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WWW.GII.CO.IL
PROJECT 1
By
Prepared for
The Steering Committee for
National Earthquake Preparedness and Mitigation
2
List of Figures
Figure 1. The screen of the program LERA. The structure of display organization. ........ 14
Figure 2. The system pull-down menu "File". ................................................................... 15
Figure 3. The "MODEL" pull-down menu ........................................................................ 15
Figure 4. An example of implementation command "Open and load model (read only)". 16
Figure 5. An example of site model parameters frame. ..................................................... 16
Figure 6. The command "Converting model". ................................................................... 17
Figure 7. An example of implementation the "Save as and reloading" command ............ 18
Figure 8. The "Compute" command .................................................................................. 18
Figure 9. An example of implementation "View any model (without reloading)"
command. ........................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 10. The "EDIT" pull-down menu ........................................................................... 19
Figure 11. Example of implementation the "Edit" command ............................................ 20
Figure 12. Example of the implementation the "Delete" command . ................................ 20
Figure 13. The pull-down menu "TRANSFER FUNCTION (TF)". ................................. 21
Figure 14. Example of the implementation "Drawing one TF for this model"
subcommand. ..................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 15. Selection several transfer functions from the list for drawing. ........................ 22
Figure 16. Example of the implementation "Drawing few Transfer Functions"
subcommand ...................................................................................................................... 22
Figure 17. The command "View ASCII file". ................................................................... 23
Figure 18. Example of the implementation subcommand "View TF of this model"......... 23
Figure 19. The pull-down menu "RESPONSE SPECTRA (RSP)". .................................. 24
Figure 20. An example of the implementation of "Drawing one RSP for this model"
subcommand. ..................................................................................................................... 24
Figure 21. Example of the implementation of subcommand "Drawing normalize TF and
RSP for this model" ........................................................................................................... 25
Figure 22. Example of the selecting from list for drawing several Response Spectra. ..... 25
Figure 23. Example of implementation of the "Drawing few Response Spectra"
subcommand. ..................................................................................................................... 26
Figure 24. The "View ASCII file" command .................................................................... 26
Figure 25. Example of implementation of "View RSP of this model" subcommand ........ 27
Figure 26. The pull-down menu "Help/Info". .................................................................... 27
Figure 27. Example of implementation of the "About this program" command. .............. 28
Figure 28. Example of implementation "Converter coordinates of Israel" command ....... 28
Figure 29. The HELP-information on the application The "Converter coordinates of
Israel". ................................................................................................................................ 29
Figure 30. Example of implementation of the "Computation IS413 for PGA of site"
Israel" command (input data). ............................................................................................ 30
4
Figure 31. Sample output file for the "Computation IS413 for PGA of site" command
(ASCII file) ........................................................................................................................ 30
Figure 32. Sample of result "Computation IS413 for PGA of site" (graph ). ................... 31
Figure 33. The pull-down menu "DATA". ........................................................................ 31
Figure 34. Example of implementation the "AXES SETTING" subcommand ................. 32
Figure 35. Example of subcommand "Window SETTING" implementation ................... 33
Figure 36. Example of implementation of "SAVE GRAPH for Graph Editor" command 33
Figure 37. The pull-down menu "Scale". ........................................................................... 34
Figure 38. The pull-down menu "Zoom". .......................................................................... 34
Figure 39. The pull-down menu "Edit plot". ..................................................................... 35
Figure 40. Example of the implementation "LABEL - TITLE " command. ..................... 37
Figure 41. Example of the implementation " SET LIMITS X Y " command. .................. 37
Figure 42. Example of the implementation " ADD TEXT " command. ............................ 38
Figure 43. Example of the implementation "POSITION PLOT " command. ................... 38
Figure 44. Example of H/V spectral ratio .......................................................................... 39
Figure 45. Comparison of the experimental and optimal analytical transfer function for
Model 1. ............................................................................................................................. 41
Figure 46. Comparison of experimental and optimal transfer function for Model 2. ........ 42
Figure 47. Comparison of experimental and optimal transfer functions for Model 3. ...... 43
Figure 48. Comparison experimental and optimal transfer function for Model 4 ............. 44
Figure 49. Comparison of the transfer functions computed using the SHAKE and Joyner's
programs for the Test1 site model ..................................................................................... 45
Figure 50. Comparison of the site-specific uniform hazard acceleration spectra calculated
for the Test1 site model. Response functions for this model are computed using the
SHAKE program (black line) and Joyner's program (blue line). The sets of oscillators for
calculation of the response spectra are 64 and 31 for SHAKE and Joyner's program
correspondingly.................................................................................................................. 45
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. The list of executable (external) modules of the program LERA
5
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
model of site. The synthetic free surface S-wave accelerations are used to compute the
response spectra for a given damping.
The methodology of preparing an earthquake damage scenario for Israel developed
by Shapira et al., (2001) is based on the concept that vibratory motions, especially those
leading to resonance motion of building, are the main cause of extensive damage and
destruction. Consequently, the method is based on comparison of the design acceleration
response spectrum of a building with a predicted site specific acceleration response
spectrum from prescribed earthquake.
In an earthquake damage scenario for Israel, the linear analytical response functions
at different sites are computed using the FORTRAN program for calculating nonlinear
seismic ground response (Joyner, 1977). The program was designed for calculating the
nonlinear response of a system of horizontal soil layers underlain by a semi-infinite elastic
medium representing rock (half space). Excitation is a vertically incident shear wave in
the underlying medium. The non-linear hysteretic behavior of the soil is represented by
the model proposed by Iwan (1967) and provides the attributed attenuation of seismic
motion with time and distance. With small vibrations the non-linear effect is negligible,
thus no attenuation is obtained using this model.
During computation the Joyner's program generates a numerical high- frequency
noise. This noise is generally not noticeable in the surface particle velocity time history
and has little effect on response spectral values, but it is conspicuous in the surface
acceleration time history. In general it is preferable to filter out this noise and the program
provides an option for digital filtering output time histories. This filter has two parameters
– F1 and F2. It is recommended that F1 be assigned equal to the desired frequency
resolution fR and that F2 be assigned the value 2fR.
We use different values of F1 and F2 in order to provide quasi-equivalent linear
damping in the horizontally layered soil-bedrock system. The choice of F1 and F2 is
based on the fact that during an earthquake amplifications at resonance frequencies of
higher modes (first 3-4 modes) are possible, but such a choice it is not physically justified
since we are not taking into account available specifications of damping for different
lithological units.
The severity of vibratory structural response to seismic motion largely depends on
the seismic ground motion characteristics and the structure's dynamic characteristics.
Some of the important ground motion characteristics are peak motion parameters, such as
acceleration, and the frequency content of the ground motion. The ground motion
8
to upgrade and improve the site response analysis procedure designed in a PC-
Windows environment;
to create an user-friendly graphic interface for calculating and drawing the
analytical transfer function (ATF) using the MATLAB package;
to apply the SHAKE algorithm to compute the ATF for a multi-layers system
and convolve with accelerograms synthesized in the SEEH program for
calculation of the Site-specific Uniform Hazard Acceleration Spectra;
to extend the available set of single-degree-of-freedom oscillators for more
accurate calculation of the Site-specific Uniform Hazard Acceleration Spectra;
to include the calculation of Israel Building Code (IS 413) for a given site
to find automatically those parameters of the 1-D analytical model which provide
the best approximation of the function obtained experimentally.
4 FSEEHTF1 FORTRAN
Slave Computation RSP by SHAKE
For running MATLAB stand-alone application is required also set of MATLAB dynamic
link libraries (DLL), whose list is given below:
sgl.dll
hg_sgl.dll
uiw_sgl.dll
gui_sgl.dll
hardcopy_sgl.dll
mpath.dll
libmmfile.dll
libmat.dll
libmcc.dll
libmatlb.dll
libmx.dll
libut.dll
It is also necessary to create a subdirectory, named \bin, that contains the MATLAB menu
bar and toolbar figure files used by the MATLAB stand-alone application.
The program LERA may operate under Microsoft Windows (from 95 to XP versions).
11
1. Calculation of Real shear module (G) for all layers including half-space:
G j jVsj2 (1)
where ρj and Vsj are accordingly density and shear velocity from Input data,
respectively and j is the number of layers (from 1 Nlayer ).
Note that all these values are independent of frequency.
2. Calculation of the following complex parameters for the first of the (Nlayer - 1)
layers, (a half-space is not included):
G*j G j 1 2 ji (2)
b) Complex Impedance Ratio at the interface between j and j+1 layers ( ά* j):
jG*j
*
(3)
j
j 1G*j 1
j j / G*j (4)
where ρj is Density,
Gj* is Complex Shear module;
j is number of layer (from 1 to Nlayers).
3. Calculation of transfer function A1Nlayers with respect to the displacement (and also
velocity and acceleration) at the top of layers 1 and Nlayers. This transfer function
depends on frequency and will be calculated with frequency step Δf:
f F2 F1
N freq (5)
where F1 and F2 are lower and upper limits of defined interval of frequency
respectively, and Nfreq is number of points (steps of computation) of this interval.
3.1. Begin external loop on points (steps of computation):
l = 1: Nfreq.
Calculate round frequency (ω)
Δf is step of frequency (see (5)),
(6)
l is index of point of interval frequency
l 2f l 1
Kl , j l j (7)
where ωl is round frequency,
γ is temporary Complex variable (see (4)) .
Calculate is temporary Complex variable (δ):
iK l , j h j (8)
Ek ,1 Fk ,1 0.5
Ak ,1N (11)
Ek , N Fk , N Ek , N
End of external loop (n frequency).
The source text of MATLAB procedure cmp_shake3.m for computing the
analytical transfer function as described in this algorithm is given in Appendix B.
* Title Bar
* Menu Bar
* System Tool Bar
* Graph Display Area
Figure 1. The screen of the program LERA. The structure of display organization.
Title Bar
The Title Bar at the top left hand corner indicates the name of the site model
currently being processed. The standard Windows control buttons for minimizing or
maximizing the display and exiting the program are located at the top right hand corner.
Menu Bar
The Menu Bar is located directly below the Title Bar. All pull-down menus are
located inside a Menu Bar. Each menu contains a list of commands that one can select
with the mouse or keyboard. The arrangement of the menus, designed with ergonomic
criteria, follows the logical order of the operations, inhibiting access to further operations
until all necessary data have been entered.
This is the large center section of the display where graphs are displayed and
manipulated: see below "Edit Plot" Menu section for more details.
" Open and load model (read only)" and save it with a new filename (command "Save as
and reloading" from this menu). Then user can then edit the contents of the file (the model
parameters) using the pull-down menu "Edit". To perform this command, the user must
call up the Windows "Open" Dialog Box. The name of the file being used is shown inside
the title bar of the main window. An example of the execution the command "Open and
load model (read only)" is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. An example of implementation command "Open and load model (read only)".
The example of appearance of the selected site model after opening is shown in Figure 5.
Command "Draw"
The "Draw" command is used to draw the current site model. The appearance of
the graph may be edited using the "EDIT PLOT" menu(see below). The graph may be
printed using the "FILE" menu, "Print" command (see above) and saved as a graphical file
by the "DATA" menu, command "Save graph for graph. editors" (see below). An example
of implementation command "Draw" is shown in Figure GUI1.
"Compute" Command
The "Compute" command is used to compute the Transfer function (TF) and
Response Spectra (RSP) for the site model opened or for several models. The "Compute"
command is shown in Figure 8.
"Exit" Command
The command "Exit" is used to quit the program, when user has finished his work.
"Help" Command
The command "Help" is used to review help information about this menu.
"Edit" Command
With this command it is possible to edit the file of the opened site model by
system text editor Notepad. An example of the implementation command "Edit" is shown
in Figure 11. After finishing of work with editor user has to close it, otherwise the other
commands of the main menu will be disabled.
"Delete" Command
The "Delete" command is used to delete the opened site model file. After selecting
this command, the user will be asked to confirm his decision by clicking the "OK" button
or rejecting it by clicking "Cancel" button. An example of the implementation "Delete"
command is shown in Figure 12.
"Drawing" Command
The "Drawing" command is used to draw existing transfer functions. The first
subcommand "Drawing one TF for this model" is used to drawing transfer tunction for the
opened site model. An example of implementation of this subcommand is shown in
Figure 14.
The subcommand "Drawing few TF" is used to draw several transfer functions on
one plot. The transfer function to be drawn must be selected from the full list of existing
transfer functions. An example of selection from a list of two transfer functions is shown
in Figure 15. An example of the implementation of this subcommand is shown in Figure
16.
Figure 14. Example of the implementation "Drawing one TF for this model"
subcommand.
22
Figure 15. Selection several transfer functions from the list for drawing.
The "View ASCII file" command is used to view ASCII files of the current
transfer functions. The "View ASCII file" command is shown in Figure 17. This
command contains two subcommands. In this manual we demonstrate only the first
subcommand "View TF of this model", since the second subcommand ("View any TF") is
very similar. An example of the implementation this subcommand is shown in Figure 18.
The pull-down "RESPONSE SPECTRA (RSP)" menu contains the commands for
drawing and viewing existing Response Spectra of site models. To compute Response
Spectra see above menu "MODEL", command "Compute". The pull-down menu
"RESPONSE SPECTRA (RSP)" is shown in Figure 19.
24
"Drawing" Command
The "Drawing" command is used to plot available Response Spectra . The
subcommand "Drawing one RSP for this model" is used to draw Response Spectra for the
opened site model. An example of implementation of this subcommand is shown in
Figure 20.
The subcommand "Drawing normalized TF and RSP for this model" is used to
draw normalized transfer functions and response spectra for the site model in a one plot.
An example of implementation of this subcommand is shown in Figure 21. The
subcommand "Drawing few RSP" is used to drawing several response spectra in one plot.
The response spectra for drawing must be selected from the full list of available response
spectra. An example of selection from the list for drawing several response spectra is
shown in Figure 22. An example of the implementation of this subcommand is shown in
Figure 23.
Figure 20. An example of the implementation of "Drawing one RSP for this model"
subcommand.
25
Figure 22. Example of the selecting from list for drawing several Response Spectra.
26
The "View ASCII file" command is used to view ASCII files of the existign
Response Spectra. The command "View ASCII file" is shown in Figure 24. This
command contains two subcommands:. "View RSP of this model" and "View RSP of any
model". The use of these subcommands is the same as the equivalent command for TF.
An example of the implementation this subcommand is shown in Figure 25.
The pull-down menu "Help/Info" contains the commands for help and some
additional computations. The pull-down menu "Help/Info" is shown in Figure 26.
Figure 30. Example of implementation of the "Computation IS413 for PGA of site"
Israel" command (input data).
Figure 31. Sample output file for the "Computation IS413 for PGA of site" command
(ASCII file)
31
Figure 32. Sample of result "Computation IS413 for PGA of site" (graph ).
"Settings" Command
The command "Settings" is used to review and editing initial parameters (settings)
of graph. These parameters are saved in the special profile-file and relevant until next
editing. This command includes two following subcommands:
Axes settings
The user must define all parameters of axes position (origin, width and height) in
normalized units (0 -1). An example of the implementation subcommand "AXES
SETTING" is shown in Figure 34.
Window Setting
This subcommand is used to define location and size of window (graph) for
hardcopy. The user has to define all parameters of window position (origin, width and
32
Figure 36. Example of implementation of "SAVE GRAPH for Graph Editor" command
This pull-down menu contains three simple options (commands) and is organized
as follows:
ZOOM ON
This option is used to activate Zoom mode for Mouse. To zoom, use the left
mouse button to draw a rectangle around the area of interest and release. Zooming
35
may be repeated as necessary, allowing more and more detail. To stop zooming,
press the right mouse button.
ZOOM OFF
This option deactivates Zoom mode for Mouse, and it is needed for using of the
context menu (press right button of Mouse) on object of plot - line and text.
ZOOM OUT
This option returns the plot to its initial size. This is also needed to use the context
menu.
5.2.10. EDIT PLOT Menu
The pull-down EDIT PLOT menu allows editing the current plot usually before
printing. The pull-down menu "Edit plot" is shown in Figure 39.
LABEL - TITLE
This option is used for editing X, Y axes labels and the title of the current plot in
the interactive mode. An example of the implementation this command is shown
in Figure EP2.
LEGEND of PLOT
This option puts a legend on the current plot
HIDE LEGEND
This option removes a legend from the current plot.
GRID ON
This option adds grid lines to the current axes of the plot. Hot Key : <Ctrl> + <G>.
GRID OFF
This option takes them off.
SET LIMITS X Y
36
This option edits limits for axes X and Y of the current plot. An example of the
implementation this command is shown in Figure EP3.
ADD TEXT
This option allows adding text to the current plot. User determines coordinates of
the text-box origin. An example of the implementation this command is shown in
Figure EP4.
POSITION
This option defines the location and size of axes of the current plot within the
figure. User defines all parameters of the plot position within. Example of the
implementation this command is shown in Figure EP5.
FREQUENCY DOMAIN
This option is used for setting Transfer Function or Response Spectra on the
current plot into Frequency Domain [Hz].
PERIOD DOMAIN
This option is used for setting Transfer Function or Response Spectra on the
current plot into Period Domain [s].
(where <Period > = 1/<Frequency >)
AXIS SQUARE
This option is used to makes the current axis box square in size.
AXIS NORMAL
This option is used to restores the current axis box to itsoriginal size.
This undoes the effects of AXIS SQUARE.
SEEKING POINTS OF EXTREMUM
This option is used to find peaks (MIN & MAX) for the current plot.
The coordinates of extremum found are written into ASCII file <extrmpnt.txt> and
shown on the current plot by following symbols :
for MIN - triangle (down) ;
for MAX - triangle (up).
These symbols may be edited using context menu. To show context menu press
right mouse button.
37
Figure 41. Example of the implementation " SET LIMITS X Y " command.
38
Figure 42. Example of the implementation " ADD TEXT " command.
1.
A A() , (1)
Stage 1
We find a frequency and amplification A of the experimental spectral ratio curve and
choose small numbers and , which are an error estimation of the fundamental
frequency and amplification respectively. Values of and depend on convergence of
the optimization process. For the Initial value we usually assign 0.05 Hz (two samples);
and is 20-25% of amplification observed at corresponding fundamental frequency.
Stage 2
We choose intervals of variation of an unknown parameters and grid of points on them. It
is important to maintain two conditions in selecting these intervals: true values of
parameters in question should belong to these intervals and length of intervals should be
sufficiently small.
Stage 3
For every point of the grid we calculate a transfer function using the SHAKE analytical
model.
41
Stage 4
From transfer functions calculated we select those, fundamental frequency and
amplification pertaining to the interval ( , ) and ( A , A ).
correspondingly. If such transfer functions are not found, we have to widen and
values, or increase the grid density at the Stage 2.
Stage 5
We choose an interval I including fundamental frequency (usually its length is about
0.5 Hz). We calculate in this interval I even norm of transfer functions selected at the
Stage 4 and then choose a transfer function, for which even norm is minimal.
Programs in FORTRAN and MATLAB were written for use with this algorithm.
6.2 Examples
Model 1. In the first example we will consider Model 1 consisting of two layers overlying
the bedrock (halfspace). The following parameters are known:
densities of layers are 1 1.5; 2 1.8; 3 2.4 , g/cm3
damping factors of layers are 1 0.03; 2 0.02; 3 0 ;
S-wave velocities of layers are v1 170; v2 350; v3 2000 , m/sec
Index 3 corresponds to the halfspace.
The parameters to be optimized are the thicknesses of the first and second layers (h1 and
h2). We look for the thickness of the first layer in the interval [0, 10 m] and of the second
in the interval [0, 55m]. Optimal thicknesses found using the optimization procedure are
6m and 20m for first and second layer correspondingly (Fig. 45)
Figure 45. Comparison of the experimental and optimal analytical transfer function for
Model 1.
42
Model 2
This is another example of two layers model for which we know following parameters:
1 1.5, 2 2.1, 3 2.4 ;
1 0.03, 2 0.02, 3 0 ;
v1 170m / s, v2 700m / s, v3 2300m / s
The first parameter for optimization is the thickness of the first layer and we are seeking it
in the interval [0,40m]. In order to the find thickness of the second layer we choose
interval [0, 200m]. Optimal thicknesses obtained are: h1 14m, h2 165m (Fig. 46).
Figure 46. Comparison of experimental and optimal transfer function for Model 2.
Model 3
This example demonstrates optimization of the both thickness and Vs for one layer
Model3. Known parameters are following:
2 2.3 g/cm3;
1 0.02; 2 0 ;
v2 2300m / s ;
In this case the halfspace is referred to by index 2.
We are looking for the thickness in the interval [0,100 m ] and Vs in the interval
[300,600 m / s ]. In the optimization procedure we have found
h2 38m, v2 450m / s, 2 1.9 g/cm3 (see Fig. 47).
43
Figure 47. Comparison of experimental and optimal transfer functions for Model 3.
Model 4.
In this example the parameters to be optimized are velocities for first and second layers of
the two layers model. We know that
3 2.4 g/cm3;
1 0.03; 2 0.02; 3 0 ;
v3 2300m / s ;
h1 12m, h2 34m .
The intervals for searching of velocities are [150,350 m / s ] and [350,650 m / s ] for the
first and second layer respectively. Following parameters were obtained by optimization
procedure v1 166m / s, v2 521m / s, 1 1.5, 2 2 g/cm3 (Fig. 47).
44
Figure 48. Comparison experimental and optimal transfer function for Model 4
The SITEAMP program was developed for calculating the analytical transfer
function (ATF) corresponding to the 1-D multi-layers deposit system and computing the
Uniform-Hazard Site Specific Response Spectrum for the development of earthquake
damage scenarios. This new software was designed and programmed in a PC-Windows
environment. The MATLAB package was used to design the Graphic User Interface. The
LERA program joined previously separated functions such as computation, editing,
viewing, saving and plotting into single-document Windows application. The list of these
functions was significantly extended and also added the capability of saving output data
as graphical files. Figure 49 shows the comparison of two transfer functions calculated for
the site Test1 using the Joyner's (blue line) and SITEAMP (black line) programs. Input
files giving values for models, for which transfer functions were calculated may be seen
in Appendix C. Comparison of the uniform hazard site-specific acceleration spectra and
the response functions for which are provided by SHAKE and Joiner's program, are
shown in Fig. 50. It should be noted that in calculating the response spectrum using the
SHAKE program we used 64 oscillators ser, while for the Joyner's program the set
includes 31 oscillators.
45
Figure 49. Comparison of the transfer functions computed using the SHAKE and Joyner's
programs for the Test1 site model
Figure 50. Comparison of the site-specific uniform hazard acceleration spectra calculated
for the Test1 site model. Response functions for this model are computed using the
SHAKE program (black line) and Joyner's program (blue line). The sets of oscillators for
calculation of the response spectra are 64 and 31 for SHAKE and Joyner's program
correspondingly.
46
Based on the analysis described in the previous chapters we may conclude as follows:
8. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Our thanks for financial support from the Steering Committee for National
Earthquake Preparedness and Mitigation.
We also acknowledge the work of Dr. V. Pinsky (Geophysical Institute of Israel) for
helpful comments and fruitful discussions. His assistance is greatly appreciated. We thank
our colleagues D. Artzi and Y. Menahem for their technical support throughout this
project.
47
REFERENCES
Atkinson, G. M., and Silva, W., 2000. Stochastic modeling of California ground motions,
Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 90, 255-274.
Boore, D. M., 1983. Stohastic simulation of high-frequency ground motions, Bull. Seism.
Soc. Am., 73: 1865-1894.
Boore, D. M., 1983.Use of seismscope records to determine M L and peak velocities, Bull.
Seism. Soc. Am., 74, 315-324.
Boore, D. M., Joyner, W.B., and Fumal, T.E., 1997. Equations for estimating horizontal
response spectra and peak acceleration from Western North American earthquakes:
a summary of recent work, Seism. Res. Lett., 68(1): 128-153.
Boore, D.M., 2000. SMSIM – Fortran programs for simulating ground motions from
earthquakes: Version 2.0 – a revision of OFR 96-8-A, U.S. Geological Survey
Open-File Report OF 00-59, 55pp.
Iwan, W.D., 1967. On a class of models for the yielding behavior of continuous and
composite system, J. Appl. Mech., 34: 512-617
Joyner, W, 1972. A FORTRAN program for calculating nonlinear seismic ground
response, US Geological Survey, Open File Report No 77 – 671.
Joyner, W. B., 1977. A Fortran program for calculating nonlinear seismic response, U. S.
Geological Survey, Open File Report 77-671.
Schnabel, P.B., Lysmer, J. and Seed, H.B., 1972. SHAKE – A computer program for
response analysis of horizontally layered sites, Report No. EERC 72-12, Univ. of
California at Berkeley.
Shapira, A. and van Eck, T., 1993. Synthetic uniform hazard site specific response
spectrum, Natural Hazard, 8: 201-205.
Shapira, A., Feldman, L., Zaslavsky, Y. and Malitzky, A., 2001. Application of a
stochastic method for the development of earthquake damage scenarios: Eilat, Israel
test case, The Problems of Lithosphere Dynamics and Seismicity, Computational
Seismology, V.32, 58-73.
Shapira, A. and van Eck, T., 1993. Synthetic uniform hazard site specific response
spectrum, Natural Hazard, 8:201-205.
Steidl, J., Tumarkin, A. and Archuleta, R., 1996. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of
America, V. 86, No. 6, pp. 1733-48.
Zaslavsky, Y., Shapira, A., Leonov, J. and Peled, U., 2001. Seismic hazard assessment for
the Nachal Roded, Eilat. GII Report No. 535/112/2001 (in Hebrew).
Zaslavsky, Y., Gorstein, M., Aksinenko, T., Kalmanovich, M., Ataev, G., Giller, V., Dan,
I., Giller, D., Perelman, N., Livshits, I. and Shvartsburg, A., 2004. Exploration of
sedimentary layers and reconstruction of its subsurface structure for some areas of
Israel by ambient vibration measurements Proceeding of XXIX General Assembly of
the European Seismological Commission (ESC), Potsdam, Germany, September 12-
17.
48
APPENDIX A
The source text of MATLAB procedure cmp_shake3.m for the computation of Analytical
Transfer Function.
%============================================
global flagdebug
tic
% Input data:
% I. Model of site ( L1) : )
N_layer = length(ro) ; % number of layers with halfspace
% ro - dencity ,[ ton/m^3[
% h - Thickness , [ m}]
% beta - damping
% Vs - Vs [ m/s]
% --------------------------%
%Output:
%A1m - Transfer Function ( complex array) ; A1m(N_frq (,
%Frq - Freq. Domain ( real array) Frq(N_frq) ;
return;
end;
Vs_sum = 0;
h_sum = 0;
ro_sum = 0;
for j = 1:(N_layer – 1),
Vs_sum = Vs_sum + h(j)*Vs(j);
h_sum = h_sum + h(j;)
ro_sum = ro_sum + h(j)*ro(j);
end;
%h_sum
Vs_mean = Vs_sum/h_sum;
ro_mean = ro_sum/h_sum;
F_mean = Vs_mean/(4*h_sum);
A_mean = (Vs(N_layer)*ro(N_layer)) / (Vs_mean*ro_mean);
for j = 1: N_layer,
G(j) = ro(j)*Vs(j)^2;
tmp_str(j).t = [ ' : ' num2str(j) ' : ' num2str(ro(j)) ' : ' num2str(h(j)) ' : '
num2str(beta(j. ' : ' ( …
num2str(Vs(j)) ' : ' num2str(G(j ))];
end;
% ------------------------------%
if flagdebug,
h_sum
Vs_mean
ro_mean
F_mean
A_mean
% ------------------%
disp ( ' Input Model') ;
disp;)' ---------------------------------------------------------------------' (
disp( [ ' : # : ro : h : beta : Vs : G;) ] '
disp( [ ' : # : [t/m^3] : [m] : : [m/s] : [ ton/(m *sec^2'] ) ] ;
disp;)' -----------------------------------------------------------------------------' (
for j = 1: N_layer,
disp( tmp_str(j).t;)
end;
disp;)' --------------------------------------------------------------------------------' (
%==============================================%
% Data for Legend :
lin = ' ---------------------------------------------------------' ;
lgnd(1).t = ' Input Model;'
lgnd(2).t = lin ;
lgnd(3).t = ' : # : ro : h : beta : Vs : G; '
lgnd(4).t = ' : # : [t/m^3] : [m] : : [m/s] : [ ton/(m *sec^2'] ;
lgnd(5).t = lin ;
for j = 1: N_layer,
lgnd(5 + j).t = tmp_str(j).t;
end ;
50
for i = 1:N_frq,
fprintf(fid, '%s\n', [num2str(real( A1m_cmplx(i) ) , '%10.6f' ) ' ' …
num2str( imag( A1m_cmplx(i) ) , '%10.6f') ] ) ;
end;
fclose(fid ) ;
% -------------------------------%
toc
return;
52
APPENDIX B
The table of old and new sets of oscillators
APPENDIX C
1.
The site model TEST1.mod (model SHAKE) for the computation of Analytical Transfer
Function
2.
The site model TEST1.modJ (Joyner's model) for the computation Analytical Transfer
Function
APPENDIX D.
Program for inversion of local S-wave velocity structures and sediment
thickness from average H/V ratios
clear all
tic
delete('FAOM.ASC');
delete('IDOM.ASC');
delete('FLAG_OM.ASC');
fid=fopen('INP_IOM.ASC','r');
aaa=fgetl(fid);
ST=fgetl(fid);
M=strread(ST,'%d');
aaa=fgetl(fid);
ST=fgetl(fid);
[vn(M),vnn(M),wb,be(M)]=strread(ST,'%f%f%f%f','delimiter',' ');
aaa=fgetl(fid);
for i=1:M-1,
ST=fgetl(fid);
[hn(i),hnn(i),wa,vn(i),vnn(i),wb,be(i)]=strread(ST,'%f%f%f%f%f%f%f','del
imiter',' ');
end;
for i=1:8,
aaa=fgetl(fid);
end;
e=fgetl(fid);
fclose(fid);
!stsu
%print of
plot__________________________________________________________________
fud=fopen('FLAG_OM.ASC');
SS=fgetl(fud);
fla=strread(SS,'%f');
if fla==0,
AA=load('FAOM.ASC');
[r,rr]=size(AA);
AAA=AA(:,2);
yy=load(e);
y=yy(2:r+1,2);
figure;
aa=max([max(y(1:r)) max(AAA(1:r))]);
t=1:r;
plot(t*0.0244,y(t),'r');
hold on;
plot(t*0.0244,AAA(t),'g');
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
% ylabel('Amplitude Ratio');
ylabel('Amplification')
hold off;
%_______________________________________________________________________
_______-
fid=fopen('IDOM.ASC');
55
aaa=fgetl(fid);
ST=fgetl(fid);
[ro(M),v(M)]=strread(ST,'%f%f','delimiter',' ');
be(M)=0;
aaa=fgetl(fid);
aaa=fgetl(fid);
for i=1:M-1,
ST=fgetl(fid);
[h(i),ro(i),v(i),be(i)]=strread(ST,'%f%f%f%f','delimiter',' ');
end;
fclose(fid);
%_______________________________________________________________________
______
M0=num2str(M);
S1=strcat('M=',M0);
S2=' ';
for u=1:M,
un=num2str(u);
ro0=num2str(ro(u));
S1=strcat(S1,' ro',un,'=',ro0);
be0=num2str(be(u));
S2=strcat(S2,' be',un,'=',be0);
end;
P1=' ';
S3=' ';
for i=1:M,
v0=num2str(v(i));
i0=num2str(i);
if vn(i)~=vnn(i)
P1=strcat(P1,' v',i0,'=',v0);
vr=num2str(vn(i));
vrr=num2str(vnn(i));
S3=strcat(S3,' v',i0,'#[',vr,',',vrr,']');
else,
S3=strcat(S3,' v',i0,'=',v0);
end;
end;
P2=' ';
S4=' ';
for i=1:M-1,
h0=num2str(h(i));
i0=num2str(i);
if hn(i)~=hnn(i)
P2=strcat(P2,' h',i0,'=',h0);
hr=num2str(hn(i));
hrr=num2str(hnn(i));
S4=strcat(S4,' h',i0,'#[',hr,',',hrr,']');
else,
S4=strcat(S4,' h',i0,'=',h0);
end;
end;
sa(1)={S1};sa(2)={S2};sa(3)={S3};sa(4)={S4};
text(r*0.0244/2,aa-0.6,sa);
sb(1)={P1};sb(2)={P2};
text(r*0.0244/2,0.7,sb);
axis([0.2 r*0.0244 0.2 aa+0.2]);
l=findstr(e,'.txt');
VE=e(1:l-1);
ti=sprintf('%s',VE);
title(ti);
56
grid on;
end;%(if)
fclose(fud);
%_______________________________________________________________________
_______
toc
Optimization program
PROGRAM STS
REAL RO(10),BE(10),H(10),V(10),AL(10),S(10),BBB
REAL ZA(100000),HN(10),HNN(10),VN(10),VNN(10)
REAL A1(100000), MC(100000), AA(100000),MAX,MI,FR
REAL VAR(100000,10),VAR1(100000,10), VAR2(100000,10)
REAL MCD(100000),YY(100000),Y(100000)
INTEGER Z(10),X(10), R, P, Q
CHARACTER*40 NA, aaa
do I=1,10
HN(I)=0
HNN(I)=0
Z(I)=1
VN(I)=0
VNN(I)=0
X(I)=1
end do
C Load of data_________________________________________________________
OPEN(UNIT=16,FILE='INP_IOM.ASC')
READ(16,*)aaa
READ(16,*)M
READ(16,*)aaa
READ(16,*)VN(M),VNN(M),X(M),BE(M)
READ(16,*)aaa
DO I=1,M-1
READ(16,*)HN(I),HNN(I),Z(I),VN(I),VNN(I),X(I),BE(I)
END DO
READ(16,*)aaa
READ(16,*)EP,FR
READ(16,*)aaa
READ(16,*)aaa
READ(16,*)ZL,ZR
READ(16,*)aaa
READ(16,*) ZO
READ(16,*)aaa
READ(16,*) NA
OPEN(UNIT=15,FILE=NA)
J=1
1 READ(15,*,END=99)YY(J), Y(J)
J=J+1
GO TO 1
99 CONTINUE
se=YY(21)-YY(20)
R=2*JMO
JMO=JMO-1
Q1=JMO*se-ZO
P1=JMO*se+ZO
P=NINT(P1/se)
Q=NINT(Q1/se)
C_____________________________________________________________________
DO J = 2, P+1
A1(J-1)=Y(J)
END DO
JB=1;
DO 20 K1 = 1, Z(1)
H(1)=HN(1)+(HNN(1)-HN(1))*(K1-1)/Z(1)
DO 20 K2 = 1, Z(2)
H(2)=HN(2)+(HNN(2)-HN(2))*(K2-1)/Z(2)
DO 20 K3 = 1, Z(3)
H(3)=HN(3)+(HNN(3)-HN(3))*(K3-1)/Z(3)
DO 20 K4 = 1, Z(4)
H(4)=HN(4)+(HNN(4)-HN(4))*(K4-1)/Z(4)
DO 20 K5 = 1, Z(5)
H(5)=HN(5)+(HNN(5)-HN(5))*(K5-1)/Z(5)
DO 20 K6 = 1, Z(6)
H(6)=HN(6)+(HNN(6)-HN(6))*(K6-1)/Z(6)
DO 20 K7 = 1, Z(7)
H(7)=HN(7)+(HNN(7)-HN(7))*(K7-1)/Z(7)
DO 20 K8 = 1, Z(8)
H(8)=HN(8)+(HNN(8)-HN(8))*(K8-1)/Z(8)
DO 20 K9 = 1, Z(9)
H(9)=HN(9)+(HNN(9)-HN(9))*(K9-1)/Z(9)
DO 20 L1 = 1, X(1)
V(1)=VN(1)+(VNN(1)-VN(1))*(L1-1)/X(1)
DO 20 L2 = 1, X(2)
V(2)=VN(2)+(VNN(2)-VN(2))*(L2-1)/X(2)
DO 20 L3 = 1, X(3)
V(3)=VN(3)+(VNN(3)-VN(3))*(L3-1)/X(3)
DO 20 L4 = 1, X(4)
V(4)=VN(4)+(VNN(4)-VN(4))*(L4-1)/X(4)
DO 20 L5 = 1, X(5)
V(5)=VN(5)+(VNN(5)-VN(5))*(L5-1)/X(5)
DO 20 L6 = 1, X(6)
V(6)=VN(6)+(VNN(6)-VN(6))*(L6-1)/X(6)
DO 20 L7 = 1, X(7)
V(7)=VN(7)+(VNN(7)-VN(7))*(L7-1)/X(7)
DO 20 L8 = 1, X(8)
V(8)=VN(8)+(VNN(8)-VN(8))*(L8-1)/X(8)
DO 20 L9 = 1, X(9)
V(9)=VN(9)+(VNN(9)-VN(9))*(L9-1)/X(9)
DO 20 L10 = 1, X(10)
V(10)=VN(10)+(VNN(10)-VN(10))*(L10-1)/X(10)
DO I=1,M
if (V(I).le.200) then
RO(I)=1.5
else if ((V(I).gt.200).and.(V(I).le.280)) then
RO(I)=1.6
else if ((V(I).gt.280).and.(V(I).le.330)) then
RO(I)=1.7
else if ((V(I).gt.330).and.(V(I).le.425)) then
RO(I)=1.8
else if ((V(I).gt.425).and.(V(I).le.450)) then
58
RO(I)=1.9
else if ((V(I).gt.450).and.(V(I).le.650)) then
RO(I)=2.
else if ((V(I).gt.650).and.(V(I).le.750)) then
RO(I)=2.1
else if ((V(I).gt.750).and.(V(I).le.1100)) then
RO(I)=2.2
else if ((V(I).gt.1100).and.(V(I).le.1850)) then
RO(I)=2.3
else if ((V(I).gt.1850).and.(V(I).le.2300)) then
RO(I)=2.4
else
RO(I)=2.5
end if
END DO
C Algorithm Shake_________________________________________________
CALL SHE(M, P, RO, BE, V, H, AA)
C_________________________________________________________________
C Optimization in vicinity of local maximum______________________
DO 80 J = 1, P-2
IF ((AA(J+2).LE.AA(J+1)).AND.(AA(J).LE.AA(J+1)).AND.((ABS(JMO-
1(J+1)).GE.FR).OR.(ABS(W-AA(J+1)).GE.EP))) GO TO 20
IF ((AA(J+2).LE.AA(J+1)).AND.(AA(J).LE.AA(J+1)).AND.((ABS(JMO-
1(J+1)).LT.FR).AND.(ABS(W-AA(J+1)).LT.EP))) THEN
DO JJ = 1, P
ZA(JJ)=ABS(AA(JJ)-A1(JJ))
END DO
CALL MAXI(Q,P, ZA, JI, MAX)
MC(JB)=MAX
do I=1,M-1
VAR(JB,I)=H(I)
end do
do I=1,M
VAR1(JB,I)=V(I)
VAR2(JB,I)=RO(I)
end do
JB=JB+1
GO TO 20
END IF
80 CONTINUE
C_______________________________________________________________
20 CONTINUE
IF(JB.EQ.1) THEN
PRINT*,'INCREASE DENSITY OF GRID OR INCREASE EPSILON AND DELTA'
EFL=1
OPEN(UNIT=14,FILE='FLAG_OM.ASC',STATUS='UNKNOWN')
WRITE(14,*) EFL
GO TO 5
END IF
DO J = 1, JB-1
MCD(J)=-MC(J)
END DO
CALL MAXI(1,JB-1, MCD, J, MAX)
MI=MAX
59
PRINT*,-MI
OPEN(UNIT=13,FILE='IDOM.ASC',STATUS='UNKNOWN')
WRITE(13,*) 'Bedrock: Density[gr/cm^3], Vs{m/s]'
print*, ' ', RO(M),V(M),BE(M)
WRITE(13,200) ' ', RO(M), ' ', V(M)
200 FORMAT(A23,F4.1,A6,F7.0)
WRITE(13,*) 'Layers: Thickness, Density, Vs, Damping'
WRITE(13,*) ' [m] [gr/cm^3] [m/s]'
do I=1,M-1
H(I)=VAR(J,I)
V(I)=VAR1(J,I)
RO(I)=VAR2(J,I)
print*, H(I),RO(I),V(I),BE(I)
WRITE(13,210) ' ',H(I),' ',RO(I),' ',V(I),' ',BE(I)
210 FORMAT(A10,F7.0,A7,F3.1,A6,F7.0,A5,F4.2)
end do
c_______________________________________________________________________
__
C Algorithm
Shake_________________________________________________________
CALL SHE(M, R, RO, BE, V, H, AA)
C_______________________________________________________________________
__
OPEN(UNIT=12,FILE='FAOM.ASC',STATUS='UNKNOWN')
DO J=1,R
WRITE(12,220) J*se, AA(J)
220 FORMAT(F10.4,F10.4)
END DO
OPEN(UNIT=14,FILE='FLAG_OM.ASC',STATUS='UNKNOWN')
EFL=0
WRITE(14,*) EFL
5 END
C
C Subprogram of SHAKE
algorithm___________________________________________
SUBROUTINE SHE(M, RR, RO, BE, V, H, AA)
REAL RO(M), BE(M), V(M), H(M)
INTEGER RR
REAL AA(RR), PI
COMPLEX S(M), AL(M), I, E, F, E1, F1, K
PI=3.141592653
I=(0.,1.)
DO L = 1, M-1
AL(L)=RO(L)*V(L)/(RO(L+1)*V(L+1))*SQRT((1+2*I*BE(L))/
1(1+2*I*BE(L+1)))
S(L)=2*PI*0.0244/(V(L)*SQRT(1+2*I*BE(L)))
END DO
DO 40 J = 1, RR
E=1.
F=1.
DO L = 1, M-1
K=(J-1)*S(L)
E1=0.5*(E*(1+AL(L))*EXP(I*K*H(L))+F*(1-AL(L))*EXP(-I*K*H(L)))
F1=0.5*(E*(1-AL(L))*EXP(I*K*H(L))+F*(1+AL(L))*EXP(-I*K*H(L)))
E=E1
F=F1
60
END DO
AA(J)=ABS(1/E)
40 CONTINUE
END
C Calculate of
maximum____________________________________________________
SUBROUTINE MAXI(MM,M, T, JI, MAX)
INTEGER MM,M
REAL T(M),LF,MAX
JI=MM
LF=T(MM)
DO J = MM+1, M
IF (T(J).GT.LF) THEN
LF=T(J)
JI=J
END IF
END DO
MAX=LF
END