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Galvanizing
for
Corrosion
Protection
of Steel
Products
The material included in this publication has been developed to provide accurate, authoritative information regarding iron and steel products
hot-dip galvanized after fabrication and is based on recognized engineering principles and inspection practices. This material is for general
information only and is not intended as a substitute for competent professional examination and verification of accuracy, suitability and/or
applicability. The publication of the material contained herein is not intended as a representation or warranty on the part of the American
Galvanizers Association, Inc. Anyone making use of this information assumes all liability arising from such use.
Cover Photos: Port of Everett Public Access and Transient Moorage, Everett, Wash., a hot-dip galvanized wind turbine and the Black Sea Export
Terminal, Constanta, Romania.
CORROSION
ion current is carried. Electrolytes include water solu-
AND tions of acids, bases and salts.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
extremely important since barrier protection is depen-
dent upon coating integrity.
Eta
(100% Zn)
70 DPN Hardness
Zeta
(94% Zn 6% Fe)
179 DPN Hardness
Delta
(90% Zn 10% Fe)
244 DPN Hardness
Gamma
(75% Zn 25% Fe)
250 DPN Hardness
Base Steel
159 DPN Hardness
* Total weight loss for 4" x 6" (10cm x 15cm approx.) test specimens
Source: “Corrosiveness of Various Atmospheric Test Sites as Measured by Specimens of Steel and Zinc, Metal
Corrosion in the Atmosphere,” ASTM STP 435 (1968).
Note: The different compositions of the corrosion products have not been included
here since they are complex and dependent upon different compounds (i.e. salts) that
are present in all natural waters.
Hard water is much less corrosive than soft water. The National Bureau of Standards has conducted an
国家标准局(NBS)进行大量的金属在泥土中的
Under conditions of moderate or high water hardness, a extensive research program on the corrosion of metals in
natural scale of insoluble salts tends to form on the gal-
腐蚀研究,有些研究镀锌钢管的研究甚至能追溯
soils. Some of its research on galvanized steel pipe dates
到1924年,NBS的研究结果在图14表示,研究
vanized surface. These combine with zinc to form a back to 1924. The results from the NBS study shown in
中使用了一部分带是每平方英尺重量为3 1
protective barrier of calcium carbonate and basic zinc Figure 14 are based on tests started in 1937 using 1 /2"
carbonate.
盎司(5.3密耳)镀锌锌层31 1/2
(38mm) steel pipe with a nominal 3 oz. per square foot
"(38mm)钢管,这个研究表说明了一年中,在不
(5.3 mil) zinc coating. The table shows annual metal loss
同种类的土壤里,每平方英尺锌流失的重量。所
CORROSION PERFORMANCE IN SEA in ounces per square foot in a number of soils tested. Data
收集的数据(这里没有列出)也表明了镀锌涂层
WATER AND SALT SPRAY collected (but not displayed here) also show that the gal-
能阻缓钢材在土壤中的点腐蚀,就像暴露在大气
vanized coating will prevent pitting of steel in soil, just as
Galvanized coatings provide considerable protec- 下一样。万一镀锌层被完全消耗了,在相同的条
it does in atmospheric exposure. Even in instances where
件下,露出来的钢材也比没镀锌的钢材腐蚀程度
tion to steel immersed in sea water and exposed to salt the zinc coating was completely consumed, the corrosion
spray. The factors that influence the corrosion of zinc in 要轻。
of the underlying steel was much less than that of bare
fresh water also apply to sea water. However, it is the dis- steel specimens exposed to identical conditions.
solved salts (primarily sulfides and chlorides) in sea
water that are the principal determinants of the corrosion Figure 14: Corrosion of galvanized steel pipe in contact
behavior of zinc immersed in sea water. Given the high with a variety of soils
level of chloride in sea water, a very high rate of zinc Nominal weight暴露区域的3盎司每平方英尺(915克/平方米)
标准涂层重量 of coating - 3 oz/sq ft (915g/m2) of exposed area (a)
corrosion might be expected. However, the presence of 埋入之后的总重量消耗(盎司每平方英尺)
Soil Type Total Weight Loss (oz/ft) After Burial Period
magnesium and calcium ions in sea water has a strong 年
2.1 yrs 4.0 yrs 9.0 yrs 12.7 yrs
inhibiting effect on zinc corrosion in this type of environ- oz/ft2 oz/ft2 oz/ft2 oz/ft2
ment. Accelerated laboratory test results that sometimes Inorganic Oxidizing Acid Soils
氧化无机酸性土壤
use a simple sodium chloride (NaCl) solution to simulate Cecil 塞西尔·粘性肥土
clay loam 0.3 1.4 0.6 0.6
the effects of sea water exposure on galvanized steel Hagerstown loam
Hagerstown 肥土 0.3 1.2 0.7 0.6
should be viewed skeptically. Real world results often Susquehanna clay
Susquehanna 肥土 1.0 2.3 0.9 0.8
Inorganic Oxidizing
氧化无机酸性土壤 Alkaline Soils
differ significantly from accelerated laboratory tests. (See
Chino silt loam
中国粉砂壤土 1.1 2.3 1.6 1.1
Figure 13 for comparison of zinc corrosion in different Mohave莫哈维细砾质土壤
fine gravelly loam 1.6 3.3 1.1 1.1
types of water.) Inorganic Reducing Acid Soils
无机弱酸性土壤
Sharkey clay 沃克粘土 0.6 1.5 0.7 1.1
CORROSION PERFORMANCE IN SOILS
超过200种土壤种类根据其地质,颜色和自然排水 Acadia clay 阿卡迪亚粘土 3.3 -- 4.8 --
程度,被标识和归类。被归类为中度颗粒土和粗 Inorganic Reducing Alkaline Soils
无机弱碱性土壤
粒土的沙砾和沙土 More than 200 different types of soils have been Docas clay 3.2 1.6 1.6 1.6
Docas粘土
identified and are categorized according to texture, color
,在空气流通的情况下,它的腐蚀过程接近于在 Merced silt loam
马德塞淤泥壤土 2.1 4.5 0.1 1.3
and natural drainage. Coarse and textured soils, such as Lake Charles clay 查尔斯湖泥 3.7 3.9 5.5 13.8
空气环境下地对的腐蚀。粘土和淤泥有良好环境 有机弱酸性土壤
Organic Reducing Acid Soils
gravel and sand, permit free circulation of air, and the
来保持水分,镀锌层基本与空气隔绝和土壤排水
process of corrosion may closely resemble atmospheric Carlisle muck 卡莱尔腐殖土 1.2 3.4 3.0 3.4
条件差,它的腐蚀过程接近于在水中的腐蚀过程 Tidal marsh 潮沼盐泽 1.2 2.1 2.0 4.8
。 corrosion. Clay and silt soils have a fine texture and hold 腐殖土
Muck 4.3 5.4 9.0 10.7
water, resulting in poor aeration and drainage. The corro- Rifle peat 来福煤炭块 4.3 7.2 19.6 19.5
sion process in such soils may resemble the corrosion Cinders
process in water. 煤渣土
Cinders 6.7 5.4 5.6 11.9
煤渣土
(a) This这是钢管一边的涂层重量,1盎司每平方英尺(305克/平方米)
is weight of coating on one side of the pipe. 1 oz sq ft (305 g/m ) is equiva-
2
lent to等于大约1.72密耳(43.7微米)镀层厚度
approximately 1.72 mil (43.7 um) thickness of coating.
800
• Galvanizing for Corrosion Protection: A Specifier’s
600 Guide to Reinforcing Steel
400
• Rebar: A Processing and Inspection Guide for
Quality Hot Dip Galvanized Reinforcing Steel
200
These publications are available from the AGA or
your local galvanizer.
0
1 3 12 1 3 12 1 3 12
Months of Curing
Source: University
of California Black Galvanized
ENVIRONMENT
ATMOSPHERIC IMMERSED
METAL IN CONTACT RURAL INDUSTRIAL/ MARINE FRESH SEA
URBAN WATER WATER
Aluminum and aluminum alloys 0 0 to 1 0 to 1 1 1 to 2
Aluminum bronzes and silicon bronzes 0 to 1 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 to 3
Brasses including high tensile (HT) brass 0 to 1 1 0 to 2 1 to 2 2 to 3
(manganese bronze)
Cadmium 0 0 0 0 0
Cast irons 0 to 1 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 to 3
Cast iron (austenitic) 0 to 1 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 1 to 3
Chromium 0 to 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 to 3
Copper 0 to 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 to 3
Cupro-nickels 0 to 1 0 to 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 to 3
Gold (0 to 1) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) (2 to 3)
Gunmetals, phosphor bronzes and tin bronzes 0 to 1 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 to 3
Lead 0 0 to 1 0 to 1 0 to 2 (0 to 2)
Magnesium and magnesium alloys 0 0 0 0 0
Nickel 0 to 1 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 to 3
Nickel copper alloys 0 to 1 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 to 3
Nickel-chromium-iron alloys (0 to 1) (1) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) (1 to 3)
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys (0 to 1) (1) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) (1 to 3)
Nickel silvers 0 to 1 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 1 to 3
Platinum (0 to 1) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) (2 to 3)
Rhodium (0 to 1) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) (2 to 3)
Silver (0 to 1) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) (1 to 2) (2 to 3)
Solders hard 0 to 1 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 to 3
Solders soft 0 0 0 0 0
Stainless steel (austenitic and other grades
containing approximately 18% chromium) 0 to 1 0 to 1 0 to 1 0 to 2 1 to 2
Stainless steel (martensitic grades
containing approximately 13% chromium) 0 to 1 0 to 1 0 to 1 0 to 2 1 to 2
Steels (carbon and low alloy) 0 to 1 1 1 to 2 1 to 2 1 to 2
Tin 0 0 to 1 1 1 1 to 2
Titanium and titanium alloys (0 to 1) (1) (1 to 2) (0 to 2) (1 to 3)
Key 0 Zinc and galvanized steel will suffer either no additional corrosion, or at the most only very slight additional
corrosion, usually tolerable in service.
1 Zinc and galvanized steel will suffer slight or moderate additional corrosion which may be tolerable in some cir-
cumstances.
2 Zinc and galvanized steel may suffer fairly severe additional corrosion and protective measures usually will be
necessary.
3 Zinc and galvanized steel may suffer severe additional corrosion. Contact should be avoided.
General notes: Ratings in brackets are based on very limited evidence and are less certain than other values shown. The
table is in terms of additional corrosion and the symbol 0 should not be taken to imply that the metals in contact need no
protection under all conditions of exposure.
Source: British Standards institution pp. 6484:1979 Table 23