sad. Comparative iBiper fave come to know th ed beter they ave eid ther eds ‘sndet thir sighs a ile lower, but they remain convinced that comparative law both fl and neces Scholars are more resistant to fatbooable ‘esimism than peopein ober walks of if; they ave no immediate aim, only {heullimate goal of dscoverag he truth, Tiss reali of research incom purtve lav t bas no immediate am. But if oe did want to ade ar. ‘pent of ily, comparative law mist be atleast as useful ax i ws ‘Spellys technologie! developments since 190 have made the worl eter “Salle and, toa appearances, national soatinism som the wane, Further ‘mor, by thc interpational exchanges which equies, comparative lw po- Sarthe ral pronation of ven, he abunonest ely = on of fixed dogma Ke afford ges nto {he form td formation of tes tiation wich devco in pai, por Sily in axordane with laws et to be determined and permite to atch Sight, through the difeencs io detail ofthe grand similares tad soo Steen our bel athe existence of unitary sense of tice . Despite all th, comparative aw al occ s tier motes positon in scadeniccuscla (ce frtber Ch. 2 IV below) Though Lascaen's great ‘lum in this respect, as developed in his report of 1900 (above p. 1, Pp 53M) were mach more reac than fis ream ofa comand Th ‘ant they have wot ye bee realized anyere inthe wos. He thought {halt would be greatly to te good of sce i pide of lace in academe Muies were accorded to comparative private la the beard of ll com fart law. For if ear and essen geacal prncpe of law wer tab lished, this would promote intrational wade and advance the general 4 General Considerations standard of iving, and flanges were induced o lok beyond tee borers, Intemational exchanges would increase. Future uyers would have to be ‘exposed to comparative common lepton’ and comparative aw whl sil Stunieriy, This would reffeh and earch the study of thr native law, Sthich was increasingly conning ell o interpreting the actus texts and ‘egectng panspe fr doctrinal deta my inl ett heme inten of te ri of len te my seaondy pectin y lamer does ot dose tbe eld 4 sSccz ‘hater nti oro ops els ny cael sane ‘Bye shove earn eta an eel rn bps ea pio. ‘el sory. he solos af and compute bv Now itis precy the brood prinpes which comparative lw lets one sect can bly te economist by covering the seal preconditions of par ‘cla rules fla, and by he compartosit makes cross tine ican st the lea sora, Stents taday ae often pu of by textual dsp, ad opal demonstrations, wich prevent he Seng the v= TLaepoercled for comparative law a place in the curiam equal to that othe home ste our lectures a week shouldbe given incomparatve law foreach of thee semesters. Everything be sid ss vali today as when be sid fin 1900, Bu though mc has improved in many counties inthe ‘suing entry, tbe ada estrctrig ofthe curscaun Wich he showed to be nese bas et to ake place a Comparative lawyers compare the legal systems of diferent nations. Tit ane done on large scale or om smaller sale. To compare the spirit Sid tle of eileen egal systems, te methods of thought and procedures they wn, sometimes ead rion. erste of Snel ing oa individ cones problems and thir solutions, esearchis done into methods of handling pa mates, procedures Tor resolving and deciding fispuleso the role of those engaged in the lav. For example, ope can com pe diferent ehniqusofeglaton, yes of codietion, and methods of Fatutoryinlerpetitton, and discos the authority of predets, te coat ‘tom made by ade othe development of law, andthe diverse yes ‘tjwdcal opinion Here too one could study the difeeat ways of eo¥ing ‘confit adopted by diferent legal systems, and ask ow effective they aca Sty are. Attention may be foctsed onthe ofl state courts bow i the Tunes of proving the ls and establishing the aw divided betwee ator ‘es and odes? What role do lay judges have in cil or criminal proceed ings? Wht pei] arangements, if any, are made fr sal claims? Ba one ‘The Concept of Comparative Low 5 told ot cone on' ny to testes and jogs: an shox Sirota oat se mtd tng pte Stain ti aston apie! tla, aig vat ey a,b, ad wy {pong fl of work for compara lene i ofl one tou (Gorton herp pope oer hy areca who ‘giorno the hw irany uc: Bu ea ao pata t SEE or pons ved ihc, ch ot ges Mine, ‘ea Puan she tok oon tn sc, xp fe cpr in cous Gnu sn ft compl ar at Soa inact th en ower, yon as oo ih pei a into o pcan WaT he wed ose 2 pro pare ‘Stewormerse were rasnalise Tor etamrteel et -SsmErby eave po! What dame alan eo i ‘Secs of vate nen! Whe rs rent demining te totty of cca adv ce I oop ad deed Syne tor ot, a ihe dou eve! The tof pus inte Ths ding ne ewer macaconarion and mirocompasion i dey ee nnd, ot mis nd bth th etn for Ste on nf soy tpt wi tales en et ped ‘ower to ndonand whys fog cm aes pre pon Seay ibe For example no pte of th es wich apply when «pate ung a door {or dmngersna Compcert une eb Now mals [ed out and cs mete the expr are apolidbythe arto ae ‘hore bythe pre themahes fo bal out mte euro, happen ‘Conmon Law canis “Nor sold one pes te pcre ofthe Aan ew ‘epding the wt aby te matter jut by ing he amet ‘Sethe: One mat ly tht th ain wl bes in yy Show wht rls the a, mers a jury payin sich prosetng ad boy ‘hr inden the stetanve am,by Ring, or exp ta sah ca he Dns wtorey oral sips for eo 3-30 pent of the damper {are nd te ry kes cna fs ft whe ame he mage ded, net ato ier sl Tot ality so othe aye of peoing {he quay of produce and seducing the ks (0 the pic smn tn ‘Sin Lv may bate a contbon koma and ods baby sem {2 play diferent and more important rl inthe Usted Se ha in Eope (Ger tetow Ch. Vhs my paps be because Amen ake a sinpine ‘ew tan European he zac) or tf admins contol nd cil ‘Seeson. Thar empl must slic fo sbow tht "mkrecomparoe may ot Sorat allies ose et cunt he eral tonal Gone fei, “Sis under company Bs eed si Sy bell ‘ Goeral Considerations 1 In order to understand what comparative law ely tina wll to dine tun tom elated ares egal scence, that to show what comparative Sw ino. ‘Sine comparative lw nacesarily has to deal with foreign la, i must be isinguised from thou oer branches of legal sence wiih have to do ‘nail o oczasionaly with other legal systems. As as ofea bee observed, ‘he mre study of freon lw falls sor of being comparative lw. Forex mpl, in 1937 Ge League of Nations produced study of The Status of ‘Woman a the World, consisting meey of reports Tom dere counts wa solaton ofthe problem. Thre was co real eemparion ofthe ‘olin presented, and soa moe ne could eal desrpive compare [aw One can speak of comparative nw only re ae spe compare “esonr othe protiem fo whick the wor devoted Experience sbows ‘ht thi Gest done i te autor fs ays ou ie seni ofthe relevant ‘oregn in, country by country, and thn ses this matric ‘ical comparison, ending up sth conclusions abot the prope poi fore “ato adopt which may involve a caerpeation of ha ewan. "The wearing areas of feel science wich aso dea with foreign law, and fom which comparative law must be distinguished, ae eva inter- ational lam, public fateraationl law, legal hitoy, gal ethnology, and nally sociology of aw 1. Comparative Lew and Private Iternatinal Law ‘Taese to ares ae, 0 the fac fi, etry dine, bat they intersct.Pri {at teton s of cet u t ponie ao [a Wile comparative Ta sens lo penal Tl ae 5 aio pur, Private leratonal Iw tls whch of sveral possible systems of law should ‘be apliad in a partela case which has foreign connections; it contains ‘les of competence which determine which serie national hw i 0 be Spplied and which ed 10 its application One could therefore say Ghat pi ‘te international law s basically more sectve than comparative Partve Inv, on the other band, dels with several Tal owes atthe ‘Sie ime, and doers without having aay praca am ia View "Yet coipartve law enormously valaable Tor private infra ional, indent so indispemaie for its development thatthe methods of priate intermatioa! lw today ae estentily those of comparative av. The moet sking example te welAnowa tery of gulf oF charac ‘zoe wach lt bw to ender! om Concept rch mag con Su frt wich gute connecting factors nthe atonal rr of pete ter ‘onl low: oe ww (gsaietonsocorig foe fo ae ones Scrat! othe underaning of te eral pete ow sg Phe Concept of Camperative Lae 1 soto be ie tesa meaning hey heise state ations nw scot {apo he har of qeicaton dled by Enns Ram (ne Rant Das Pro- ‘en der Quan, Ral 5 oq at be vodesoo thet ‘Tcomparane depends fe leo, Cosa aha a eed {2 ie apatite spo naa yh co us ofthe hese. Suppose at wil whch is gvere by Bogs aw the wow eee tea td prey appointed "ste Tse eos mut somehow’ be a ‘eta in be gan of he el ten wich otros the pon of he ‘Sate The ony ay of Gog ths to compare the Engi tone is he ears hing in he pl sytem vole the German wer weal thre co {er Vor Meech, ad Testament. Now in agi nw the ‘ate des ot we det eh, but pr fantom ops ht Sf peson who mist sdminer the ext o Bbal fthow do ad ‘de entero them frying fds fa Garay, he gl foe sue cae in rating the tite enenent (te) wich ‘eons wid hs of screen may demand, and these ia cn ly Be ‘sll by iene rarer ef eamparate loreal a pees ‘at, ving wow od eral dul che, hc nat a tht ‘hemos in th estes under Eo aw to tanita pint by the Engi roa cor wo ms mage he properties nn) Forte bene onde tht proces ofthe nat ahr psa fH eb, {oprah wow ithe pana cat and hu of 2500] ae hh ‘ouch ofthe et ved Gtoce the cic in eu pts td the thee Ia aster intr a ue nd) forte wow, te cen ting ate opr on hr det (ethernet ee oes ton ty Gorman, "Zur Aneeedung apie stesso Nach Duca’, Rate 256) 9) fy). Comparative law iio ential fot the rope eaten of he cnet freebie pte intestinal, Se "enraforp whhsiaedy th cont ras fhe re 30 hah 1s the oie pio the oar that cant be apd, bin dr to Soret ‘baer thi co one must makes comparson betes the fv ed he “loestualogu the home stn tre the quo ft, th ensneny of echion the pring ai’ of pat rata awe fet came tr non Lt ‘Sere shove how sbsard twa taro te conics lw which atte eration trou a peal vol T Ged, 958,31, 150 2 Comparative Law ond Public International Low AL fist sight there is ite in common betwee comparative aw and public ‘erationalaw orp interatinal ao the aw of nation, se Yaya supraostional and gobalsjtem of law. Yet compara am ’ General Considerations “bi nao wh aa day ana fe a pa ‘Seri at of) oe Sa or ea, “Cou Teh iay spc rel by al Stilo sine, wich oud coe ola al io, Svat te pacino om acped yey of mane ‘he melon of tc uel pgs ne mre eye ic dunce atten ede nail to ad {Se ona af eles s a he ast curt ‘tpatzeer oi eat ool st apn ec ice aan paca ae lon ra ten so emeps nF pope aio oe we a PS et To Wo es woud tea ep ea ao “Sper po son mee mamom ane od onl guy (Sh noo prope soon often Sc ee mace “sos ofcmpantetw ana erent wining ‘ated Sa nae see item aed aon a Sisal il pesos es hd ‘Slut te ey of ort neal Soe inn ais of tal pws ca hog punt ey ub de ad pt 2. Compare La Lag ryan ep hlgy “Te touhip tween comparative lw and gl history is pny Compt Ati toe te os at we cmprave aw atu ileal stems corsa in space, gl history ues tems cometh tine. But ese ore to han ta. For on hg al el sry {bytes compere deneat the les horancnoat pig {ic ady ois coven ten sy Roman tw he vanous preconceptions ‘che moter nem ht amiar wihs hur bound to make compet Sm comeousy i hee lst uncomcoudy ihe at Again ene the Comparts content mee io ood the salt py, be eal bs {Stake aroun of heiontalcremstans in whch he egal insta ed produc under compaton red, How dos hora er “it rom comparative werkt Where de one ca an the otbe Bega? ‘twat pint saw te compart id the oor to the ll toa? ‘Te ween amt foo atonal awe, eg hor a omg Inwae much of choos views nay ifr on wih of hes win ater a thera doubt a Tn fen = aod and ht i compara io make rene of io solve he must often investigate ‘hair bso. "The Toutes of comparative legal ethnology, JJ. BAcHOREN (Das Mit va ‘The Concept of Comparative Law ° rc (86) ad Sr HR MASE, bad am ai ater fret fom tha ‘Shreve comparatit, namely to produce a geeral world history of lw 1s as ofa general itory of svat. Ate oust lepl ethnology rested at ape el, semming from the teachings of AvoustH CoM the ‘Gnome dates of ice, and Basniaw's theories of elementary ad folk [Gens This ble, now resrded a invalid, was that mand with ts com ‘aon poybe follows the sume path of developeat in everyting regardless Uoctton or race This beled scholars o focus onthe so-called primitive Sems of laisse they can be calle, silo be found among back ‘tard people. From the lp practows of thse peopis they drew cond “Zon about the condition many ages ag ata pero from which we have bo egl musent or even evideceof ay kind ofthe lel systems which {re ow highly developed. Foremost among rh scholars were H. H. Post as Hino das Stat der eblgiacon brpradns (86) apd Soser Komen ia his Zeltchrift fr verloconde Rechwisochat. The inl eet ofehaological egal studies, namely that all poples develop a5 “Everein parle rom &commoa orga condition, ws cotroverep- iy bythe vole cry flu groups (are) sora “Sabie ca deopnest ofay gap anya nak “Sevens ne The ween o isco could no nye supe sma ation of Aret poops atthe sae geo development But sought expat We Bay ar OT IO: “Hee oe mipatins Cena success Take pe, bur Wey CANT “Bpir IME since of paralel development. The mace modern ic fmpented by KOscnaKen, i hat the develope of a begal sytem “BE pote of factors, some of wick ae Types and occur reqwber, and vome of wich are aly, According Roscuacen te ype Tae” ‘aisae wo ara and icra, Hee Basan eemenary Wes, but i tora a group of people ns parla yoographia socal and economic Station deeope parce wy with rept ow a vel 8 oer Things. Such pie! development maybe nue! by aly Tctor, Sch arac,spetalapitades, or historical accident. The pina in of ial etootny, therfore, tbe to dng the pia far from tbe atypical abcrrance, for ollerse no sfe colons cold be drawn for oa orignal iw fom the eal practi of surviving primitive peoples ‘Neadays we ie legal ethology not so muchas 2 const of «go cc story bat ore a branch of ethnology and compara law wich Concetta spect of suvvng oi eeepc pi five’ tees toy are not yet equipped wih ll the appara of cil tion. dpe i hitral ony in secing to discover the origin and acy stages of law in slaton to partalar cultural phenome’ (ADAM (ave p19), Bu the ew older soit itertountocbel are Bint increasingly exposed tothe oderazing infucns of the expanding » General Conedratins Indust revolution and ting deawe into the community of mankind. ‘Accordingly tetas of modern egalthnlogy totaly te change slfered by societies lead observed in adjusting tothe ineusion a higher ci tion. Thos toa large extent eal ethaolgy hs boone a braech af modern ‘comparative law, ove of whose most pressing tasks ito ans the lea ‘stems of developing societies by sivng them the benef its comparative ‘searches, To hia legal ednology has its petal coatibaio to make. 4 ComparaineLawand Sociology [tr the discussion in recent year of the relation between sally afm land comparative law, it now seems tobe geaealy agreed that the tw dis splines not only havea reat del to learn fom each ote but alo We “mich the sme methods Sociology of aw ams i discover he causal reltionsip between law ad society. Iseeks to dicover patterns from which one ee infer wheter and Under what ereumstanca a affects human Pehiwiour and conversely Hom law i alected by socal change, whether of «poll, economic, pyeho- log or demographic nature. This ian area wee i very dial 10 ‘const theories, ba if one can suppor one's Geary wit comparative ata om other naions a cates, wi Be mr OT DENUAE el xg cies he he tl wo of xr sat Sena ge erp ow nee ila et Sissies tev sche comer ss at ‘Sy yu ene peta en iran eases Seem! ac une om 3 kee one ee Sinem oo nf ow its hel evap det ‘Teomct reps) em oe sone der ESQcTRe ney snl sons pes ne ir ‘5 pmol cao myn a rs ne, {ti anc nce may en tos en te ee poi ae Sine are kare we i) bho owr e agy oe ‘atthe Soames tempura bo she tesa tt peo ‘rt dcr pl sy say ao ers “compare ily of hy can make we ofthe experine an coves of compre comparative mye adobe ves Best ‘Salone weiogs Tsing, worn fhe ren compare eyes ba og ae at Saye prem ee font and sre the ae el pro- | em or cof oer ca oi compare Te io taow thy mot a thee lo rom th ow doc 0d jal re oncptns and rts theme om rom slr ote ner to dzone asta comp with wich ode sh probes oem. She of mre (on thse ror Ch 3) spl scaptoy ‘The Concept of Comparative Law 0 sccpthisbot apply it wih gour which thecompaatvelnyer nds tim ina, lo 2 Worsig, for legal sociologists can somtimes show that ‘anepi and features which the Comparative lawyer regards ae neu Siete sna ort ativan o ie prolate or “Garry sondons or at tay tly preps Gs cen “RTO cosa cout Wich in realty exists in only one of the lace -mMler vomnparison and not i the other Once the problem has been Seton ir qn SFr tiemen of esc tes ‘dave ws ora he non URIS Te oo comprare ‘Ses age tet cr met ae sso at eal of agate el Sn/eahas he yn he oot d al of pardons of encom npc, at nn of eying whee ofc le ‘ol buen cat te saton td eeeaton on Seek tan ih Scolgas of tte ts for ea oe ty trot ho th tng a ama ri ltd by ny ‘Soe otra nw, tinge Bad snr ileal compare ites pray enun osne ind Tey tne fee esses CW etiaty seeps to the nonin few ote codec dicey ie nee am oe more eine sca ‘of lw So alo when tbe comparative lawyer comes tol explain hs adi) Sh oder oS pl Sars oc iene Wt dite He Ents of Sota oa Boy ay S| “Tye rasa GOR of sc i Oto wl ee Whe sociology of law to learn just how nut how far be mist cad Hi nso aio “Ein Shape Se Goi or. sma Pinca ni Seer he cael “EW Spt of atriuaion Ge gaan of shots oa ap ta ch a ESS ea og capes iit ul nis ‘helps orm te ppl nay how an hy exes Tp a len ose inh rape, aw ve shown ‘Lona rot fon terete md co npc dns ress By ulny er Becoorsieorar alo in pancae es ep n te pln won, company saga Eo 8 “Giegtlanchomon spond bso onergtn scala bond oman tc onthe cmperte oer esa er coulal prema: he ay te prete oay Howe poe a eld Eco ons pcr pln, ow ped a hl eile Sry wat ir shuld in nr itr td Beta neo come up ith etal pond st ne nach ‘isons hin © pe il astpins Mc pale ey uy woul igh ely te oalogt ews eing Spt Ba ses men tha ye rae: Wit ash ae “ $ 2 General Consdrains {in the lest suggesting that the comparative lawyer can ignore the insights nd discoveries ofthe legal sociologist, eoflen cant aves adopting, how- ‘rr tentatively and provisionally, theses which the sociologist of law would Tegard at unproven, but which are nevertheless engeat enough to cary ‘ret in dscusons or doconeabovt shanging te lm 2 ‘The Functions and Aims of Comparative Law ‘Aum Die schvepicbeode Intepeaton sutonomitrnen Recs in der eaten Recispecng, Ral 54 (970) 48. ‘ances Rates sr Felgen de dat compat Rex nde camp. “eat ms. iterate Die Role der Rechisverichag ia dee EuopSichen Gon. sate Za 95 (970) 18 coe Rey 2 Ge en Ges, abe, ‘Dao Zar Rektnergiching sd Metodelhein Europea Goins ec, Rr ae 8) 295 ‘Davo, The nro! Uiesion of Pvt Lawn: Ieraoa Ey a Conant Law O97) Ch. eas, Der Been de Recher em euch Rsk Hider alee lathes Rs Rac ojabige econ tion rete 50-1960 I (960) ‘roma, The Use of Faegn Law by Geman Cour ia German atin! eps "Ci La Marr he TV Core Compara Law (ome, 98). ‘aonnofboreee, ‘Die Nitang tt Reinet rh don deen ‘Gantt, abel 45 U3) 35) Dror, Limportace dn rot compart dens Tennent uae’ i: Ree tinea rset ie Cong neta dae spat (97) 31 [Bntino, "Recerabelicng durch Rice er" Europa ‘Geoical, Rabelz 0 (988) 98 ‘Fann, ‘De dei Lage von Recoegechung und IPR in der Bundi essen, RY 2 (8) 6. ccna, Cal Comproor:Re Thinking Campane Law 26 Hart sa O98) (Grae The Sng and Wtnetof Compote Low 390) Wem tae Reng eich Rat 8) it, "Comparate Lo, Law Reform and Legal Theoey9 Ox ay Sd 985), isc, Rea sei Pres 81), ‘cows, “Toe Uses of Comparative Law nthe Law ofthe Baoan Commi, tein se Compt aw aon nw Ray en, 90) 9. som, Recerpicng als Grudge’ 1994 92. 5 “ General Considerations ‘auePaaun, "On Uses and Mine of Comparative Law 37 Mad Ret + ‘o) ivi, Rac act 8) 48. wen cr Epc Cache Mle Ga, 93). Konrin ‘Compan La fo the at entry, New Hoi aad New Tek elope 9 RL Rs 930) Ktowntsn, nena Entre, Algmcine Lee 979 ina, Rechnorlachng sls Grodagenapsn der Rertwinencha, 2 sm Lawns ‘Compartine Law at an strane! of Lepl Cae, in Lavon, The “Sanparton Selected Boe 16 (57) aoeate ‘vison de ro eompure por ls bana, Rex de camp 46 (90 30. Latin Be Aten egelheea Rech’ 29259 Mavs, Reshnerglachng uot euopbiche Reset, 39, Manesco, ‘Compuate Lave A Satjct in Seach ofan Andon 5) Med “Ler! (390 ‘Maar, ‘anoeone nd date Audegne im apie interstonslen “Zrapeomarec Rabel 45098) 47 ‘on ten, The Rae of Comparative Lai the Pace of treatin La’, "tif Nema 905). Neowan/Raownocron ectoverabitichang-Rechinerbearang” Rat 5 (38. ell Denson don Methotes der Recinerichang Rabel 34 (97) 48 i erhonepcbng astern deen Univer Poe rer (98 paste." Resour dsl jigs del Cow de ace des Comme ore arpéent de sono eater dee copa ee rose ats ‘Seber evi comp. 2 (90) oun, "Te Pl Compare Lai ie Ame La School Cuca. 8 Th et 934 vce "Leg Foot, A Dysunic Appeaach 9 Comparative Law 39 ow Gimp 134 (990. Taconite decom dr (99) "Indeed compart (Se. 992) ‘Scnnmns Lal Eden Europe 0 Cm MeL Re 9 093) Scntzomer, Te Role the "Base Cour nthe Tenhing of Fog nd Com Taw, pe! Comp 66 97. rum "Lie Misra None of Compara Law 22 NWUL Rev m8 xm “rhluom Lex Peopsvs de Fesieneat wives de dit compar Ra sch Za 98 7 ‘orreone, Rusenche Rcd nd Reheat (959) The Paton and Aims of Comparative Lave s wavs ‘Lege Trapani nL Reo’ 92 £0 Re 79 (976 ouoner, Reshnerlecng unter interpesonmethod’, Rab 1 (99059 5. 1 tr isbeyond dispute today that he sholary pars of comparative aw has seve sipileant onetions. This emerges fom a very simple consideration, ‘hauno study deserves the name of scence i mis lt phenomena ing thin minal Gourde, For along ine were Were conten “ipa heres, and to some extent thy ae wo sl. But such 8 postion untenable, and comparative law oles the only way by which rw can become ntermaional sid Gonaequenly a Ses. The ata bd medi cece and ia ily and enor wll di coves andopnoe ar tchnped interno. Ta 0 fo ft $tjen to frei sgiiance Theres mo such hing as ‘Geman ps or Ba ‘ mitbiolgy oF Camda’ logy The beans ef sence eter, ‘Sn the mow on ca i i that he cotaain of i aun Frat partments of wk Knowle ae Sera austin, Bur the poston eet so ‘asthe cnn ote al a pion topped ok ing over the border. Ate tne of gown sabes, te el mucin 0 ice othe nos! syste. Germans thought German ln mar teat of he renat an he Frac oop the same ef French ve mao! pie bce ‘Belin of artic hou Conparae tw as ated pat a ead och suormindlnes wed a (= A.) The primary aim of comparative law, 3s of all sciences, is knowledge. If SERIA ec ee ean ‘Sea pcp ton ho seat see oe oot Srovny aac or postin tog eal it te ts Eat md ora ae on ae es fod win tna see aes deel oa pe ee ae Sect ita suction cn fot sy of ke Sera ul da op a Mek yee Jie tho var tml nM sea ats Coetathe av eee Fe cee ee gree ren folate hore eal epee Spe 6 faa habeas ta pe 6 General Conierations Like he ely ntratona exchange on lel topes o which it gives se, comparative law hs ote factions which ean nly be mentioned herein “ie copenders dos: more tan eal docezal disputes "Gal Tour particular prscical bones of comparative law cll for closer tenon: comparative law a a sd (othe lepsatr (I; eomparative law {52 tool of construction (HD: comparative law as a component of the cur ‘icalum of he universe (TV): and comparative law as conshation tothe ‘atematieunieston of law (V), and the development of private law ‘Soman tothe whole of Europe (VD, woe hes aye Wye Legit al vet word ave found that on many mite gpa ns moe pod wiu the masta of compan ly wht the ore of pn oF of perspec prepa ome top versace the second lf ofthe slat cary etn in Germany bs teen ped by cine compara gl uch Ths waste when come She Epi ad sued he nore pons, ofthe ieaion ote Ibe aw fel proce, wf Bak, a este Cours tem), a ‘iin! Account was taken oly fhe leat ste in foc in ‘tty, ining the Frets ain onthe Rad, but ao f Dutch, Si nd Ruston a (ne Ci ad DOLE abe py a ow). ote pee ‘ca bent oj ogni he sod Word Wa ar been we {ake wiht move or tener n compari law Thi tee ot ‘niyo form i» sma so aly nw xe Drone Dorr. above.) ‘ht oof sumer oer laws, sche f comely cmp lw, attra lam, te ntdcon of the dieting pica a the Feed ‘Coostatioal Cou the ds wo uy (adel boveencs), te me forthe compensation fr vin of vont ite the hw roping cases of 125, haw on navi forthe indigent, and mach more’ Comparative kel ‘ies alo under the rset propos of te Common for te Reform ‘lth Law of Onipons top byte Fel Mito Js fr inn, the stain of the Ma Pac Init for Foi nd Inertia Law ob ‘Moieen evepent of Capac Law ie Earpe pubis in Guacen sg eine dc ay fie, te on of the mot foes wat cone to eae Geman at cls fo at of ‘ee Evopere counter by poring the tlre Veena Convention ox oni ‘The Factions and Aims of Comparative Low " tuscetoal Sake (CSG), tif bised on comparative mserch—In Gat ‘et om lepustioepogeale arepronded on compare work. One eaople Be Pemoe Report ot Ci Libity and Cops or eon! Iry and ‘ea (xe btw p 6), sd though Ena hs ote able alo he ‘Ta Sats, Fence, and Gomany lo ioping iS o peace = oct ea a” an allprles Postale we BOW BT, aug liv bar bra coned onthe guetoa of i iaoduton. The EgSsh {iy Coamiion lewiae ry to fron law whenrer appropeat d ‘Han be sion war whtber Yo confer comcta ight on Wied pares (esa pa). Comparative law has been proving extemaly useful in the counties of (Central and Elen Harope where lepton (ce the need to recoastict “Gu a cs er te colar af he Set gten, The epee “grote Europe countries bel he choos he solution which est suis tir own legal traditions, overshadowed for much of the eeaary though they have been. Eren outside Furope sates which use to be Sov repub- ie? are Sading that forcign laws canbe of assistance in faming domestic legiation, as have the Republlc of China and many of the developing tone Afi ‘OF coat oe ust proce wit inligence and cation If comparative snalys suggest the adoption ofa partelar voltion toa problem ried tin another sytem one cannot ject he proposal simply Pause the sol tim i frsign and pu face unacceptable. To those who objat othe fox- ‘Symes of emportaions, RUDOLPH! v. JMERING has given the conlsie “The pion fog a nsitosis nat mate of aoa, but of se ‘une sd cl Noone thers to lh hg afar when bas nt 03 State at home, bt onto wou refs quiet eee dn on Wok gen (Gsdermicien Rac, Pat (he 939) “Whenever itis proposed to adopt a foreign solution which ssid to be _seto, two qustons must Beak: is, wether las proved sas “Tory nits country of oii, and secondly, whether will workin te cour “pit is proposed to adopt it. Iumay well pn impossible oop, st ay at Wwlboo modifeaton a soluon ted and tested abroad tease of our proselure, the 3c vanosesutbories, tbe aie ical och cot ie wiht nod Ihave to fit _ “Thee” of foreign hw and the question wither and unde what cca sis ca sia ns provoked nteing conver between Ka fae and Wan oe) sh San a se av Another practi se of comparative law es in the interpretation of ‘nana lof law. On this muller the standard lexbooks say ething, eating only with theo question whether Inv should be pve te mesa. ing attbued to it bythe legatr at he tine of enacment, o¢ whether the Statute, reatd a leading kind of independent if of wm, ma Hot Be Intrpiedin the Wat of changing soil condons Our present qusions Whether the interpreter of national rae sable ore invoke a sper Toe frcign solution. Is clear tht such frsgn material cannot be ws in der to bypass equiva! national rules: the principe of reset foe ‘nambigvour enactment mist not be infringe im any legal system. But ‘the question may be aised when the consiaston a a rl is doubt, or ‘were the sa cua ithe yer which the judge must AL The purely “Topical eciques at ou disposal are insufficient, ads unconvincing a of the agumentue conan The rue applied all over te Continent which detrmioes how e judge must Rad the lw waca all ls fal is formulated inthe Swiss Civil Code, art. pars. 2 and 3, a5 Fallows "9 statataey pov can be fount, the ude mast apply estmay aw, al- ing wc be mst ee cordate le be wou We he epson, Sse to adap a s0 dang he ge ms oon spl docae sd won “The principal thought underlying this provision that gap ia the Swiss Civil Code ae toe fil in the spit of the ational, that, the Swi, Jaw But wl this do? LF the jade isto decide inthe way he would ave ecided bad he been a Segsator, must we not ask: how does «modern I tor each hie decison? Now we ave eleady soen tht, 10 grt ssoluons rm comparativeam.T ‘ystems ike those of Switeland and France, ras systems that are quite meant quion are scan et a of ‘tocando’ geacra ual atte’ Assent wl stately be aed a ‘te ste ick a wit a hse oop of ce sabe Hows ot mich ‘rit muy Be est ut ony a tbe Ler copartie ew geal Jodo Tay aw orice ueion na al opton ts sal como © ‘Stn in cuoneren Europe comps re rel abut he ovine fel ‘uation ce the porto tne tation fe Belg (Mets ie), France (loa, Gres (Yok), Creat Beal ower) aly (ee) aad Sand (Sto pts in Ren camp 0 988 0. [Although the nse to open legal elation wp to comparative law isan urgent one everyere, Germany faces unique obstac. In other Buropean outs individual law Tacules are fairy eto decide what subjects to teach and examine and to adapt them, i aecsary, tothe changing wold, Tv faculties in Gemmany do not have this radar, aod wil never have i st oog as they ein under the curse which deprives them of al native {in thie, uma the system whereby Tare lawyers are examined by the fate, Geomany i the only county in Europe, almost in the whole work, ‘bere the sate acts a ‘extermal”xaminer at the end ofa candidate's eal ‘Stas in an examination whose coteat is pesrbed ia deta by statue Under this system st makes no dillerence how good, wideangiag or i wisest ‘The Functions and Ais of Comparative Law a siaative the teaching in the faculty is, or how wel the stent performs ‘foong Bt Gin at unvesty, especialy ihe studies abroad. IF hs eve fo change a Germany legal education must be “deregltes 0 hat, ike ‘erywbere elie in the wold, examinations ae condocted by the university ‘Iitot by the sat, and law facie nally aogiesome freedom of ston {ni a cbios to compete with eachother ‘The poset of ay suc delat iil poor wit few Boao ee- onthe mists of stent Linder al oa rei of anton bye sine and ret aac he a nr in peting teste cage For ‘eh one may Bet lok ain many oer cay to he Earp Union. Unser tie Rome Treaty frcign leer wing to ener heal servis of sash tps Gena mst be ested sly on the Se fogs Gee Ener andi ge sub of young eegerswihapod eal luton cae {2 Germany, ipa coe pltical pouble to overcome the oposton othe St xamaton boda od the een more ere ile of any foot 4 In order tos how the teaching of comparative law will and should ertp, we mist lok at aw enching a & woe ‘The cial feature ofthe academic teaching of law today i the constant increase inthe bull ofthe material toe learn. Stent a the pst could Isa to think like lanyers by concentrating on pat law, bit nowadays its wecessary to maser not only criminal law, which has wot increased 30 auch in volume, but alo the vast bulk of contutionl and adnunstatve Taw, bosines aw labour law, and social ecu law Its no looge possible toca comparative aw aod eal sociology into a law couse which already as to conain so much material. From ti it follows tht we mus ingratcomparate lawn the aching nat he problem being studied ant be se it the context ofthe solutions obtaining othe mos iguficant legal ate ne mast make srl aporiil in ode 0 riot “bar sled be tats atonal site. Only inthis way ‘an one highlight the characte ofthe solution which i acxpted ia the Pasive lav, and atthe same time encourage the reforming spit and ‘velop a sase of ow the lw can be improved. On in tht way can it be shown tha in certain aeassoch a contract aw, fort. and company law—a tus commune forall Europe is Beginning to develop or aleady follows from ths that a textbook of compurativ la should not ry 19 stl the stent ul of fare foreign legal daa it sould rather yout he Aire approaches 1 a problem, slate the eieal arguments which di inate and elven it aod then indicate which i the best sluion hee ‘nd now. This fvolver that ‘ational’ textbooks should be rewriten fo ‘help of comparative law, and that inthe Tong ru al teachers of as a General Considerations sould master the comparative method so as to obtain the necessary infor ‘pation for themselves. "As eary a 1934 Roscox Pounn expressed, more precisely snd trial, the view here pt forward “What eae at by sch coue In comparative al ay te dove more fect 2 grupo eer wo ate const o he pobiter fempare ‘he law in idl acing and know how to reise os posites He ge thatthe ey teacher ofthe fee sould pound hime in compart Lita shoo tig oat comin ther modes of treatnt ofthe quesons he {sup fom te east of ou a a shown by tec tw nd the mods it amen he me im lt Esato ‘WoL atapnt tht costly wk to ead the dent once apes {Capen that thre sn On cine or Tl nation oe consepon for ‘heres in very din evesy te eter word Iles compare sw Ml es be ahr the urpewes fou ‘aa SS arin "negate lv thie ar Dor oppo Oy SEIDEN a TEP Zeer S071 and GCSES sy KEP? ale 96 2) 1 Unifat of Law-—Concept and Function “The fina Function of comparative law to be del with ere site inicant role in the preperation of projets forthe interaatioal nication of lv. The politcal sim Behind suc unieaton isto redwoe oF eiminate. so fat “ideable sod pose, the dscepunces Between the national eal ss ining thes Wo adopt connor pene of iw. The met Used iyo dnw opulent on Sor nearer msl [Ie Westy nie oipstheafon, mater inet Tedoptand apy narnia tie mop! wor ates wick cabs ofthe Euopean Uno, te anon ew by mop ‘Sion eos (Comm sel nd deste) of einen Senne Taian cana be achive by snp conring wpa ie aw on any «opti tpn hrc nope On wan tn what om to at trp et lew “petuearenr of Seem ae a ae Ser sane tran or bani mae commrete hos, = 9- Shon wich Beier i move apt an ay of be Stag Se ray su parte aw ave abn Sen Be Se eae ‘he Factions and Aims of Comparative Low 2s ithout them ove cannot dicover the points of agreement o disgrment be iferent lal este ofthe worl, let alone deride Which Slun s {he bot A model of sucha preparatory study is ERNST RANE, Das Recht Esra 936: eprint 197) 12, which was of il impor Tawi Ua ims ternational legal business ae In the aen they cover, ied ws voi he Baards of pp Ba “Gi iternaonal law and foreign substantive law. Unie lw ths eds The ea sof international business, and thereby gives re both to the ‘baessman who plans the venture and tthe judge who bas to rele the

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