Starch derivatives / (HP) starch

30

9 FLO-TROL An HP starch used

9 Primarily for fluid-loss-control
9 Compatible with most makeup brines
9 Not require a bactericide
9 FLO-TROLT has unique viscosifying characteristics that make it suitable for
“reservoir drill-in”
9 Mor-RexE
9 Used in lime-base drilling fluids
9 Increasethe calcium solubility in a lime-base fluid environment
9 Acts as a deflocculant
9 Thermally stable to about a 200°F (93°C)
9 Requires a bactericide
 The polymers types
31

¾ Natural
9 Starch
9 Xanthan gum

¾ Modified natural
™ Cellulose derivative
9 CMC
9 PAC
9 POLYPAC
9 HEC
™ Starch derivatives
o CMS
o THERMPAC UL
o (HP) starch
o FLO-TROL
o Mor-RexE

¾ Synthetic
 Synthetic polymers
32

9 Usually from petroleum derived products

9 Built up from relatively smaller molecules
9 Almost unlimited flexibility in their design
9 Their size and chemical composition can be made to produce
properties for almost any function
9 Frequently, synthetic polymers are prepared from substituted
ethylene
 Synthetic polymers
33

Polyacrylate
9 The polymerization of acrylic acid and the subsequent
neutralization with sodium hydroxide yields the polymer
Sodium Polyacrylate (SPA).
9 SPA is an anionic polymer / deflocculant / fluid-loss control
additive
 Synthetic polymers / SPA
34

9 Many mud companies use low molecular-weight sodium poly-

acrylate as their primary deflocculant
9 It can be prepared as a dry powder but usually is available in
liquid form
Copolymerization
35

9 Homopolymers, polymers prepared from identical units (or

monomers).
9 Copolymerization with more than one type of monomer
9 Polymers can be made which have different properties than
homopolymers
9 TACKLET = sodium acrylate (as in SPA) + AMPS (2-acrylamido-
2-methyl propane sulfonic acid)
9 The AMPS monomer provides a sulfonate group that imparts
greater temperature stability and tolerance to solids, salinity and
hardness than the sodium acrylate group alone
 Synthetic polymers
36

9 SP-101 is a medium-molecular-weight (±300,000) polyacrylate

9 for fluid-loss control.
9 It is stable to very high temperatures (>400°F (204.4°C))
9 Often applied in geothermal
9 Poly-acrylamide/polyacrylate copolymer
9 Partially Hydrolyzed Poly Acrylamide (PHPA)
 Synthetic polymers / PHPA
37

9 Due to the carbon-carbon linkage, thermal stability and is

resistant to bacteria
9 Is anionic, meaning affected by hardness and cationic surfaces
like those found on clays
9 POLY-PLUS The most commonly used PHPA in drilling fluids
9 POLY-PLUST is used as a shale inhibitor and solids-encapsulating
in freshwater, seawater, NaCl and KCl systems
9 Provides drilled cuttings encapsulation and viscosity in
freshwater systems
9 The shale-inhibition feature of PHPA occurs when the polymer
attaches to clays on the wellbore and blocks the hydration and
dispersion that normally occurs
 Synthetic polymers / PHPA
38

9 Easier cuttings removal at the surface

9 Aids in shale stabilization by thickening the water phase.
PHPA increases the viscosity of the drilling fluid filtrate
9 GELEX An example of PHPA used as a bentonite extender
(extend the viscosity of bentonite)
9 FLOXIT.E PHPA also can be used as a flocculant
 Synthetic polymers
39

9 High temperature synthetic polymers

9 Due to the thermally stable carbon-carbon linkage
9 Number of them are prepared from the AMPS
9 Sulfonated Styrene Maleic Anhydride (SSMA)
9 It is applied to wells at high temperatures prior to logging runs
and at other times when the drilling fluid is not circulated for an
extended period of time.
9 Has the effect of maintaining stable gel strengths at high
temperatures
9 Not a fluid-loss control additive or a deflocculant
 Synthetic polymers
40