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Book Review
Hubert L. Dreyfus and Stuart E. Dreyfus, Mind over Machine: The Power of
Human Intuition and Expertise in the Era of the Computer (Basil Blackweli,
Oxford, 1986); 223 pages, £15.00.
Overview
Hubert Dreyfus has acquired a reputation as being one of the most vehement
and outspoken critics of the goals and accomplishments of research in artificial
intelligence. The recently published book by Hubert and Stuart Dreyfus, Mmd
over Machine, expands upon the theme expressed in earlier works [2] that AI
systems are based upon an overly simplistic model of human problem solving
and as a result will never achieve levels of performance approaching those of
human beings.
Mmd over Machine can be viewed as having three major sections. A
five-stage model for the acquisition of human problem solving skills is pre-
sented in Chapter 1. Chapters 2, 3, and 4 catalog the failings of artificial
intelligence research to produce a true, reasonmg program. The authors
contrast systems based on "holistic" principles with those utihzing "mechanis-
tic" principles. Holograms are presented as a type of metaphor for a system
based on hohstic principles. Chapters 5 and 6 contain critical evaluations of
applications of computers in education and decision management. The current
review will concentrate on the first two sections which are most directly
relevant to expert system research.
The book begins with an exploration of what are seen to be the philosophical
foundations of the AI research movement. Artificial intelhgence, according to
the authors, has its roots in the "rationalist" tradition in western philosophy
characterized by thinkers such as Plato, Descartes, Leibnlz, Kant and Husserl.
Attempts to emulate the behavior of a human expert by abstracting a collection
of rules is seen to be closely related to the goals of earlier philosophers trymg
to identify the underlying principles of all knowledge. The authors state that
Discussion
What then can we conclude about all of this? Many leading researchers in AI
think of Dreyfus as something of a gadfly [4]. They consider Dreyfus' polemic
against AI research to be at least naive, if not irresponsible, and any attempt to
respond to it would only lend credence to his unfounded arguments. On the
other side there are those who view Dreyfus as the leading proponent of a new
philosophy of cognitive science. Excerpts from M i n d over M a c h i n e have begun
to appear in trade journals and the popular press [3]. M i n d over M a c h i n e has
become required reading for some graduate courses in expert systems.
In the end, either course is probably unwise. To ignore this book and
Dreyfus' earlier writings on AI would be to sacrifice the unique and important
perspective of an informed outside observer. However, to accept uncritically
Dreyfus' jaundiced view of the field would be equally costly Dreyfus has set
out to make an argument that AI doesn't work. His biased assessment of the
accomphshments of workers in the field is excessively critical. Expert system
research has already produced practical results. The list of existing expert
systems is large and growing rapidly [5]. However, it is true that research in
expert systems and in AI in general could use some direction. Dreyfus'
criticisms can help us find that direction by helping us to focus on some of the
critical issues for future research.
140 BOOK REVIEW
REFERENCES