CONTROL & SYSTEM

ENGINEERING
EME4433

Lecture 1
Introduction to Control Systems
 CONTROL SYSTEM
“ Control system is an interconnection of components
forming a system configuration that will provide a
desired response” (Modern control system, Richard and Robert,)

“’ A control system consists of subsystems and

processes (or plants) assembled for the purpose of
controlling the outputs of the processes.” (Modern control
system , Norman S.Nise)

“Control is the process of causing a system variable to

take some desired value”.( Control system, K R VARMAH )

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 CONTROL SYSTEM
• Control is the process of causing a system variable (e.g,
temperature, position) to confirm to some desired value or
trajectory, called reference value or trajectory
• Example: driving a car implies controlling the vehicle to follow
the desired path and arrive safely at a planned destination
• If you drive the car yourself, you are performing a manual
control of the car. If you design a machine (or use a
computer) to do it, then you build an automatic control
system

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 Automobile steering Control System

(a) Automobile steering control system

(b) The driver uses the

difference between the actual
and the desired direction of
travel to generate a controlled
adjustment of the steering
wheel

( c ) Typical direction-of-travel
response.
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 EXAMPLE
• Example :A furnace produces heat as a result of the flow
of fuel
• In this process ,subsystems called fuel valves & fuel-
valve actuators are used to regulate the temperature of
the room by controlling the heat output from the furnace

• The subsystem such as thermostat, which has sensors,

measures the room temperature .

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 CONTROL SYSTEM
• Control system provides an output or response for a given input
or stimulus.

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 ADVANTAGES

Control system is built for these reasons:

• Power amplifications
• Remote control
• Convenience of input form
• Compensation for disturbances

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 ADVANTAGES
Power amplification
• A radar antenna, positioned by the low power rotation of a
knob at the input, requires a large amount of power for its
output rotation. A control system can produce the needed
power amplification or power gain

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 ADVANTAGES

Remote control
• A remote control robot arm can be
used to pick up material in a
radioactive environment. Robots
designed by the control system
principles can compensate for
human disabilities.

Rover built to work in contaminated

areas at Three Mile Island during a
nuclear accident in 1979.

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 ADVANTAGES

Convenience of input form

• In a temperature control systems, the input is a position on

the thermostat. The output is heat. Thus a convenient
position input yields a desired thermal output.

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 ADVANTAGES
Compensation for disturbances
• Consider the antenna system that points in a commanded
direction. If the wind forces the antenna from its commanded
position, or if noise enters internally, the system must be able to
detect the disturbance and correct the antenna’s position.

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 TYPES OF CONTROL SYSTEM
Open-loop control system
• A control system in which the output has no effect upon the
control action. In this type of system the output is neither
measured nor feed back for comparison with the input and to
produce an error signal.

• Example
• traffic control using traffic lights
• Toasters – does not measure the color of the toast

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 TYPES OF CONTROL SYSTEM
Closed-loop feedback control system
• A control system that measures its output and adjusts its input
accordingly by using a feedback signal. A feedback signal which may be
output signal or its derivative, is fed to the controller and is compared
with the reference input.

• The controller subsequently produces the necessary control signal, which

is then applied to the process to reduce the error and bring the output of
the system to the desired value.

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 OPEN LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM
Advantages Disadvantages
• Simple in construction & easy to • Disturbances, internal or
maintain. external, cause drifts in the
• Less expensive because of the desired output
use of minimum control devices. • Change in calibration cause errors
in the system
• Problem of instability does not
exist • Re-calibration of the system may
be necessary from time to time in
• It is able to perform accurately order to maintain the required
once the calibration of the input quality of output.
is done.
• Such system is convenient when
it is very difficult to measure the
output or measurement is
economically not feasible.

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 CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM
Advantages
• Relatively less accurate and
inexpensive components
may be used to obtained an
accurate control of a given
process.
• The influence of internal &
external disturbance on the
output can be made almost
ineffective.
• Transient response of the
system can be improved
• Steady state error can be
reduced.
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Disadvantages
• It requires more equipment
and components and is
more costlier.
• There is a tendency to
overcorrect errors, which
may create oscillations in
the system output. This
cause the system to drift to
instability
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 APPLICATIONS
• Manufacturing industries: in the numerical control of
machine tools.
• Aerospace industries: in the design of autopilot system.
• Automobile industries: in the design of car and trucks.
• Process industries: in controlling pressure, temperature,
humidity, and flow
• Within our own body there are numerous control
systems.

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 APPLICATIONS
The flow of traffic at a junction in the city
is uncontrolled in the absence of any
control mechanism

Policeman control the traffic

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 APPLICATIONS
A manual control system for regulating the level of
fluid in a tank by adjusting the output valve. The
operator views the level of fluid through a port in the
side of the tank.

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 Water level float regulator Control System

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 Elevators Control System
a. Early elevators were
controlled by hand ropes or
an elevator operator.
Here, a rope is cut to
demonstrate the safety
brake, an innovation in early
elevators;

b. Modern Duo-lift elevators

make their way up the
Grande Arche in Paris, driven
by one motor, with each car
counterbalancing the other.
Today, elevators are fully
automatic, using control
systems to regulate position
and velocity.
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 Control systems plays a critical role in space flight
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 The Honda P3 humanoid robot. P3 walks, climbs stairs,
and turns corners. Photo courtesy of American Honda
Motor, Inc.

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 History of automatic control
Watt’s flyball governor: Controlling the speed of a steam engine.

It measures the speed of the

output shaft & utilized the
movement of the fly-ball to contro
the steam valve & therefore the
amount of steam entering the
engine

As the steam engine output shaft speed

Increases, the ball weight rise & move away
From the shaft axis & through mechanical
linkages the steam valve closes & the
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 THANK YOU

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