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P1: Molecules of hydrogen chloride (HCl) diffuse through a thin, static film of water
4.0 mm thick at 10°C. The concentration of HCl at one boundary of the film is
12.0% w/w HCl (density = 1060.7 kg/m3), and at the other boundary is 6.0% w/w
HCl (density = 1030.3 kg/m3). The diffusion coefficient of HCl in water is 2.5 ×
10-9 m2/s. Assuming steady state and one boundary impermeable to water,
calculate the flux of HCl using both exact and dilute formulae. Does the dilute
formula approximate well to the exact one here?
P2: A solution of ammonia in water at 5°C and 2.5 mm thick is in contact at one
surface with an organic liquid at this interface. The concentrations of ammonia in
the organic and bulk water phase are both held constant, and aqueous
concentrations of ammonia are 10% and 2.0% w/w at the respective interfaces
(giving solution densities of 991.7 and 961.7 kg/m3 respectively). Water is
soluble in the organic phase. The diffusion coefficient of NH3 in water is 1.24 ×
10-9 m2/s. Calculate the steady state flux of ammonia.
P3: Water in the bottom of a narrow metal tube is held at constant temperature T. The
total pressure of air (assumed dry) is P and the temperature is T. Water evaporates
and diffuses through the air. At a given time t, the level is Z meter from the top.
As diffusion proceeds, the level drops slowly. Derive the equation of time tF for
the level to drop from a starting point of Zo meter at t = 0 to ZF at t = tF.
The exact formula for diffusion of A through a stagnant layer of liquid B in mole
fractions is:
The molecular weights of the two solutions can now be found as follows:
i.e. flux is 2.212 10-6 kmol/m2s, nearly TWICE the flux if calculated accurately
Solution to Problem 2:
As water can travel through the film as well as ammonia (and in the opposite direction) we
have the rare (but not unknown) phenomenon of equimolar counterdiffusion in the liquid
phase.
To find the concentrations, we must take the weight fractions and densities from the
question, and also the molecular weights (MA = 17, MW = 18 kg/kmol):
Z0 2
Z (Z2-Z1)
ZF 1
Assuming a cross sectional area of 1 m2, the level drops dZ meter in dt sec, and
ρA(dZ.1)/MA is the kgmol of A that has been left and diffused.
Then,
A (dZ .1)
N A .1
M A .dt
A (Z F2 Z02 ) RT PBM
or, tF
2 M A DAB P ( PA1 PA2 )
Solution to Problem – 4:
P -D dP NA
NA 1- A = AB A where NA =
Ptotal RT dr 4πr 2
-RTNA dr dPA
Ptotal
4πDAB r 2
Ptotal PA
Now consider the rate of change of the number of molecules in the sphere (evaporation) to
be equal to their diffusion into the outside world:
In time dt, radius of sphere changes by -dr
volume of sphere changes by -4 r2.dr
mass of sphere changes by -4Ar2.dr
flux of solute to air = NA1
molecular flow to air = 4 r2NA1
mass flow to air = 4 r2NA1MA = evaporation rate
This time, the limits are r = r1 at t = 0 and r = 0 at t = tF: