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White Paper:
Understanding the Harmonic Analysis Report
waveform capture #5 is used, and the cycle under the most useful measurement especially when there
analysis starts at point 234, 15.17 ms into the waveform. is high harmonic content. The THD-R measurement
can be prone to misinterpretation, which can easily
The next section (Figure 3) is a block of statistics lead to measurement errors when measuring larger
computed from the harmonic data, including several distortions.
THD measurements, TIF, and K-Factor values in this
table are percents, with two main categories, THD THD Fundamental
Fundamental and THD RMS. These terms are defined Total Harmonic Distortion in reference to (F)
here: Fundamental, represents the ratio, in percent, of
the voltage/current harmonic components relative
THD-F and THD-R to the voltage/current of the fundamental. When the
There are two typical definitions used when dealing reference is not indicated (i.e. simply THD), then it is
with Total Harmonic Distortion. The two types of Total usually assumed the reference is fundamental. For
Harmonic Distortion are THD-F and THD-R. They both power systems, THD-F is by far the best measurement
are figures of merit used to quantify harmonic levels to use.
in voltage and current waveforms; however, each one
Figure 3. Block of uses a different reference. THD-F is a comparison to THD-R
statistics computed from the fundamental and THD-R is a comparison to the Total Harmonic Distortion in reference to (R) RMS, is
harmonic data signal’s RMS value. For power systems, the THD-F is the ratio, in percent, of the voltage/current harmonic
components relative to the absolute voltage/current
RMS. Because this is related to an RMS base, all
harmonic values must be calculated in RMS. Since
no harmonic, or the fundamental, can be larger than
the entire RMS value, the THD-R value can never be
greater than 100%. In cases of large distortion, the
value approaches 100%, and it is more difficult to
distinguish similar readings, compared to the THD-F
value (which can exceed 100%).
Even Harmonics
While inspecting a sinusoidal wave, if both the upper
half and the lower half of the wave are symmetrical,
then no even harmonics are present. An asymmetrical
wave indicates the presence of even harmonics. Even
harmonics are an indicator of an unusual load in the
system. Even Total Harmonic Distortion should be
close to zero in a normal system. If the THD of even
harmonics is a significant part of the total, further
investigation is warranted.
Odd Harmonics
Odd harmonics make up most harmonic currents found
in distribution systems. Of particular interest are the
5th and 11th harmonics. The 5th and 11th harmonic
have a negative sequence, and when applied to some
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White Paper:
Understanding the Harmonic Analysis Report
three-phase motors, they will try to run the motor audible range and are based on the response of the Figure 4. Harmonic
backwards. A major source of the 5th, 7th, and 11th human ear. The higher the factor the more interference magnitudes are broken
harmonics is 6-Pulse variable frequency drives (see is being generated. Other forms of communication, down by frequency in the
the PMI white paper: Monitoring Variable Frequency besides telephones, are also affected. Magnitude section of the
Drives for more information). report.
K Factor
Triplen Harmonics K Factor is a measurement of current harmonic
Triplens are especially detrimental to grounded-wye distortion used in rating transformers. It’s used in
systems with current flowing through the neutral. calculating the value necessary to de-rate a transformer
Normally balanced wye current cancels out in the for harmonics. Harmonic current flow in a transformer
neutral, but triplen harmonics add together in the causes increased heating (due to various losses in the
neutral instead of cancelling. This can overload core). Some of these losses increase linearly or even
the neutral and cause excessive heating. Devices more than linearly with the harmonic number.
sometimes malfunction because the line-to-neutral
voltage is badly misshapen by the triplen harmonic Magnitude
voltage drop in the neutral conductor. In the magnitude section of the report, harmonic
magnitudes present in the cycle are broken down
Telephone Interference Factor (TIF) by frequency as shown in Figure 4. Amounts are
TIF is a measure of the potential telephone noise represented in real units, i.e. voltage magnitude is
caused by the harmonic distortions from a power systemrepresented in volts present in each channel, while
on nearby telephone equipment. It is a dimensionless current is represented as amps. The frequency and
quantity that depends upon a weighting factor derived harmonic number are both shown.
from 1960 weighting curve by the Edison Electric
Institute. This weighting factor is weighted heavier In addition, the real power at each harmonic is shown,
on frequencies that tend to cause interference in the computed by taking the product of harmonic voltage
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White Paper:
Understanding the Harmonic Analysis Report
and current, and the cosine of the phase angle to record as stripcharts. The waveform-based method Figure 5. Phase angles
between them. has the advantage of showing all harmonics, and with for each voltage, current,
much less memory cost. It’s also useful for harmonic and power harmonic
Phase analysis of an existing recording, where no harmonics
Phase measures the offset between each phase of were explicitly enabled. For a detailed explanation of
power, in degrees. The phase angle for each voltage, the strategies for using waveform capture for harmonic
current, and power are shown after the magnitudes analysis in ProVision, see the white paper Harmonics
(Figure 5). The channel 1 voltage fundamental is used From Periodic Waveform Capture.
for the phase angle reference for all harmonics and
voltage and current channels. The power phase angle Conclusion
is the phase difference between current and voltage at The Harmonic Analysis Report is a powerful tool
that frequency. featured in PMI ProVision. It features a plethora of
detailed data, presented in an easy to read format.
Harmonic Report vs. Stripchart In addition, the data can be exported to CSV and a
ProVision also features harmonic stripcharts, which number of other formats.
allow for long-term study of harmonics. An important
difference between a harmonic stripchart and a Ben Bowman
harmonic report is that a harmonic report only shows Web Software Developer
harmonics for a one-cycle period. A harmonic stripchart bbowman@powermonitors.com
may be more suited for a long-term trend study of www.powermonitors.com
harmonics present in a system, but requires more 800.296.4120
recorder memory, and selection of specific harmonics
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