Dog

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the domestic dog. For related species known as "dogs", see Canidae. For other
uses, see Dog (disambiguation).
"Doggie" redirects here. For the Danish artist, see Doggie (artist).

Domestic dog
Temporal range: Late Pleistocene – Present

(14,700–0 years BP)

Selection of the different breeds of dog

Conservation status

Domesticated

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Carnivora
 Family: Canidae

Genus: Canis

Species: C. lupus

Subspecies: C. l. familiaris[1]

Trinomial name

Canis lupus familiaris[1]

Linnaeus, 1758

Synonyms

Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758[2][3]

Montage showing the morphological variation of the dog.

The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris)[4] is a member of the
genus Canis (canines), which forms part of the wolf-like canids,[5] and is the most widely abundant
terrestrial carnivore.[6][7][8][9][10] The dog and the extant gray wolf are sister taxa[11][12][13] as modern wolves
are not closely related to the wolves that were first domesticated,[12][13] which implies that the direct
ancestor of the dog is extinct.[14] The dog was the first species to be domesticated[13][15] and has
been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical
attributes.[16]
Their long association with humans has led dogs to be uniquely attuned to human behavior[17] and
they are able to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canid species.[18] New
research seems to show that dogs have mutations to equivalent genetic regions in humans where
 changes are known to trigger high sociability and somewhat reduced intelligence.[19][20] Dogs vary
widely in shape, size and colors.[21] Dogs perform many roles for people, such
as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship and, more
recently, aiding handicapped individuals and therapeutic roles. This influence on human society has
given them the sobriquet "man's best friend".

Contents
[hide]

 1Etymology
 2Terminology
 3Taxonomy
 4Origin
 5Biology
o 5.1Anatomy
 5.1.1Size and weight
 5.1.2Senses
 5.1.3Coat
 5.1.4Tail
 5.1.5Differences from wolves
o 5.2Health
 5.2.1Lifespan
o 5.3Reproduction
 5.3.1Neutering
o 5.4Inbreeding depression
 6Intelligence, behavior and communication
o 6.1Intelligence
o 6.2Behavior
o 6.3Communication
 7Ecology
o 7.1Population and habitat
o 7.2Competitors
o 7.3Diet
 8Breeds
 9Roles with humans
o 9.1Early roles
o 9.2As pets
o 9.3Work
o 9.4Sports and shows
o 9.5As food
o 9.6Health risks to humans
o 9.7Health benefits for humans
o 9.8Medical detection dogs
o 9.9Shelters
 10Cultural depictions
o 10.1Mythology
o 10.2Literature
o 10.3Religion
o 10.4Art
 11See also
 12Notes
 13References
 14Bibliography
 15Further reading
 16External links

Etymology
The term "domestic dog" is generally used for both domesticated and feral varieties. The English
word dog comes from Middle English dogge, from Old English docga, a "powerful dog breed".[22] The
term may possibly derive from Proto-Germanic *dukkōn, represented in Old English finger-
docce ("finger-muscle").[23] The word also shows the familiar petname diminutive -ga also seen
in frogga "frog", picga "pig", stagga "stag", wicga "beetle, worm", among others.[24] Piotr Gąsiorowski
has suggested that Old English *docga is actually derived from Old English colour adjective dox.[25]
In 14th-century England, hound (from Old English: hund) was the general word for all domestic
canines, and dog referred to a subtype of hound, a group including the mastiff. It is believed this
"dog" type was so common, it eventually became the prototype of the category "hound".[26] By the
16th century, dog had become the general word, and hound had begun to refer only to types used
for hunting.[27] The word "hound" is ultimately derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *kwon-,
"dog".[28] This semantic shift may be compared with in German, where the corresponding
words Dogge and Hund kept their original meanings. The term *ḱwon- may ultimately derive from the
earliest layer of Proto-Indo-Europeanvocabulary.[29]
A male canine is referred to as a "dog", while a female is traditionally called a "bitch" (derived from
Middle English bicche, from Old English bicce, ultimately from Old Norse bikkja. Since the word
"bitch" has taken on derogatory connotations, nowadays it is less commonly used to refer to
dogs).[citation needed] The father of a litter is called the sire, and the mother is called the dam. The process
of birth is "whelping", from the Old English word hwelp; the modern English word "whelp" is an
alternative term for puppy.[30] A litter refers to the multiple offspring at one birth which are
called puppies or pups from the French poupée, "doll", which has mostly replaced the older term
"whelp".[31]

Terminology
 The term dog typically is applied both to the species (or subspecies) as a whole, and any adult
male member of the same.
 An adult female is a bitch.
 An adult male capable of reproduction is a stud.
 An adult female capable of reproduction is a brood bitch, or brood mother.
 Immature males or females (that is, animals that are incapable of reproduction)
are pups or puppies.
 A group of pups from the same gestation period is a litter.
 The father of a litter is a sire. It is possible for one litter to have multiple sires.
 The mother of a litter is a dam.
 A group of any three or more adults is a pack.