Computer Guru Hub

Friday, September 1, 2017

Computer Networking Notes Part 1

Physical Address refers to either a memory location, or a media access control (MAC) address. Also known as a
binary address or a real address.

Logical Address generated by CPU. The set of all logical address generated by a program is a logical address
space.
MAC Address (MAC) short for Media Access Control. The MAC address is the hardware address that uniquely
identifies each network device on the network.

IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. Classful addressing (IP
Addressing). IPv4 Addressing system (32 bit).

IPv4 address consists of 4 numbers, each of which contains 1 to 3 digits, with a single dot (.) separating each
number or set of digits. Each of the four numbers can range from 0 to 255. Example 78.125.0.209. 32 bit address

IPv6 address is represented in eight groups of four hexadecimal digits (eight 16-bit blocks) separated by colons
(:), for example
2001:0db8:0a0b:12f0:0000:0000:0000:0001
128-bit address

Classful Addressing:-In Classful addressing it divides IP address into network ID and host ID
Class A (0-127): - has first octet as network ID and last three octet as Host ID
Class B (128-191): - has first two as network ID and last three two as Host ID
Class C (192-223): - has first three as network ID and last octet as Host ID
Class A, B and C are used for unicast whereas class D (224-239) is used for multicasting and class E (240-
255) for research.
Disadvantage is that it limit the number of network that can be provided to the network
Example RIP (Routing Information Protocol) protocol uses classful addressing
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Class A: \8 as (1 octet is network ID), Class B:-\16, Class C: \24
Same Subnet mask is used in complete network.

Classless Addressing:-
It allows us to use variable length subnet mask so also known as VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask)
Different subnet mask used in same network.
In this there is no boundary on host id and network id
Classless Addressing also known as CIDR (classless inter domain routing)
There is no default subnet mask in classless routing.
Example: BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), RIPv2

IP Default Subnet Masks For Address Classes A, B and C:Each of the three IP unicast/broadcast address
classes, A, B and C, has a default subnet mask defined that has a one for each bit of the class’s network ID, a
zero bit for each bit of its host ID, and no subnet ID bits. The three default subnet masks are 255.0.0.0 for
Class A, 255.255.0.0 for class B, and 255.255.255.0 for Class C.

Network Mask is a tool or a parameter that is used by router in deciding the path for the packet.
If Net id is 201.49.89.0 then DBA (Direct Broadcast Address) is 201.49.89.255

Public IP address: is the address that is assigned to a computing device to allow direct access over the Internet.
A web server, email server and any server device directly accessible from the Internet are candidate for a public IP
address. A public IP address is globally unique, and can only be assigned to a unique device.
Private IP address: is the address space allocated by Inter NIC to allow organizations to create their own private
network. There are three IP blocks (1 class A, 1 class B and 1 class C) reserved for a private use.

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PING - Packet InterNet Groper. Packet Internet Groper is a computer program that is used to test the network
connectivity between two systems
Ping –t 127.0.0.1 loop back address

Loop Back Address: packet will never enter into the network. It will move from computer to the port and from the
port to the computer.

Subnetting: dividing a network into smaller network for efficient utilization of IP address.
In class C if subnet mask is 255.255.255.224 than
Number of subnets = 2 3 – 2 = 6 (224 in binary 11100000)
Number of host = 2 5 – 2 = 30

Question 1: Which of the following is advertised to internet (WAN)?

(a) 10.0.0.5
(b) 172.16.0.10
(c) 15.1.5.6
(d) None
Answer: C cause its only public address

Question 2: Which of the following is used as both source IP address and Destination IP Address?
(a) 10.255.255.255
(b) 172.16.255.255
(c) 127.0.0.1
(d) 10.1.5.6
Answer: D cause its only public address

Question 3: If IP Address is 201.16.19.39 then what would be the host id?

(a) 201.16.19.255
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(b) 0.0.0.39
(c) 255.255.255.0
(d) 255.255.255.39
Answer: B because it’s of class C and that uses 24 bits for network id

Question 4: Default network mask for CLASS C is

(a) 255.0.0.0
(b) 255.255.0.0
(c) 255.255.255.0
(d) 255.255.255.255
Answer: Option C

Question 5: Default network mask for CLASS B is

(a) 255.0.0.0
(b) 255.255.0.0
(c) 255.255.255.0
(d) 255.255.255.255
Answer: Option B

Question 6: To test the IP stack on your local host, which IP address will you ping
(a) 127.0.0.0
(b) 1.0.0.127
(c) 127.0.0.1
(d) 255.255.255.0
Answer: Option C

Question 7: You need to subnet a network that has 5 subnets, each with at least 16 hosts. Which can be
your choice?
(a) 255.255.255.192
(b) 255.255.255.224
(c) 255.255.255.240
(d) 255.255.255.248
Answer: Option B

Question 8: What is the maximum number of IP addresses that can be assigned to hosts on a local
subnet that uses the 255.255.255.224 subnet mask?
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(a) 14
(b) 15
(c) 30
(d) 62

Answer: Option C

Sumit Kumar Nager at 6:22 AM

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