Praveen Kumar Pandey et al.

/ International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)

MICRO AND NANOBUBBLE WATER

PRAVEEN KUMAR PANDEY*
Electronics and communication Department, Suresh Gyan Vihar University,
Jagatpura,Jaipur,Rajasthan,302017,India
ppandey.jaipur@gmail.com
AMAN JAIN
Electronics and communication Department, Suresh Gyan Vihar University,
Jagatpura,Jaipur,Rajasthan,302017,India
jainaman23@gmail.com
SHRUTI DIXIT
Electronics and communication Department, Suresh Gyan Vihar University,
Jagatpura,Jaipur,Rajasthan,302017,India
shrey230195@gmail.com

Abstract :
Nanobubble is a mystery in terms of stability and longevity. Nanobubble, now directly imaged by tapping mode
atomic force microscopy or by dynamic light scattering, were previously inferred from long ranged attraction
between hydrophobic surfaces immersed in water. They exists in an interconnected, irregular and closed pack
structure whose lifetime is in order of hours and whose morphology is dependent upon the pH.
Keywords: microbubble;nanobubble;hydrophobic.
1. Introduction
Different forces are responsible for stabilization of micro and nanobubble. These are electric double layer
repulsion between neighboring nanobubble[1] while some believe this stability is supported by electrically
charged liquid gas interface, which creates forces that prevent bubble coalescence[2]. Furthermore the stability
of nanobubble increases when the gas is of Knudsen type[3].
The benefit of nanobubble leads to the conclusion that if energy efficient method of their production is
known there would be a wide spread usage.
2. Micro and Nanobubble Water
Nanobubble stability is based upon the balance of van der waals attraction and electric double layer
repulsion. Van der waals attraction arises from correlated electrodynamics fluctuations with a range of one
nanometer while electric double layer arises from the surface charge of the colloids with a range of 1-100
nanometer[1]
A force having a range of 10-100 nanometer was found in the latter 20th century. This force is between
hydrophobic surfaces[4,6]. This attraction was due to the formation of the nanobubbles on the hydrophobic
surfaces[4,5]. This concept was also supported by the de-aeration mechanism that showed the range of attraction
decreased[7,8]. However there exists an objection to the existence of nanobubble that is the laplace-young
equation[1].
However according to the reference [9] there are two aspects of longevity. First one is the virtual
disappearance of the buoyant force for the bubbles les than five microns in diameter and the second one is the
longevity because of physical stability. The nanobubble surface contain s hard hydrogen bonds that reduces the
diffusivity of the gases from the surface as shown by attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy[10]
The single microbubble rise dynamics experiment performed with several gases showed that composition
does matters for nano size bubble[11]. The fine bubble leaves the system easily transferring only a small
fraction of its cargo. With nanobubble the transfer rate is enormous(surface area per unit volume increases with
diameter)[12]
Larger bubbles are subjected to deformation and hence have complex structure[13]. At nanoscale the
assumption is that the nanobubbles are completely spherical. The information about electrical charge and
stability is measured from zeta potential of the micro and nanobubble water[2].

ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 4 No.12 December 2012 4734

 Praveen Kumar Pandey et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)

Figure 1: The rate of rise of microbubbles in still water as a function of bubble diameter based on studies of microbubble populations
generated by a single stage,[1]

Nanobubble take far longer time to rise and burst in to the atmosphere. This is evident from stroke’s law
VSt = 2 g r2 / 9 ν
3. Methods
There are various method of generating micro and nano bubble, However their cost of production is so high that
their use is limited to biomedical application. There are various micro and nano bubble generators that
generates the micro and nano bubble directly. Fig 2 shows the scheme of micro bubble generater one of the
most efficient methos of generating energy efficient micro and nano bubble water is fluidic osciillation.

Figure 2: Scheme of micro-bubble generator[2]

4. Forces and Effects

There are various forces acting in the solution containing the micro and nano bubble water. Fig 3 shows
attractive force between two hydrophobic surface (radius 1mm) in water[14].
Fig[4] shows repidly decaying repulsion before the onset of long range attraction conforming the presence of
nano bubble on the hydrophobic surface[15].

ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 4 No.12 December 2012 4735

 Praveen Kumar Pandey et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)

Figure 3:The steps in the attractive force at long range measured between macroscopic (radius 2 mm), hydrophobic surfaces in water that led
to the original idea that nanobubbles existed on such surfaces and that their bridging was responsible for the hydrophobic attraction. The line
is a thermodynamic calculation of the force 4tted with six bridging bubbles. [14]

Figure 4: The rapidly decaying repulsion prior to the onset of the long-range attraction that con4rmed the pre-existence of the nanobubbles
on the hydrophobic surfaces. [15]

There are various effects of micro and nano bubble .The micro and nano bubble generated as a diameter of less
than 50µm. It floats to the water surface at the rate of 0.1cm/s while a normal bubble floats at the rate of 25cm/s
the bubble generated increases the contact area to oxygen for sterliztion .Virus consist of a protective coating of
protien. When protien consisting of carbon and hydrogen bond meets oxygen the aerobic bacteria consume

ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 4 No.12 December 2012 4736

 Praveen Kumar Pandey et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)

oxygen and grows while the anaerobic bacteria due to oxidation produces carbon-dioxide and water. As the
micro and nano bubble rises at the rate of 0.1 cm/s it increases the oxygen dissolving time in water.
When water falls and hits the water reserviour, the water deposited contain positive charge while the fine water
bubbles is negetively charged. These negetively charged bubbles sticks with dust particles abd produce anion
dust. The anion has various advantages like it purifies polluted air and remives odour, purifies blood, prevent
aging and vitalises cells etc. Many bubbles burst before reaching the surface. When the nano bubble burst they
produce 40khz supersonic waves, sound pressure of 140db and instant heat of 4000 -6000 degree celcius is
generated which can be used for various medical purposes.
5. Nanobubble Stability
There exist a strong objection to the existence of nanobubble. According to the laplase-young equation pressure
inside a bubble is greater than a external pressure by an amount inversely proportional to the radius
pin=pout+2γ=Rb, where γ is the surface tension and Rb is the radius.
Phil attard[1] reconside the laplase young equation for the existemce of the nano bubble with the
experimental evidence. There are two hypothesis for the stability of the nano bubble. First one considering the
laplase equation is that the convexity of nano bubble preculdes them from being in equillibrium with the
atmosphere shown in figure 5. Another hypothesis is that the micro and nano bubble is in equillibrium with the
super saturated solution [1].

Figure 5: Phase (A, 10◦ valley to peak), and height (B, 30 nm valley to peak), scanning probe tapping mode images of hydrophobic surfaces
in water at pH 5.6 showing the features that are interpreted as nanobubbles.[16]

The classical expression of droplet formation for free energy is :

where the supersaturation ratio is S = p=pcoex.Troughout the experiment the surface tension of the planer
interface were used. Since beyond several molecular diameters in radius the curvature corrections are
negligible[17] . Apart from over estimation of height of the barrier classical theory is quite accurate at small
radii. According to classical theory drop will grow without a bound where as according to the present theory it
reaches a stable radius of at equillibrium with vapour [1].
Supersaturation, earlier consider as key to nano bubble stability[18][19], is only the requirement[20]. Earlier it
was thought that nano bubble does not contain gas [21] which is now been proven incorrect [22] according to
James R.T.Seddon[3] knudsen gas provide nano bubble stability. Nano bubble are stable to the bulk dissolution,
countering the basis of fundamental of physics. The stability is due to their nano scopic size. Gas molecule do
not interect with each other as bubble are very small.
6. Conclusion
The nano bubble are closely packed and their irregular cross section abd interconnection indicate that their
lateral growth is limited by neighbour the micro and nano bubble is used for various purposes. They have
various use in medical field. Injecting micro bubble in water increases the reflectivity of water. Thus micro
bubble injection can be used as the method to counter balance the heat cause due to emission of greenhouse
gases[23]. The micro and nano generators are now available in the market that can be used in several
phenomemon. Bathing in micro and nano bubble water has several advantages like heating effect, dispersion
and cleaning effect and pain relief effect. In an aquarium, solution saturated with oxygen nano bubble

ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 4 No.12 December 2012 4737

 Praveen Kumar Pandey et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)

containing certain salinity, it is possible to keep alive multiple species of both fresh and marine water for a
period of 6 months or longer.
References
[1] Phil Attard∗, Michael P. Moody, James W.G. Tyrrell: Nanobubbles: the big picture, Physica A 314 (2002) 696 – 705.
[2] Fernanda Yumi Ushikubo: Evidence of the existence and the stability of nano-bubbles in water, Gmodel COLSUA-1635.
[3] James R. T. Seddon1,_ Harold J. W. Zandvliet2, and Detlef Lohse: Knudsen gas provides nanobubble stability, APS/123-QED.
[4] T.D. Blake, J.A. Kitchener, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 (68) (1972) 1435.
[5] P. Attard, Langmuir 12 (1996) 1693.
[6] J.N. Israelachvili, R.M. Pashley, J. Colloid. Interface Sci. 98 (1984) 500.
[7] L. Meagher, V.S.J. Craig, Langmuir 10 (1994) 2736.
[8] J. Wood, R. Sharma, Langmuir 11 (1995) 4797.
[9] William B Zimmerman:Towards energy efficient nanobubble generation with fluidic oscillation.
[10] Ohgaki K, Khan N.Q., Joden Y, Tsuji A., Nakagawa T. “Physicochemical approach to nanobubble solutions” Chemical Engineering
Science 65:1296–1300, 2010.
[11] Parkinson L., R. Sedev, D.l Fornasiero, J. Ralston “The terminal rise velocity of 10–100 μm diameter bubbles in water”, Journal of
Colloid and Interface Science 322:168–172, 2008.
[12] Worden, R.M. and Bredwell, M.D., "Mass-Transfer Properties of Microbubbles. 2. Analysis Using a Dynamic Model," Biotechnology
Progress, 14(1): 39-46 (1998).
[13] Celata G.P. D’Annibale F., Di Marco P, Memoli G., Tomiyama A. “Measurements of rising velocity of a small bubble in a stagnant
fluid in one- and two-component systems” Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 31: 609–623, 2007.
[14] J.L. Parker, P.M. Claesson, P. Attard, J. Phys. Chem. 98 (1994) 8468.
[15] A. Carambassis, L.C. Jonker, P. Attard, M.W. Rutland, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 (1998) 5357.
[16] J.W.G. Tyrrell, P. Attard, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 (2001) 176 104.
[17] M.P. Moody, P. Attard, J. Chem. Phys. 115 (2001) 8967.
[18] X. H. Zhang, G. Li, Z. H. Wu, X. D. Zhang, and J. Hu, Chin. Phys. 14, 1774 (2005).
[19] S. Yang, S. M. Dammer, N. Bremond, H. J.W. Zandvliet, E. S. Kooij, and D. Lohse, Langmuir 23, 7072 2007).
[20] J. R. T. Seddon, E. S. Kooij, B. Poelsema, H. J. W. Zandvliet, and D. Lohse, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 56101(2011).
[21] D. R. Evans, V. S. J. Craig, and T. J. Senden, Physica A 339, 101 (2004).
[22] X. H. Zhang, A. Khan, and W. A. Ducker, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 136101 (2007).
[23] Seitz, Russell. 2010. Forthcoming. Bright water: Hydrosols, water conservation and climate change. Climatic Change,
doi:10.1007/s10584-010-9965-8.

ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 4 No.12 December 2012 4738