ECE 003-EC42FB1 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES, QUEZON CITY 1

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

2ND SEMESTER AY 2017-2018

PRELIM

INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS
ECE 003
EC42FB1

Transistorized Voltage Regulator

14.3 V Output

Submitted to:
Engr. Reginald Phelps T. Laguna

Submitted on:
December 14, 2017

Submitted by:
Abesamis, Beatrice A.
Acuña, Jonalyn A.
Canaya, Regina Marie V.
Castillo, Edith A.
Meneses, Harvey O.
Oca, Eugene B.
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ECE 003-EC42FB1 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES, QUEZON CITY 2

Transistorized Voltage Regulator

14.3 V Output
Abesamis, Acuña, Canaya, Castillo, Meneses, and Oca
Electronics Engineering Department
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Quezon City, Philippines
Abstract—Voltage regulator is an essential part in every Hz ac voltage available at wall outlets into a constant dc
regulated power supply. It is a electronic circuit that provides voltage. Fig. 2 shows the block diagram for a basic DC
constant output voltage even if the input voltage and the load power supply.
varies. One of its type is the op-amp series regulator. Because
of its capability to provide steady and stabilized output
voltage, it is mostly used in regulating low power output
voltage. In this project, this was used to provide a regulated
output DC voltage of 14.3 V using 1N4742A, LM741 and
TIP31C. Criteria includes a minimum load and line
regulation percentage, 1% tolerance, minimum weight and
volume of the system device, and safety features in order to
use the device free from harm.

I. INTRODUCTION Fig. 2. Block Diagram of Power Supply

Power is the foundation of any electronic system and
the power supply is what forages the scheme. Current and A power supply undergoes process by taking the AC
voltage are two main elements of power. For a given from the wall outlet, converts it to unregulated DC, and
amount of power, there’s an inverse relationship between reduces the voltage using an input power transformer,
voltage and current. Whenever current increases, voltage typically stepping it down to the voltage required by the
must decrease, and whenever current decreases, voltage load.
must increase. This simple fact, unfortunately, has an
adverse effect on power supply circuits. To maintain a
steady voltage level regardless of the amount of current
drawn from a power supply, the power supply can
incorporate a voltage regulator circuit. The voltage
regulator monitors the current drawn by the load and
increases or decreases the voltage accordingly to keep the
voltage level constant.
There are two types of currents that can be seen in
Figure 1: Alternating Current (AC) and Direct Current Fig. 3. Transformer
(DC). AC is also called mains electricity, household
current, domestic power, line power, or wall power For safety reasons, the transformer also separates the
because it is the voltage supplied by a wall outlet. output power supply from the mains input. Alternating
Worldwide, AC voltages range from 100 to 240 V. The rate current takes the form of a sinusoidal wave with the voltage
of direction change is typically 50 to 60 times per second alternating from positive to negative over time.
and is designated as Hertz (Hz). The two most common
frequencies are 50 Hz and 60 Hz. The equipment designed In the first step of the process, the voltage is rectified
to use AC tends to require large amounts of voltage, so the using a set of diodes.
voltage is not stepped down as frequently as equipment
using DC. DC allows for a constant flow of current to a
device.

Fig. 1. Two Types of Current

Fig. 4. Full-Wave Rectifier Scheme
Active electronic devices need a source of constant dc
that can be provided by a battery or a dc power supply.
Basically, dc power supply converts the standard 120 V, 60
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Rectification transforms the sinusoidal AC. The
rectifier converts the sine waves into a series of positive
peaks (see Fig. 4).
Fig. 5. Output Voltage of Rectifier
Once the voltage has been rectified, there is still
fluctuation in the waveform—the time between the
peaks—that needs to be removed. The rectified AC voltage
is then filtered or “smoothed” with a capacitor as seen in
Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Filter Circuit
The capacitor is typically quite large and creates a
reservoir of energy that is applied to the load when the
rectified voltage drops. The incoming energy is stored in
the capacitor on the rising edge and expended when the
voltage falls. This significantly reduces the amount of
voltage droop and smooths out the voltage. Increasing the
storage capacity of the capacitor generally produces a
higher quality power supply.
Fig. 7. Waveform of the Filtered Voltage
Once the voltage conversion is complete, there is still
some variation in output, called ripple (see Fig. 7). But here
are certain disadvantages in using an unregulated power
supply.
1. Poor Regulation – When the load varies, the output does
not appear constant. The output voltage changes by a great
value due to the huge change in current drawn from the
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supply. This is mainly due to the high internal resistance of
the power supply (>30 Ω).
2. AC Supply Main Variations – The maximum variations
in AC supply mains is give or take 6% of its rated value.
But this value may go higher in some countries (180-280
volts). When the value is higher, its DC voltage output will
differ largely.
3. Temperature Variation – The use of semiconductor
devices in electronic devices may cause variation in
temperature.
These variations in DC output voltage may cause
inaccurate or erratic operation or even malfunctioning of
many electronic circuits.
All the above listed problems are overcome with the
help of a voltage regulator which is employed in
conjunction with an unregulated power supply – which
makes it regulated power supply.
Fig. 8. Op-Amp Series Regulator Circuit
One of the components of the said block diagram is
regulator, as illustrated in Fig. 8. It maintains a constant dc
voltage for variations in the input line voltage or in the load.
Regulators vary from a single semiconductor device to
more complex integrated circuits.
In a regulated power supply, the voltage is then passed
through a regulator to create a fixed DC output with great
reduction of ripple. In this project, a series regulator circuit
will be demonstrated by having a constant 14.3 Vout voltage.
II. THEORY OF OPERATION
Fig. 9. Op-Amp Series Regulator Circuit
Op-amp series regulator is a type of series regulator in
which the op-amp compares the Zener diode voltage
reference with the feedback voltage from sensing R1 and
R2. The conduction of transistor Q1 is controlled to
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maintain the output voltage constant if the output voltage IV. SYSTEM DIAGRAMS
varies. The output voltage can be calculated as:
In this section, flowcharts, block diagram and
𝑅1
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑧 (1 + ) (1) schematic diagram will be discussed and demonstrated.
𝑅2

where: The flowchart of the project is shown in Figure 10. The

Vo = Output Voltage
Vz = Zener Diode Voltage
The line regulation determines how much change
occurs for a given change in the input voltage in the output
voltage. It specifies that in any values of input source, the
output voltage must not change.
terminal start represents the filtered unregulated DC
voltage from the AC input. Once the voltage regulator is
connected to it, the current will go to the control element
whereas it also supplies other component for the reference
voltage. For comparator circuit, it uses the condition
equation,

𝑉𝑁 =
𝑉𝐼𝑁𝑀𝐴𝑋 +𝑉𝐼𝑁𝑀𝐼𝑁
(2) 𝑉𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 ≤ 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
2
𝑉𝑁 −𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 wherein Vfiltered is the filtered unregulated DC voltage being
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ( ) 100% (3)
𝑉𝑁 compared to the Vref or the reference voltage. If yes, the
where: loop process will stop. If not, the current will go to the
VN = Nominal Voltage sampling circuit and go back again to the control element.
VOUT = Output Voltage The cycle goes on and on.
VINMAX = Maximum Input Voltage
VOUTMAX = Maximum Output Voltage
The load regulation determines how much change
occurs in the output voltage over a certain range of load
current values, usually from minimum current (no load,
NL) to maximum current (full load, FL). It specifies that in
any load resistance values, the output voltage must not
change.
𝑉𝑁𝐿 −𝑉𝐹𝐿
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ( ) 100% (4)
𝑉𝐹𝐿

where:
VNL = Voltage at No Load
VFL = Voltage at Full Load
III. OBJECTIVES
This project generally aims to create a transistorized
voltage regulator. Specifically, this must have the
following elements:
 Output voltage of 14.3 V
 1% tolerance
 Minimum load and line regulation percentage
 Minimum volume and weight of the system size Fig. 10. Flowchart of the Voltage Regulator
 Safety features

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To show the basic and general sense what
subsystems/parts comprise the whole system, presented
below is the block diagram of the voltage regulator. The
block diagram of a discrete transistor type voltage regulator
is given in Fig. 11. A control element is placed to collect
the filtered unregulated DC voltage which controls the
magnitude of the input voltage and passes it to the output.
The output voltage is then feedback to a sampling circuit
and then compared with a reference voltage and sent back
to the output.
Fig. 13. Actual PCB Design

Fig. 11. Block Diagram of the Series Voltage Regulator Fig. 14. Multisim UltiBoard PCB Design

Thus, if the output voltage tends to increase, the The filtered unregulated DC voltage used is 60 V which
comparator circuit provides a control signal to cause the is the maximum requirement for this project. For the
control element and to reduce the magnitude of the output reference voltage, the students used two 1-W 1N4742A
voltage by passing it through the sampling circuit and
zener diodes having a reference voltage of 12 V and test
comparing it, thereby maintaining a constant and steady
current of 21 mA. As comparator circuit, they used
output voltage.
LM741CN. For the control element, the students used NPN
Suppose the output voltage tends to decrease, the transistor TIP31C. The three resistors served as the
comparator circuit provides a control signal that causes the sampling circuit. The actual prototype can be seen in Fig.
series control element to increase the magnitude of output 15.
voltage, thus maintaining the steadiness.
The schematic diagram for the voltage regulator to
obtain the 14.3 V output voltage is shown in Fig. 12
whereas the actual PCB design and UltiBoard PCB design
is in Fig. 13 and Fig. 14, respectively.

Fig. 12. Op-Amp Series Regulator Circuit Fig. 15. Actual Prototype

V. COMPUTATIONS AND SIZING

To come up with a circuit that satisfies with the
objectives presented, the values for the op-amp series
regulator circuit was determined. Using (1), wherein:
 Vo = 14.3 V
 Vz = 12 V (nearest to 13 V)
 R2 = 500 Ω (assumed R2)

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𝑅2 𝑉𝑜  Casing materials and equipment (acrylic, acrylic
𝑅1 = 1 − 𝑅2
𝑉𝑧 cutter, sandpaper, glue, etc.)
(500 Ω)(14.3 𝑉)  Accessories (eyelet, terminal block, heat sink)
𝑅1 = − 500 Ω
12 𝑉 b. Breadboarding – This ensures that the circuit will work
𝑅1 = 95.83 Ω accordingly before soldering them on the printed circuit
board.
𝑹𝟏 ≅ 𝟗𝟕 Ω
c. PCB Etching and Soldering – Put every component in
TABLE I. AESTHETICS OF THE VOLTAGE REGULATOR CIRCUIT their places by wiring and soldering them while
considering the polarity. Then, a test was conducted if the
Physical Measurements Measurement circuit is working as intended. After that, the device was
polished using proper casing.
Volume 7.73 in3

Mass 63 g

PCB Size 2 inch by 1 inch

VI. SYSTEM USAGE PROCEDURES

The students used Multisim for simulation.
Basically, Multisim is an electronic schematic capture and
simulation program which helps users to create circuit.
1. Planning. In order for the project to work smoothly and
accordingly, proper planning must be done. The planning
phase consists of three phases namely problem
identification, information gathering and necessary
components identification.
a. Problem Identification – This is the stage when the
students decided to use the configuration of transistorized-
series voltage regulator since other types of voltage
regulator cannot obtain the given requirements. Fig. 16. The voltage regulator weighed 62 g.
b. Information Gathering – Information about the selected
3. Analysis. Analysis was done after the boarding was
type of voltage regulator were gathered through extensive
finished. Analysis includes the troubleshooting of the
research regarding the subject matter. The information is
circuit. Troubleshooting was done to see if any loose
regarding how the circuit should work.
connection were made or if the components are still
c. Components Identification – The circuit components working.
used for the project were identified. The availability of the
electronic components needed for the circuit were checked VII. SIMULATIONS
and replaced with an equivalent component if it is not The students used Multisim for simulation. Basically,
available from the store. Multisim is an electronic schematic capture and simulation
program which helps users to create circuit design and do
2. Implementation. Implementation is the actual execution
its corresponding simulation. It is the cornerstone of the NI
of the project. Under implementation, there are four sub-
circuits teaching solution to build expertise through
phases:
practical application in designing, prototyping, and testing
a. Procurement of Materials – Necessary equipment, electrical circuits. In addition, with powerful learning
materials and electronic components were purchased. The features and laboratory hardware integration, Multisim
following are the materials, tools, equipment and testing teaches students foundational concepts in analog, digital
devices used in the experiment: and power electronics throughout engineering and science
curriculum.
 Breadboarding materials and equipment
(breadboard, connecting wires, etc.)
 Measuring equipment (DMM)
 Power supply components (transformer, resistors
[2 kΩ, 120 Ω, and 500 Ω], diode (1N4001), power
transistor (TIP31C), zener diode (1N4742A), and
general-purpose amplifier (LM741C))
 Etching materials and equipment (Presensythized
PCB, Developer, Ferric Chloride, UV light, etc.)
 Soldering equipment (soldering iron, soldering Fig. 17. This shows the circuit connection of a voltage regulator having
lead, soldering pump, etc.) approximately 14.3 V output.
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To begin, the students did the circuit connection as
shown in Fig. 17. The components used were resistors with
values 2 kΩ, 97 Ω and 500 Ω, LM741CN, 1N4742A and
TIP31A.
A. Line Regulation
To test the line regulation, a variable DC input of 30 V
to 60 V was used to vary the input voltage. Default settings
for the DC voltage source was remained except for the
configuration in Fig. 18.

Fig. 20. This circuit was used to test the line regulation.

VIII. TESTING AND TROUBLESHOOTING

A. Materials, Tools, Equipment and Testing Devices
Before anything else, procurement of necessary
materials was done. The following are the materials, tools,
equipment and testing devices used in the experiment:
 E-Load
 DMM
 Adjsutable power supply (at least 30 V)
 Alligator clips
B. Testing

Fig. 18. The increment was set to 10%.

Meanwhile, an ohmmeter was used to measure the

produced voltage output of the system.

Fig. 21. Initial Setup for Testing

The voltage regulator was tested using the materials

stated above. For line regulation experiment, the input
voltage was varied from 30 V to 60 V. The following are
the proofs for the experiment:

Fig. 19. This circuit connection was used to test the line regulation.

B. Load Regulation
The input voltage was set to fixed 30 V. A resistor was
added in parallel to the output side. The resistor R was
changed according to the resistors available in the actual
experiment. The circuit connection of this process is shown
in Fig 20.

Fig. 22. In 30 V input voltage, the output voltage was 14.65 V.

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Fig. 23. In 33 V input voltage, the output voltage was 14.32 V. Fig. 27. In 45 V input voltage, the output voltage was 14.35 V.

Fig. 24. In 36 V input voltage, the output voltage was 14.33 V. Fig. 28. In 48 V input voltage, the output voltage was 14.38 V.

Fig. 25. In 39 V input voltage, the output voltage was 14.33 V. Fig. 29. In 51 V input voltage, the output voltage was 14.42 V.

Fig. 26. In 42 V input voltage, the output voltage was 14.34 V. Fig. 30. In 54 V input voltage, the output voltage was 14.44 V.

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Fig. 36. In 470-Ω load resistance, the output voltage was 14.64 V.

Fig. 31. In 57 V input voltage, the output voltage was 14.47 V.

Fig. 37. In 500-Ω load resistance, the output voltage was 14.64 V.

Fig. 32. In 60 V input voltage, the output voltage was 14.52 V.

For load regulation, the following are the data

gathered from testing:

Fig. 38. In 300-Ω load resistance, the output voltage was 14.62 V.

Fig. 33. In 1-kΩ load resistance, the output voltage was 14.6 V.

Fig. 39. In 200-Ω load resistance, the output voltage was 14.6 V.

C. Troubleshooting
Before soldering the components in the PCB, the team
decided to check the circuit in putting the connections in
breadboard as shown in Figure 1.
Fig. 34. In 820-Ω load resistance, the output voltage was 14.62 V.

Fig. 35. In 750-Ω load resistance, the output voltage was 14.64 V. Fig. 40. Voltage Regulator Circuit in Breadboard

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After that, using the function generator and
oscilloscope as seen in Fig. 41, the team checked the output
waveform of the regulated DC voltage through our
designed circuit.

Fig. 42. Plot of Output Voltage vs. Input Voltage using Multisim
Simulation

Fig. 41. Output Waveform of Regulated Voltage
IX. DATA AND RESULTS
In this section, tables and graphs are presented to
evaluate the voltage regulator.
Referring to the plot in Fig. 42, the change is almost
negligible. It is visible the slope is neither increasing nor
decreasing in an obvious way. This only means that output
voltage is constant even though changes in input voltage
are present.

TABLE II. MULTISIM SIMULATION OF LINE REGULATION TABLE III. EVALUATING THE LINE REGULATION
OF ACTUALVOLTAGE REGULATOR
Input Output
Input Output
Voltage Voltage
Voltage Voltage
30 V 14.283 V
30 V 14.31 V
33 V 14.288 V
33 V 14.32 V
36 V 14.292 V
36 V 14.33 V
39 V 14.296 V
39 V 14.33 V
42 V 14.299 V
42 V 14.34 V
45 V 14.302 V
45 V 14.35 V
48 V 14.304 V
48 V 14.36 V
51 V 14.307 V
51 V 14.42 V
54 V 14.309 V
54 V 14.44 V
57 V 14.311 V
57 V 14.49 V
60 V 14.313 V
60 V 14.52 V

It can be seen in Table 2 that the output voltage is nearly In Table 3, the voltage is increasing. However, these
constant. In addition, there is a very slight increase in changes can be neglected, making it constant.
output voltage as the input voltage increases.
Using (3),
60 𝑉 + 30 𝑉
𝑉𝑁 = = 45 𝑉
2
45 𝑉 − 14.3 𝑉
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ( ) 100%
45 𝑉
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝟔𝟖. 𝟐𝟐%

Fig. 43. Plot of Output Voltage vs. Input Voltage of Actual Voltage
Regulator

In Fig. 43, the output voltage is approximately constant.

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Comparing the data for line regulation for both simulation 200 Ω 14.6 V
and plot, same idea can be derived. Thus, the voltage
100 Ω 14.42 V
regulation passed the line regulation test.
68 Ω 14.26 V
TABLE IV. MULTISIM SIMULATION OF LOAD REGULATION
Load Output
Using (4),
Resistance Voltage 14.6 V − 14.26 𝑉
1 kΩ 14.283 V 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ( ) 100%
14.26 𝑉
820 Ω 14.283 V 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟖%
750 Ω 14.283 V In Table 5, the output voltage is approximately constant
470 Ω 14.283 V as the load resistor increases.
500 Ω 14.283 V

300 Ω 14.283 V

200 Ω 14.283 V

100 Ω 14.283 V

68 Ω 14.283 V

Using (4),
14.283 𝑉 − 14.283 𝑉
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ( ) 100%
14.283 𝑉
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝟎% Fig. 45. Plot of Output Voltage vs. Load Resistance of Actual Voltage
Regulator
Since Multisim assumed an ideal outcome, the load
regulation is 0. In Table IV, the output voltage is constant Figure 45 shows the slight changes in output voltage for
as load resistor changes. every increase in load resistors’ values. Load regulation is
somewhat stable between approximately 500 Ω and 750 Ω.
Changes occurred may be caused by certain environmental
and electrical factors.

X. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED AND ACTIONS TAKEN

This section presents the difficulties and impediment
faced by the students, as well as the corresponding actions
taken to address those complications.

TABLE VI. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED AND ACTIONS TAKEN

Problems Encountered Actions Taken
 THE TOLERANCE OF THE
 SOME RESISTORS ARE
RESISTORS AFFECTS THE
Fig. 44. Plot of Output Voltage vs. Load Resistance using Multisim REPLACED IN THE ACTUAL
VOLTAGE REGULATOR IN
CIRCUIT, MAKING IT
SUCH A WAY THAT IT
DIFFERENT FROM THE
Figure 44 shows the ideal output voltage for every INCREASES THE OUTPUT
SIMULATION.
VOLTAGE.
increase or decrease in load resistance.
 THE ZENER DIODE HEATS UP
 ANOTHER ZENER DIODE
DURING THE REGULATION
TABLE V. EVALUATING THE LOAD REGULATION WAS ADDED TO HANDLE
PROCESS. THIS IS DUE TO
OF ACTUALVOLTAGE REGULATOR THE HIGH FORWARD
THE HIGH FORWARD
CURRENT FLOWING IN THE
Load Output CURRENT THAT MAKES THE
CIRCUIT.
Resistance Voltage VOLTAGE ALSO INCREASE.

1 kΩ 14.60 V  BASED ON THE DATASHEET,  THE POWER TRANSISTOR

THE CURRENT RATING OF TIP31C WAS REPLACED TO
820 Ω 14.62 V 2N222A WAS NOT ENOUGH AID THE PROBLEM IN HEAT
FOR IT CAUSES EXTREME DISSIPATION FOR IT HAS
750 Ω 14.64 V HEAT ACROSS THE LARGER CURRENT RATING
TRANSISTOR. BASED ON THE DATASHEET.
470 Ω 14.64 V
 DURING THE
 THE STUDENTS MADE 68 Ω
500 Ω 14.64 V EXPERIMENTATION PROCESS
THEIR FULL LOAD
OF LOAD REGULATION, 10-
RESISTANCE TO MAKE THE
300 Ω 14.62 V Ω LOAD RESISTOR HEATS
EVALUATION POSSIBLE.
UP.

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C. Lessons Learned
XI. POST EVALUATIONS The students learned the following:
After conducting the experiment, the students were able  The lower the load regulation, the better the
to assert the following points: voltage regulator circuit in maintaining a nearly
A. Conclusions constant output voltage.
Having the project completed from bottom to top, start  Whenever there are changes in the input source and
to finish, the proponents now finally conclude that a series the load resistance, a good voltage regulator will
voltage regulator is somehow a good type of voltage have an output of nearly constant output voltage.
regulator when it comes to providing constant output
voltage and minimum line and load regulation percentage.  Two Zener diodes in parallel can lessen the
However, the students admit that the project has its chances of heating components.
limitation. D. Summary
The researchers were able to assert that the project has This section provides the summary of the whole project
accomplished its objectives, as well as the proposed making.
objectives. First, the project maintains the output voltage
as the input source and resistor load varies. Moreover, it First, voltage regulator was defined. It is an electronic
has a minimum weight and minimum volume. It has also circuit that maintains the output voltage through the use of
safety features including the standard terminals for the different components such as diode, transistor and
input and output and its case was being sealed by a non- operational amplifier. One if its types is the discrete
conductive material so that it is safe to touch during its transistor series voltage regulator. It is a series connection
usage. of control element, reference voltage and sampling circuit
to the comparator circuit.
During the load regulation actual experiment, even
though the required no-load resistor to be used is 10 Ω, the As for the actual project-making, the students designed
schematic diagram made by the students was not able to the circuit for the project. They bought materials after the
surpass below 68 Ω. Since current was inversely scheme was finalized. After that, the students followed the
proportional to resistance, the resistor could not take too flowchart that served as a guide throughout the project
much current anymore, making it produce extreme heat duration. They did the scheme first in the breadboard. They
and be shorted. Fortunately, the voltage regulator circuit tested the actual prototype in varying input voltage and
passed the line and load regulation test. Overall, the project load. The project have a good line and load regulation.
is a success. Overall, the project is a success.
B. Recommendations TASK DISTRIBUTION
Some realizations were made but not conducted due to Each member contributed to the final outcome of the
time constraints and other factors. For the sake of project throughout the given duration. The success and
improvement, the proponents suggest the following: final outcome of this project required a lot of effort. The
The students strongly suggest to use foldback-current following tasks were distributed fairly to make these
limiting configuration. This technique allows to give the possible:
necessary load current at rated voltage but reducing the
TABLE VII. DIVISION OF TASKS
short circuit current.
A zener diode with high wattage is recommended to Tasks Member
handle the forward current thoroughly and to lessen the Conceptualization and Coordination Oca
components to be used.
Calculations Abesamis
Furthermore, students strongly suggest to use other
type of voltage regulator which involved the integrated Simulation Acuña
circuit (IC) for it functions well than the one used in this Canaya
project which is power transistor. Testing and Troubleshooting Acuña
Meneses
Acuña
Prototyping Canaya
Oca
Interpretation Castillo

Analysis and Comparison Meneses

Abesamis
Documentation
Castillo

ABESAMIS, ACUÑA, CANAYA, CASTILLO, MENESES, OCA PRELIM MAJOR PROJECT

ECE 003-EC42FB1 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES, QUEZON CITY
REFERENCES
Thomas L. Floyd, Electronic Devices (Electron Flow Version), 9th ed.,
New Jersey, 2012, pp.44-60.
National Instruments, 'Benefits for Circuit Design and Research', 2017.
[Online]. Available: http://www.ni.com/multisim/benefits/circuit-
design/. [Accessed: 12-Dec-2017]
M. Young, The Technical Writer’s Handbook. Mill Valley, CA:
University Science, 1989. Doug Lowe, HOW A POWER SUPPLY
REGULATES VOLTAGE IN ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS, 2017,
[ONLINE], Available:
http://www.dummies.com/programming/electronics/components/h
ow-a-power-supply-regulates-voltage-in-electronic-circuits/,
[Accessed: 14-Dec-2017]
Wavelength Electronics, Introducing Power Supplies, 2017, [ONLINE],
Available:
https://www.teamwavelength.com/info/powersupply.php
[Accessed: 14-Dec-2017]
Circuits Today, Regulated Power Supply, June-23-2014, [ONLINE],
Available: http://www.circuitstoday.com/regulated-power-supply
[Accessed: 14-Dec-2017]
Circuits Today, Voltage Regulator, 2017, [ONLINE], Available:
http://www.idc-
online.com/technical_references/pdfs/electronic_engineering/Volta
ge_regulators.pdf [14-Dec-2017]
Electronics Assignments, SERIES AND SHUNT VOLTAGE
REGULATORS Electronics Help, 2017, [ONLINE], Available:
https://www.electronicsassignments.com/series-and-shunt-voltage-
regulators-12469 [Accessed: 14-Dec-2017
PROPONENT’S PROFILE
Beatrice Amistoso Abesamis is
a benefactor of Valedictorian
scholarship and is currently taking BS
Electronics Engineering Major in
Communications at Technological
Institute of the Philippines – Quezon
City. Currently, she is one of the
quizzers of ECE Department. She
joined several competitions inside the institution including
Interdepartmental Quiz Show for two consecutive years
(2016 and 2017) and CEA Quiz Bee 2016, and won in
PalaIECEPan Quiz Bee 2017 (QC Chapter) in Jose Rizal
University. She participated in the 6th NASA SpaceApps
Challenge at De La Salle - College of Saint Benilde. She is
also an active member of Institute of Electronics and
Communications Engineers of the Philippines (IECEP),
IECEP-QC, Inhinyera, and Society of Scholars (SOS). In
addition, she was also the ECE Representative of SOS for
the Academic Year 2016 - 2017. Previously, she graduated
as Salutatorian in Bagong Nayon I Elementary School and
as Valedictorian in R.E.C. School, Antipolo City.
Jonalyn Ardanas Acuña is a
former Dean’s Lister and presently
taking BS Electronics Engineering
Major in Power Electronics at
Technological Institute of the
Philippines – Quezon City. She is also
a member of several organizations
inside the institution like Institute of Electronics and
ABESAMIS, ACUÑA, CANAYA, CASTILLO, MENESES, OCA
13
Communications Engineers of the Philippines (IECEP)
(formerly known as SECES or Society of Electronics
Engineering Students), IECEP-QC and Inhinyera. She was
a former member of SOS, Abstract Combination with
Emotional Quotient (ACE-Q), Humanities and Social
Sciences (HSSS) and Anime Holics Organization (AHO).
Formerly, she graduated as third honorable mention at
Cainta Catholic College.
Regina Marie Vergara Canaya
is currently taking BS Electronics
Engineering Major in Power
Electronics at Technological Institute
of the Philippines – Quezon City.
Presently, she is a member of IECEP
– QC, IECEP-QC, and Inhinyera. She
attended seminars including Internet
of Things Age, Life Entrepreneurship: Financial
Technology System, Technopreneurship Core Skills, and
Technopreneurship Learning Series. She also volunteered
in “A Liter of Light” held in HSBC together with Abesamis,
Acuña, Castillo and Oca. Earlier, she was the Corps
Commander for S.Y. 2013-2014 and graduated at Cainta
Catholic College, together with Acuña.
Edith Alarcon Castillo is
presently taking BS Electronics
Engineering Major in
Communications at Technological
Institute of the Philippines – Quezon
City. Presently, she belongs to the
circle of quizzers of ECE Department.
In 2017, she joined Interdepartmental Quiz Show 2017 and
2017 NASA SpaceApps Challenge, together with
Abesamis and Oca. She is also a member of several
organizations inside the institution like Institute of
Electronics and Communications Engineers of the
Philippines (IECEP), IECEP-QC, and Society of Scholars.
Furthermore, she served Society of Electronics
Engineering Students (currently known as IECEP-QC) as
the Third Year Representative for the school year 2016-
2017. Earlier, she was the Valedictorian at Nangka High
School, Marikina City
Eugene Basilisco Oca is
currently taking BS Electronics
Engineering Major in
Communications at Technological
Institute of the Philippines – Quezon
City. He is an active hacker and joined
NASA SpaceApps Challenge for two
consecutive years. He is a skilled programmer and
knowledgeable in different platforms such as database-
driven, android, web-based and desktop applications. In
addition, he is an active member of Microsoft Student
Partners having a position of Junior MSP. He attended
seminars about Linux System Administration, Robotics &
Embedded Systems, and Python.
PRELIM MAJOR PROJECT
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