CHAPTER III

HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION

Until the early half of the twentieth century it was generally believed that the

authentic history of India started withthe Macedonian attack led by Alexander. Some

scholars like V.A. Smith were inclined to put the sixth century B.C.E. as a watershed

after which the more reliable history of India is available. V.A. Smith (1904)

mentioned that there is a wide gap between the Stone Age and historical period in

India and settled life begin during the 6th -5th centuries B.C.E. i.e. during the

Buddhist period. When John Marshal in 1924 announced the discovery of a forgotten

civilization in the Illustrated London news, pushing back at a stroke the antiquity of

the settled life in the India by 2000 years the theory of V.A. Smith was automatically

proven wrong. It also changed the mind of western historians that there was no

civilization in India before Buddha. This civilization was contemporary to the

Mesopotamia and Egyptian civilizations. This civilization was quite different or we

can say unique as compared to the Mesopatiana and Egyptian civilizations in terms

of town planning. Its town planning comprised of the citadel and lower town; streets

and lanes which intersect each other at right angle. The dazzling discovery of the

Harappan Civilization in the early twentieth century was one of the most significant

archaeological discoveries not in Indian sub-continent but in the world.

The expansion of the civilization is now recognized over a total area of 1.5

million square km. extending Sutkangen-dor in Pakistan near Iran border in the

west;Alamgirpur (Uttar Pardesh) in the east and Manda (Jammu and Kashmir) in the

north and to Bhagatrav (Maharastara) in the south (Map 3.1).

56
 Map 3.1 Show expansion of Harappan civilization and major excavated sites

Expansion of the Harappan civilization in the study area was first traced by

Y.D. Sharma (IAR 1958-59:50-52). He conducted excavations at Alamgirpur and

found Harappan pottery and antiquities in the lower levels. After that a number of

57
scholars, have conducted explorations in the Upper-Ganga plains and discovered a

number of sites (see table 2.2&3.2). Apart from these explorations some sites viz.

Alamgirpur, Bargaon, Hulas and Sanauli have been excavated by Archaeological

Survey of India. A brief description of excavated sites and other explored sites is

given below.

Alamgirpur

The site was discovered and excavated ((IAR 1958-59:50-52) by Dr. Y.D.

Sharma of Archaeological Survey of India. It is located on the left bank of river

Hindon, a tributary of the river Yamuna and locally known as Parasram-ka-Khera. It

spreads over an area of about 0.5 hectare. The excavations have revealed four

cultural periods, with a break in all. The earliest deposit at the site belongs to late

phase of Mature Harappan; total habitation deposit of this phase was 180 cm.

Pottery of this period includes beakers, dish-on-stand, vases, jars, goblets,

goblets with pointed base, straight-sided dish, cylindrical vase, perforated jars,

chakla, dish with slightly incurved rim etc. Most of the pottery was treated with red

slip. The painted motifs include geometrical, floral and faunal motifs. Geometrical

designs are simple bands, triangles, squares, intersecting circles. Floral motifs

include leaf and plant motifs and faunal motifs include peacock and dear. The

hatching was done by parallel or criss-crossed lines.

After a long gap of about 50 years the site was again excavated by University

of Cambridge, the Deccan College, Pune and the Directorate of U.P. State

58
Archaeology, Lucknow. In 2008 the site was reopened(Singh, R.N. MSS).

Excavations has yielded below givencultural sequence (Table 3.1)

Table 3.1. Cultural sequence at Alamgirpur

Associated cultural
Cultural period Thickness of the Deposit material
(maximum)
Period IA 1.90 m Harappan
Period IB 0.60 m Harappan-PGW Mix
Period II 1.60 m PGW
Period III 0.30 m Early Historic pottery
Period IV 0.30 m Late Medieval pottery

Two circular structures along with floor made rammed clay and a mud wall

are the only structures of the Harappan phase. Several phases of occupation are

evident on the southern side of this wall but the deposits on the northern side had

been disturbed by a series of pits.

Pottery recovered from the Period IA include plain and painted red, red

slipped, and grey wares. A limited quantity of black ware was also present. The main

shapes in Harappan pottery include, perforated jars, cylindrical vases, lid with a

central knob, shallow dishes with incurved rim, shallow basin with tapering sides,

jars with long neck and flaring mouth and miniature pots.The range of painted motifs

decreases, and groups of painted bands become common in the upper levels. Painted

motifs executed in black on red surface comprise simple bands, triangles, squares,

circles, peacock- animal (Nilgai?), plants, birds and fish, etc. Some sherds bear

simple graffiti marks and incised designs. Incised decoration recalls the typical Bara

tradition. Some bone points, antler beads of terracotta, faience and semiprecious and

59
fragments of terracotta bangles, pendants and ear studs are the other finds found in

the Harappan deposits.

No structural remains were found, but some fragments of kiln& baked bricks

were found, some of them have typical Harappan ratio i.e. 1:2:4. Other minor objects

include beads of steatite, faience and other semiprecious stones; bangles of faience

and terracotta, miniature bowl of faience, a pin and blade of copper; a gold bead was

the metal repertoire. Terracotta objects include cakes of various shapes, humped

bull, snake and bear figurine. Typical Harappan letters were found on pottery sherds

(Figure 3.1).

Figure 3.1 Harappanscript on pottery from AlamgirpurAmbkheri

The site was discovered and excavated by M.N. Deshpandey, Archaeological

Survey of India during the period 1963-64 (IAR 1996-64:56). This site is located

north-west of the villageAmbhkheri. This is a single culture O.C.P site but some

pottery akin to Harappan pottery was also found during the excavations. In total 13

trenches measuring 5x5 m. were excavated. No details regarding structures in one

page report is given. Common pottery shapes are dish-on-stand, vase with flaring

rims, ring stands, vase with undercut rims, basins with undercut rim, ring stand, long

neck was bulbous body, miniature cup, lid with central knob, long neck flask with

60
flaring rim and flat base etc. Some pot sherds were decorated with chord design, mat

impression and horizontal raised bands on the exterior. A few sherds were found

treated with slip. A few shreds of washed grey ware with thick, thin and medium

fabric.

Other finds include beads of carnelian, terracotta objects like toy cart wheel

with central hub, humped bull figurine, cakes. Stone objects include saddle-querns

and pestles. Some fragments of kiln baked bricks were also found.

Bargaon

The site was discovered and excavated by M.N. Deshpandey of

Archaeological Survey of India 1963-64 (IAR 1996-64:56). It is located 24 km.

north of Saharanpur on the left bank of river Maskara, a tributary of river Yamuna.

Total habitation deposit was about 100 cm. and excavations have yielded

remains of late phase of Harappan culture and OCP culture. The common pottery

shapes are dish-on-stand, bowl with featureless rim, lid with central knob, goblet,

ring stand, pedestal led cups, long neck globular flask. Some sherds were found

decorated with chord impression and incised bands and small oblique lines, among

the painted designs cross hatched triangles, horizontal bands, wavy lines are

common.

61
 Other noteworthy finds were copper rings, chert blade, weight, terracotta

animal figurine, toy cart frame, long bi-conical bead, hubed wheel and cakes. No

structural remains have been found in the entire deposit (Figure 3.2).

Figure 3.2 Bargoan terracotta long bi-conical bead,

chert blade, hubed wheel(IAR: 1963-64 Plate XXXVI B)

Map 3.2 Showing excavated Harappan sites in the study area

62
Hulas

Archaeological site Hulas is located in Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh. It

was excavated by Archaeological Survey of India in 1978-79 under the direction Sri

K.N. Dikshit. It spreads over an area of about 5.67 hectare and is about 5 m. high

from the ground levels. Excavation has yielded five fold cultural-sequenceranging

from Harappan to Gupta period. Period-1 belongs to Harappan and late Harappan

period and is about 250 cm. thick. In total five structural phases have been

identified. In the lowest levels mud bricks were found used in the rectangular houses,

in the middle levels of Period-I circular huts were found, in the upper levels both

mud bricks houses and huts along with mud houses found used for dwelling purpose

(Dikshit 2010:243). Some fragments of kiln baked bricks were also found having

typical Harappan ratio of 1:2:4.

In the pottery some typical Harappan shapes such as dish with a projected rim

and carinated shoulder, shallow dish with incurved rime, globular vase with flange

around neck are present at the site but in limited numbers. Goblets with pointed base

as found at Alamgirpur are totally absent here. Common pottery shapes are dish-on-

stand with drooping rim, jar with splayed rim, jar with everted rim, bowl like lid with

central knob, pots with ring and pedestal base, flask with thin section etc. In the grey

ware, thick jars with undercut rim and bowls with everted rims are common. The

painted motifs include simple bands, triangles, mat design, row of hatched diamonds,

leafs, dancing peacock with hatched body. Majority of painted motifs are of

Harappan traditions (Dikshit, 1982:342). A few fragments decorated with incised

decoration were also found.

63
 Other important finds include terracotta animal figurine, cakes, truncated

bicone beads and balls with incised marks, fragment of copper bangles,cheisels,

spiral ring, wire, needles with eye and fish hook. Stone objects include quern and

pestles, faience objects include beads and bangles; bone points and beads of agate.

Most noteworthy find was a terracotta sealing having three typical Harappan letters.

This is the only evidence of Harappan seal or sealing in the Upper Ganga plain.

Figure 3.2 Pottery from Hulas after Dikshit 2010.

64
Figure 3.3:Pottery from Hulas after Dikshit 2010.

65
Sanauli

Village Sanauli is located about 6 km. north-east of Baraut tehsil

in Baghpat district of Uttar Pradesh. Archaeological site is located about

500 m. north-east of the village. A cart track from the village leads

towards site. It was discovered by a team of Archaeological Survey of

India. The ancient site is located about 8 km.east of river Yamuna.

Actually the site came to notice of the archaeologist, when a news was

published in a news paper (DainikJagran, 8th July 2004) regarding the

discovery of human skeletons and pottery from a agriculture field.

Archaeologist visited the place and confirmed that the site belongs to

late Harappan period and is a cemetery site (Sharma et. al 2004). Later

on the site was excavated by Archaeological Survey of India under the

direction of Dr. D.V. Sharma (Sharma et. al 2006).

In total, twenty trenches measuring 10 x 10 in each were laid and

all were excavated with varying depths. In total, one hundred and sixteen

burialwere excavated, from surface to 2.40 m. below the ground level.

All the graves were found oriented northwest-southeast, but at Harappan

and other excavated sites normal heads were found towards north and

legs towards south. At Farmana, a site located in Ghaggar plains,

66
orientation of the burials were also found similar to Sanauli. Excavator

has divided the burials in three categories:

Extended burials:

In this type of burials entire skeletons was found in the grave with

head towards northwest and legs towards southeast. Most of thegrave

goods are in the form of pottery, were found placed near head. In some

of the burials dish-on-stand with broad stem was found below pelvis.

Some skeletons were found buried with beads of semiprecious stones

and gold bangles. Out of 116 burials, 52 burials were found of this

category.

Secondary burials:

In the secondary burials, a few human bones were found buried

along with grave goods. In total 35 graves belong to this category.

Symbolic burials:

In this type of burial no human remains were found, only grave

goods were found in the burials. Twenty nine burials have been

excavated at Sanauli.

67
Double burial:

A double burial (Burial no. 27) was found. It contains skeletons of

two mature males, arranged in north-south direction. In total 10 pottery

specimens were found in this burial. Apart from pottery, steatite and

agate beads was also found. The arrangement of the bones suggests that

both were buried at a time. This type of the burials wereearlier reported

from Lothal(Rao L.S.)

Triple burial:

In one burial at Sanuali, remains of three individuals have been

found. So far as known, this is the only example of triple burial in the

entire Harappan civilization. This burial contains two urns covered with

lids. Skeletons were placed side by side in north-south direction. This is

not a primary burial because many bones were found missing. Therefore,

it was placed in the category of secondary burials. In total 22, pottery

specimens were found along with bones. Out of these nine flasks were

two jars, two lids having bull figurine like knob, three dish-on-stands

and six bowls. One dish-on-stand was found placed below pelvis and

two near feet.

68
 Excavations at Sanauli has its own significance as far the first time

copper hoard objects were found with Harappan material in stratigraphic

context. Two antennae sword were recovered from the site. One was

found in situ in Burial No. 14 and second was recovered by the village

during removal of the soil. Earlier at some other sites in the Ganga plains

and in Punjab plains OCP was found atHarappan sites. Recently,a

mature Harappan cemetery site atFarmana, in Haryana was excavated.

As we compare the grave goods of both these burial sites, cemetery of

Sanauli is far rich as here most of burials have yielded beads of

semiprecious stone, gold bangles and other objects like beads of faience

and copper bangles. Not even a small piece of gold was found in

Farmana cemetery while beads of semi-precious are very rare.

69
 Figure3.4 : Pottery from Sanauli

Mandi

Village Mandi is located about 15 km.west of Muzaffarnagar in

U.P. A metalled road bifurcates from Muzaffarnagar-Shamli State

highway near village Baghra and leads towards Mandi.the village is

situated on the ancient site. Mr. Anil, owner of the land, was leveling his

fields for agriculture, when he found a hoard of gold jewellery (Sharma

70
et al 2000:36-41). He informed the archaeologist about this hoard. It was

found from the lower levels at the site. Pottery recovered from the site

belongs to Harappan and other historical times. As the hoard was found

from the lowest levels and found typological bysimilar to the Harappan

objects. Most of the scholars think that this belongs to Harappan

period.Harappan pottery collected from the site belongs to Late

Harappan period and is similar to the pottery of Hulas and Alamgirpur.

The main shapes include dish-on-stands, dish with dropping rims, vases

with disc base, storage jars, lid with central knob, nail headed bowls and

vases with thickend beaked rims. Some of the sherdwerefound decorated

with black bands and pipal leaves.

The gold hoard found at Mandi is now housed in district treasury.

Some of the objects are in display at National Museum, New Delhi. This

hoard comprised of beads of gold, agate, onyx, etched carnelian and two

copper containers and some silver objects were also included. The whole

material is about 10 kg.

Spacers

Circular beads- 37 specimens

Hollow terminal heads - 17 specimens

71
Bell shaped beads - 42

Disk beads – rest all beads are of this type.

Heart shaped hollow gold bangles. Such bangles (but thin in section),

have been reported from Sanauli.

Beads of semi-precious stones include 6 beads of onyx, 200 of

banded agate and a few etched carnelian beads. Apart from these some

fragments of silver bangles and silver vase were also found here. So far

major jewellery hoards have been reported from Harappa, Mohenjodaro

and Allahdino in Pakistan and Lothal and Kunal (Khatri and Achrya,

1995) in India.

Apart from above discused excavated sites, there are hundreds of

sites of late phase of Mature Harappan and Late Harappan period. These

sites are discussed in table3.2along with geo-co-ordinates and cultural

sequence (map 3.2).

72
 Table 3.2Explored Harappan Sites
Cultural
S.No Site District E N Sequence Reference
Joshi et al.
1 Abha Saharanpur 77.73333 29.91667 LH
1984: 522
MH, LH,
PGW, IAR 1958-
2 Alamgirpur Meerut 77.36667 29.00000
HistHarap 59: 50-51,
pan
Joshi et al.
3 Alipur Saharanpur 77.45000 29.98333 LH
1984: 522
Joshi et al.
4 Aneki-5 Saharanpur 78.01667 29.98333 LH
1984: 522
IAR 1966-
5 Asanwali Saharanpur 77.60000 30.03333 LH, OCP,
67: 43,
Joshi et al.
6 AtiKund Saharanpur 78.15000 29.90000 LH
1984: 523
Joshi et al.
7 Badgam Saharanpur 77.53333 30.10000 MH, LH 1984: 521,
522
IAR 1967-
8 Baherakhurd Saharanpur 77.66667 30.05000 LH
68:,
IAR 1964-
9 Bahupura Saharanpur 77.50000 30.00000 LH
65: 43,
Muzaffarna Dikshit
10 BantiKhera -1 77.43333 29.50000 LH
gar 1981: 72,
Muzaffarna Dikshit
11 BantiKhera -2 77.45833 29.50000 LH
gar 1981: 72,
IAR 1963-
12 Bargaon Saharanpur 77.53333 30.20000 LH, OCP
64: 56-7,
Joshi et al.
13 Barsi Saharanpur 77.36667 29.71667 LH
1984: 522
IAR 1966-
14 Baundki Saharanpur 77.61667 30.06667 LH, OCP
67: 43,
IAR 1966-
15 Bazidpur Saharanpur 77.60000 30.05000 LH, OCP
67: 43,
Joshi et al.
16 Bhabri Saharanpur 77.63333 29.95000 LH
1984: 522
IAR 1960-
Bulandsha 61: 66,
17 Bhatpura 78.05000 28.53333 LH, OCP
hr Joshi et al.
1984: 523
IAR 1967-
68,
18 Bhedki Saharanpur 77.60000 29.95000 LH, OCP
Joshi et al.
1984: 522
Joshi et al.
19 BhudhaKhera Saharanpur 77.51667 30.05000 LH
1984: 522

73
 Dikshit
Bhura, Muzaffarna 1981: 115,
20 77.23333 29.41667 LH
Muzaffarnagar gar Joshi et al.
1984: 523
Joshi et al.
21 Bilaspur Saharanpur 77.21667 29.73333 LH
1984: 522
Bulandsha Joshi et al.
22 Chandpur 78.06667 28.61667 LH
hr 1984: 523
Joshi et al.
23 Chaurdeo Saharanpur 77.73333 29.95000 LH
1984: 522
IAR 1966-
OCP, 67: 43
24 Chhajpura Saharanpur 77.61667 29.98333 Mature Joshi et al.
Harappan 1984: 521,
522
IAR 1966-
67: 43,
25 ChhaparHeri Saharanpur 77.50000 29.90000 LH, OCP Joshi et al.
1984: 521,
522
IAR 1966-
67: 43,
26 Chilhera Saharanpur 77.65000 30.03333 LH, OCP Joshi et al.
1984: 521,
522
Pande&
27 Chouradeo Saharanpur 0.00000 0.00000 LH Ramachandr
an 1971: 38
IAR 1966-
67: 43,
28 ChunehtiShekh Saharanpur 77.71667 29.90000 LH Joshi et al.
1984: 521,
522
IAR 1985-
29 Dalheri Saharanpur 0.00000 0.00000 LH
86: 85
IAR 1966-
67: 43,
30 Daudpur Saharanpur 77.60000 30.08333 LH, OCP Joshi et al.
1984: 521,
522
Bulandsha IAR 1984-
31 Daulatpur 78.18333 28.23333 LH, OCP
hr 85: 86-8
Bulandsha Joshi et al.
32 DevalKhera 78.25000 28.33333 LH
hr 1984: 523
Joshi et al.
33 Dhamola Saharanpur 77.58333 30.00000 LH
1984: 522
Joshi et al.
34 Dudli Bukhara Saharanpur 77.60000 29.93333 LH
1984: 522
IAR 1985-
35 Dugchari Saharanpur 0.00000 0.00000 LH
86: 85

74
 Muzaffarna IAR 1986-
36 Dungar 77.36667 29.25000 LH, OCP
gar 87: 80
Joshi et al.
37 Faridpur Saharanpur 77.75000 30.10000 LH
1984: 522
Gaur and
Muzaffarna
38 Fatehpur 77.38056 29.46250 LH, OCP Lal 1992:
gar
378
IAR 1966-
67: 43,
39 FatehpurJat Saharanpur 77.51667 29.93333 LH, OCP Joshi et al.
1984: 521,
522
IAR 1966-
67: 43,
40 Fatehpur Saharanpur 77.53333 29.88333 LH, OCP Joshi et al.
1984: 521,
522
Joshi et al.
41 Gadhrona Saharanpur 77.96667 29.76667 LH
1984: 522
Joshi et al.
42 Garh Saharanpur 77.96667 29.95000 LH
1984: 523
Joshi et al.
43 Gathera Saharanpur 77.50000 30.06667 LH
1984: 523
Joshi et al.
44 Ghadrona Saharanpur 77.96667 29.76667 LH
1984: 522
IAR 1966-
67: 43,
45 Ghana Khandi Saharanpur 77.60000 30.06667 LH, OCP Joshi et al.
1984: 521,
523
IAR 1963-
Bulandsha 64: 91,
46 Gulistanpur 77.50000 28.50000 LH, OCP
hr Joshi et al.
1984: 523
IAR 1963-
64: 91,
47 Gulistanpur Meerut 77.50000 28.50000 LH, Hist
Joshi et al.
1984: 521
Joshi et al.
48 HardaKheri Saharanpur 77.46667 30.03333 LH
1984: 523
Joshi et al.
49 Haribas Saharanpur 77.66667 29.95000 LH
1984: 523
Joshi et al.
50 Hatampur Saharanpur 78.01667 29.95000 LH
1984: 522
Dikshit
Muzaffarna 1981: 72,
51 Hatchhoya-1 77.30000 29.61667 LH
gar Joshi et al.
1984: 523
Muzaffarna Dikshit
52 Hatchhoya-2 77.30000 29.60000 LH
gar 1981: 72,

75
 Joshi et al.
1984: 523
IAR 1980-
LH,
81: 73-6,
53 Hulas Saharanpur 77.36667 29.70000 PGW,
Joshi et al.
Hist
1984: 523
Joshi et al.
54 Hulas Saharanpur 77.36667 29.70000 MH, LH
1984: 521
Gaur and
HussainpurBop Muzaffarna
55 77.70556 29.35278 LH, OCP Lal 1992:
ada gar
378
Gaur and
Muzaffarna LH, OCP,
56 Huzur Nagar 77.66667 29.31667 Lal 1992:
gar Hist
378
Joshi et al.
57 Jainer Saharanpur 77.71667 30.03333 LH
1984: 523
Dikshit
Muzaffarna 1981: 72,
58 Jandheri 77.43333 29.66667 LH
gar Joshi et al.
1984: 523
Dikshit
Muzaffarna 1981: 72,
59 Jasal 77.28333 29.35000 LH
gar Joshi et al.
1984: 523
Gaur and
Muzaffarna LH, OCP,
60 Jaula 77.41667 29.27917 Lal 1992:
gar PGW
378
LH, OCP, Gaur and
Muzaffarna
61 Jhal 77.34722 29.27083 PGW, Lal 1992:
gar
Hist 378
Muzaffarna Joshi et al.
62 Kailapur 77.98333 29.33333 LH
gar 1984: 523
IAR 1966-
67: 43,
63 Kailaspur Saharanpur 77.65000 29.98333 LH, OCP Joshi et al.
1984: 521,
523
Dikshit
1982a: 115,
64 Kalahetti Saharanpur 77.21667 29.70000 LH
Joshi et al.
1984: 523
IAR 1965-
65 Kalbeto Saharanpur 0.00000 0.00000 LH
66: 54
Muzaffarna Joshi et al.
66 Kariyana 77.25000 29.38333 LH
gar 1984: 523
Joshi et al.
67 Kaseri Meerut 77.36667 28.73333 LH
1984: 523
Joshi et al.
68 Kashimpur Meerut 76.66667 28.83333 LH
1984: 523

76
 Joshi et al.
69 KaulHeri Saharanpur 77.28333 29.88333 LH
1984: 523
Joshi et al.
70 KaulaKheri Saharanpur 77.30000 29.68333 LH
1984: 523
Joshi et al.
71 Kazipur Saharanpur 77.45000 29.96667 LH
1984: 523
Khanpur, Bulandsha Joshi et al.
72 77.56667 28.41667 LH
Bulandshahar hr 1984: 523
Joshi et al.
73 KharKhoda Meerut 76.75000 28.83333 LH
1984: 523
IAR 1964-
65: 44,
IAR 1966-
74 Khatauli Saharanpur 77.66667 30.00000 LH, OCP
67: 43,
Joshi et al.
1984: 523
IAR 1984-
75 KhedaJat Saharanpur 0.00000 0.00000 LH, OCP
85: 92
Pande&
76 Kolkikalan Saharanpur 0.00000 0.00000 LH Ramachandr
an 1971: 39
Joshi et al.
77 Kota Saharanpur 77.63333 29.90000 LH
1984: 523
IAR1966-
67:
43,Dikshit
78 Kridhni Saharanpur 77.50000 29.91667 LH, OCP 1982a: 114,
Joshi et al.
1984:
521,523
Gaur and
Muzaffarna LH, OCP,
79 Kudana 77.37222 29.42917 Lal 1992:
gar PGW
378
Joshi et al.
80 Kulki Kalan Saharanpur 77.65000 29.93333 LH
1984: 523
IAR 1984-
81 Lahboli Saharanpur 0.00000 0.00000 LH, HIst
85: 92
Joshi et al.
82 LandhaurGujar Saharanpur 77.51667 29.88333 LH
1984: 523
Joshi et al.
83 Mahipura Saharanpur 77.56667 29.96667 LH
1984: 523
Bulandsha Joshi et al.
84 Manpura 78.01667 28.51667 LH
hr 1984: 523,
Joshi et al.
85 Mathana Saharanpur 77.73333 30.00000 LH
1984: 523
IAR 1966-
67: 43, Joshi
86 MatkiJhrauli Saharanpur 77.58333 30.06667 LH, OCP
et al. 1984:
521,523
87 Mayapur Saharanpur 78.13333 29.93333 LH Joshi et al.

77
 1984: 523

Joshi et al.
88 Meerut Meerut 77.75000 29.00000 LH
1984: 523
Mirpur, Joshi et al.
89 Saharanpur 77.26667 29.91667 LH
Saharanpur 1984: 523
IAR 1966-
67: 43, Joshi
90 Mohiuddinpur Saharanpur 77.63333 30.00000 LH, OCP
et al. 1984:
521,523
Gaur and
Muzaffarna
91 Mulaheri One 77.66944 29.38750 LH, OCP Lal 1992:
gar
378
Gaur and
Muzaffarna
92 Mulaheri Two 77.66944 29.38750 LH, OCP Lal 1992:
gar
378
Joshi et al.
93 Nahli Meerut 77.55000 29.23333 LH
1984: 523
Gaur and
Muzaffarna
94 Nala 77.27778 29.28889 LH, OCP Lal 1992:
gar
378
Joshi et al.
95 Nalhera Meerut 77.35000 29.16667 LH
1984: 523
Joshi et al.
96 NalheraBakal Saharanpur 77.50000 29.98333 LH
1984: 523
IAR 1964-
97 Nanauli Saharanpur 0.00000 0.00000 LH
65: 44
Nasirpur, Joshi et al.
98 Saharanpur 77.85000 29.75000 LH
Saharanpur 1984: 523
Joshi et al.
99 NawanGaon Saharanpur 77.43333 29.88333 LH 1984:
521,523
Joshi et al.
100 Papreki Saharanpur 77.61667 29.95000 LH
1984: 523
Joshi et al.
101 Pathori Saharanpur 77.61667 29.83333 LH
1984: 523
IAR 1966-
67: 43, Joshi
102 Piki Saharanpur 77.60000 30.03333 LH, OCP
et al. 1984:
521,523
IAR 1963-
64: 92,
103 Pilakhni Saharanpur 77.48333 30.01667 LH
Joshi et al.
1984: 521
IAR 1966-
67: 43, Joshi
104 Pinjaura Saharanpur 77.55000 29.93333 LH, OCP
et al. 1984:
521,523
105 Pujana Saharanpur 77.35000 29.68333 LH Joshi et al.

78
 1984: 523
Gaur and
Muzaffarna
106 PurBalian Two 77.66667 29.35611 LH, OCP Lal 1992:
gar
378
Joshi et al.
107 Puranpur Saharanpur 78.00000 29.96667 LH
1984: 523
K.N. Dikshit
Muzaffarna 1981: 72,
108 Rahatpur 79.31667 29.65000 LH
gar Joshi et al.
1984: 523
V. Smith
1905: 231,
B.B. Lal
1954-55:
146,
109 RajpurParsu Bijnor 78.16667 29.16667 LH, OCP MakkhanLal
1984a: 366-
7, Joshi et
al. 1984:

523
Joshi et al.
110 Rangel Saharanpur 77.66667 29.93333 LH 1984:
521,523
Joshi et al.
111 Rasulpur Saharanpur 77.56667 30.00000 LH
1984: 523
K.N. Dikshit
1982: 115,
112 RatnaKheri Saharanpur 77.50000 29.95000 LH
Joshi et al.
1984: 523
IAR 1966-
67: 43, Joshi
113 ReriMalakpur Saharanpur 77.48333 29.91667 LH, OCP
et al. 1984:
521,523
Joshi et al.
114 Sabdalpur Saharanpur 77.35000 29.93333 LH
1984: 523
IAR 1965-
66: 54, Joshi
115 Salarpura Saharanpur 77.26667 29.81667 LH
et al. 1984:
523
Joshi et al.
116 Salepur Saharanpur 77.35000 29.93333 LH 1984:
521,523
SalimpurMahd Joshi et al.
117 Saharanpur 77.06667 29.93333 LH
ud 1984: 523
K.N. Dikshit
Muzaffarna 1981: 72,
118 Sambhalkha 77.33333 29.41667 LH
gar Joshi et al.
1984: 523

79
 IAR 1966-
67: 43, Joshi
119 Sarkari Sheikh Saharanpur 77.60000 30.00000 LH, OCP
et al. 1984:
521,524
Joshi et al.
120 Shakarrpur Saharanpur 77.95000 29.80000 LH
1984: 523
Gaur and
Muzaffarna LH, OCP,
121 Shamli-Shamla 0.00000 0.00000 Lal 1992:
gar PGW
378
IAR 1966-
67: 43, Joshi
122 Sherpur Saharanpur 77.65000 29.88333 LH, OCP
et al. 1984:
521,523
Gaur and
Muzaffarna
123 Shikarpur One 77.49444 29.42778 LH, OCP Lal 1992:
gar
379
Muzaffarna Joshi et al.
124 Sikrea 77.96667 29.30000 LH
gar 1984: 523
Sikri, Muzaffarna Joshi et al.
125 77.91667 29.53333 LH
Muzaffarnagar gar 1984: 523
K.N. Dikshit
126 SingauliTaga Meerut 77.38333 28.91667 LH
1982a: 115
Joshi et al.
127 SubriKhwaja Saharanpur 77.61667 29.88333 LH
1984: 523
IAR 1965-
66: 54, K.N.
128 Tatarpur Kalan Saharanpur 0.00000 0.00000 LH
Dikshit
1982a: 115
Joshi et al.
129 TeliWala Saharanpur 77.96667 29.95000 LH
1984: 523
K.N. Dikshit
Muzaffarna 1981: 72,
130 Thana Bhawan 77.41667 29.58333 LH
gar Joshi et al.
1984: 523
Joshi et al.
131 Thathaula Saharanpur 77.98333 29.76667 LH
1984: 523
K.N. Dikshit
1981: 72,
132 Tikrol Saharanpur 77.36667 29.73333 MH, LH Joshi et al.
1984:
521,523
29 26 77 34
Sharma,
Muzaffarna
133 Mandi LH, Hist D.V. et al
gar 02.42 20.33 2000

29 08 77 12
Sharma,
134 Sanauli Badut LH, Hist D.V. et al
27.0 56.0 2006

80
Structures

So far as Hulas is the only site in study area which show the gradual decline

in the structural remains. Earliest settlers of the site were living in the mud bricks

rectangular houses, in the middle phase of the Harappan deposit mud bricks houses

gradually transformed in the mud wall house and in the lattest deposit late Harappan

were living in circular huts as evident from the post holes. Some mud and mud

bricks walls were also reported from Alamgirpur. A few kiln fired brick bats were

also reported from Harappan deposit at Hulas and Alamgirpur. It can be suggested

that baked bricks may have been used only in drains or similar ancillary structures.

Food Economy

The fertile plain of the study area must played a vital role in attracting

Harappans in the Ganga Plain. Availability of water is another plus point for

agriculture. Hulas is the only site which enrich our knowledge regarding the food

habit and cropping pattern of the Harappans of Ganga Plains (IAR 1986-87: 132)

The floral remains identified at Hulas includes, rice (Oryza sativa); barley

(Hordeumvulgare); dwarf-wheat (Triticumsphaeoroccum); bread-wheat (T.

Aestivum); club-wheat (T. compactiim); oat (Avena saliva); jowar (Sorghum

bicolor); and finger-millet (Eleusinecoracana) as common cereals. Pulse crops

include lentil (Lens culinaris); field pea (Pisumsativum var. Arvense); grass-pea

or Khesari (Lathyrussativus), kulthi (Dolichosbiflorus); green-gram or moong

(Vignaradiata); chick-pea or gram (Ciceraietinum); a broken seed cons-pea

81
(Vignacatjang);Cotton (Gossypiumarboreum/Herbaceum) and a fragments of hard

seed coat of castor (Ricinuscommunis) are the important discoveries. Among the

remains of wild plants, caryopses of a grass (Cenchrusciliaris), seeds of

Cocciniagrandis which is a wild cucurbit vernacularly known as 'kundru' and a few

broken pieces of the fruits Hypanthodium inflorescence in botanical terms, belonging

to either pipal or gular (Ficusreligiosa F. glomerata) have been identified.

Some dry fruits were also reported at Hulas which includes, almond

(Prunusamygdalus) and walnut or akhrot (Juglansragia). Evidences of wild rice

(Oryza sativa) husk were also noticed on brunt plaster pieces. The floral remains

indicates that Harappans use to sow two crops annually viz. Rabi and

Karif.Harappans must practice mixed cropping pattern.

Alamgirpur is the only site from where we know about the animals, which

were used by Harappans of the study area for food and other purpose. BholaNath and

M.K. Biswas studied the faunal remains of the site (1969). The domesticated animals

include Canisfamiliarislinn, BosIndicuslinn, Bubalusbulaislinn, Capra

hircusaegagrusErxl, Ovisvignei Blyth, Suscristatus Wagner. The Wild animals

represented by the bone specimens of CervusduvauceliCev, Axis axisErxl. The

reptile represented by bones of Molluscan shell, Viviparous bengalensis Linn.

Chronology

The beginning of the Mature phase of the Harappan culture can be put at ca.

2650 BCE. C14 dates from the Harappan sites of Haryana, such as Bhirrana, Farmana

and Mitathal suggest 2500-2000 BCE time bracket for the entire Mature phase.

82
Recent excavations conduced at Farmana (Shindeet. al 2011), a site located about 90

km. west of Yamuna confirms that here full-fledged classical Harappans lived

between 2550-2200 BC, parallel to Harappa Period 3A and 3B. This site was

abondoned when it was at itsfull zenith. Yet another site Mitathal (Manmohan

Kumar et. al 2011), jointly excavated by M.D.U.,Rohtak and Deccan College, Pune

and RINH, Kyoto, Japan was first occupied around 2200BC as suggested by

ceramics and AMS dates. Excavator of Mitathal claimed that pottery recovered from

the upper level fromFarmana, was recovered from the lowest levels of Mitathal.

Pottery from Alamgirpur and Hulas is identical similar to the pottery of mid to upper

levels of Mitathal. These levels of Mitathal can be placed between 2100-1900 BC

and parallel to Harappa 3C. Bara type pottery appeared in the upper levels at

Mitathal and many Bara pottery types are available at the sites of Upper Ganga

plains.

K.N. Dikshit (1982) has developed two phases for the Harappan complex in

western Uttar Pradesh: Phase I between 1700 to 1500 BCE and Phase II between

1300 to 1000 BCE. So far asonly two C14 datesfrom Hulas (IAR 1986-87:127) has

been published from the area under present study and both are quite early viz. 2560

BCE and 2000 BCE. A few charcoal samples have been analyzed from latest

excavations at Alamgirpur, conducted jointly by BHU and Cambridge University

and the earliest dates comes around 2400 BCE. If we co-relate radiometric dates with

pottery types and material culture, the theory given by K.N. Dikshit can be accepted

with some modification. Some classical Harappan shapes are present in the study

area such as long stem dish on stand, beakers, pointed goblets, perforated jars,

83
whereas other shapes such as ‘S’ shaped jar and classical Harappan paintings are

totally absent in the study area. The pottery recovered from the Ganga Plains is

parallel to Harapa Period 3C. Chert blades, so far has not been reported from any

Late Harappan site of Ghaggar and Punjab plains, but found in the Mature Harappan

levels at all the excavated sites. In the area under present study,chert blade has been

reported from Bargoan. Mitathal is the only site which can give an general idea

regarding the transformation of Harappan civilization into late Harappan culture.

Most of the pottery types recovered from the study area during the explorations are

present from lowest levels to latest levels at the site. Late Harappans of the Upper

Ganga plains can be divided into two phases viz.

1. Late Phase of Harappan Civilization 2150 BCE-1900 BCE

2. Late Harappan Culture 1900-1500 BCE.

Pottery

Pottery recovered from the study area can be classified in to two categories

vizHarappan pottery and Late Harappan pottery, later can be re-classified in two sub-

categories viz. Bara pottery and Local pottery. It is quite note-worthy that late Siswal

pottery, which is commonly found in the Haryana is totally absent in the Upper

Ganga plain.

The Harappan pottery consists of pots, jars, beakers, bowls, dish-on-stands

and dishes. It is distinguished by manufacturing techniques using a fast wheel.

Smoothing and scraping techniques with fast rotation are distinctively used. Painted

84
pottery is included having horizontal bands, figurative and geometric motifs and

treated with red slip.

Local pottery includes dish-on-stand with dropping rim, vases, jasrs, vase

with ring base, bowls basins. The painted motifs include simple bands, hatched

triangles, hatched diamonds, chains with bands, leaf, peacock with hatched body.

The Bara pottery includes large storage jar with being collared, beaked or

beaded rim or splayed mouth; medium to small-sized concave-necked vase with

thickened, beaded or beaked rim, large lota-shaped vase; vase with carinated body;

squat or long-stemmed dish-on-stand, dish or large bowl with a variety in rims; large

storage trough, jar with ring base, bowl-like lid with or without central knob, and

cylindrical concave-necked flat-based ‘bottle’ are some of the main shapes in the

black-on red Bara pottery. Painted motifs includes opposed triangles or semi-circles,

‘willow’-leaves placed vertically or horizontally, parallel wavy lines enclosing ‘eyes’

or lozenges, hatched ‘nets’, loops with hump surmounted by vertical lines, grouped

triangles, squares or triangles with alternate hatching in different directions, series of

solid dots between bands. Incised designs executed with pointed or multi-stranded

twig on the shoulders consist of plain bands, wavy lines or zigzags. To have better

idea about the pottery, the researcher conducted explorations in the Yamuna-

Hindondoab and collected large number of pottery and antiquities which are

discussed below:

85
Pl. 3.1 Pottery from Alamgirpur

1. Shallow bowl having a carinated body with an out-turned neck with a

projecting rim. The upper surface of the rim is grooved. The external surface

is slipped in dull orange and is painted with black band.

2. Jar having a globular body and a beaked rim. The external surface is slipped

in red.

3. Jar having a short out-curved neck with a beaked rim and treated with red

slip.

4. Short-necked vase having an out-curved neck with slightly projecting rim.

The surface is smoothened with rotation. The external surface of the body is

finished by streak burnishing.

5. Short-necked vase having an out-curved neck with an angular rim. The

external surface of the neck portion treated with red slip.

Pl. 3.2 Pottery from Alamgirpur

1. Bowl having a carinated body and a short out-curved neck with a projecting

rim and the surface is entirely slipped in orange.

2. Jar having a globular body and a beaked rim. The external surface is slipped

in red and is painted with a black band on the rim.

3. Shoulder fragment of a jar, decorated with wide black bands of various over a

red surface

4. Body sherd of a vase, having a disc base. The external surface is finished by

shallow scraping and is slipped in red.

86
 5. Fragment of a jar, decorated with wide black bands over a red surface.

6. Shoulder fragment of a jar, decorated with wide black bands of various over a

red surface.

Pl. 3.3 Pottery from Alamgirpur

1. Body sherd of a jar, the external surface is slipped in red and is painted in

black with hatched triangles type size.

2. Fragment of a jar, decorated with wide black bands over a red surface.

Pl. 3.4 Pottery from Alamgirpur

1. Shoulder fragment of a jar, decorated with wide black bands and a leaf motif

over a red surface.

2. Jar having globular body, surface is streak-burnished. The whole outer

surface slipped in orange and the outer surface is painted with horizontal

parallel lines with band and four pairs of leaves.

Pl. 3.5 Pottery from Alamgirpur

1. Fragment of a dish-on-stand having wide pedestal, outer surface is treated

with red slip and is ill fired.

2. Jar having a globular body with a flat base. The lower part is applied with

slurry which is grooved in straight and wavy manner.

87
Pl. 3.6 Pottery from Alamgirpur

1. Medium bowl having a simple rim. The surface is entirely slipped in dull

orange type size.

2. Medium size bowl having a carinated body and an out-curved neck with a

pointed rim.

3. Dish portion of a dish-on-stand having a shallow body and an flaring neck

with a projecting rim. There is a sharp ledge on the internal surface. The

surface is entirely slipped in red and is finished by streak burnishing.

4. Bowl having a globular body and an out-curved neck with a beaked rim. The

surface is entirely slipped in type red.

Pl. 3.7 Pottery from Hulas

1. Jar having a beaked rim. The external surface is slipped in dull orange, rim is

decorated with black band.

2. Jar having a beaked rim and a globular body, treated with orange slip.

3. Vase having an out-curved neck with a flaring rim. There is a low ledge on

the shoulder. The external surface from the rim to the ledge and the internal

surface of the rim are finished by streak burnishing

4. Jar having a beaked rim and a globular body.

Pl. 3.8 Pottery from Hulas

1. Lower body sherd of a goblet having a constricted base. Traces of squeezing

are visible on the internal surface.

88
 2. Lower part of a vase having disc base, treated with red slip.

3. Body sherd of a pedestalled bowl or vase. To the external surface is slipped

in red and the lower rim part is decorated with black band.

4. Lower part of a vase having disc base, treated with red slip.

5. Lower part of a vase having disc base, treated with red slip.

Pl. 3.9 Pottery from Hulas

1. Jar having a globular body with a flat base. The lower part is applied with

slurry which is grooved in straight and wavy manner.

2. Fragment of a jar, applied with slurry.

3. Fragment of a jar, applied with slurry.

Pl. 3.10 Pottery from Hulas

1. Bowl having a shallow body and an out-curved neck with a roundly

projecting rim and a ledge on the internal side. The surface is entirely slipped

in red.

2. Bowl having a shallow body and an out-curved neck with an overturned rim.

3. Spouted bowl having a shallow body and an out-curved neck with a roundly

projecting rim and a ledge on the internal side.

89
Pl. 3.11 Pottery from Sanauli

1. Vase having a gently out-curved neck with a beaked rim. The entire surface

is smoothened with rotation and is slipped in red.

2. Tall-necked vase having an out-curved neck with a drooping and undercut

rim.

3. Vase having an out-curved neck with a undercut rim.

4. Tall-necked vase having an out-curved neck with a drooping and undercut

rim.

Pl. 3.12 Pottery from Sanauli

1. Neck and rim fragment of a jar of an out-curved tall neck and a projecting

rim. Entire surface is slipped in orange.

2. Neck and rim fragment of a jar of an out-curved tall neck and a projecting

rim. Entire surface is slipped in reddish brown.

Pl. 3.13 Pottery from Sanauli

1. Legded jar or cooking jar having an out-curved neck with a slightly

projecting rim and a squat body. There is a ledge on the shoulder. The

external surface of the upper part of the body and the internal surface of the

rim are slipped in orange.

2. Vase having an out-curved neck with a flaring rim, it is treated with yellow-

reddish slip.

90
 3. Vase having an out-curved neck with a prominently thickened rim of a round

profile. The external surface is slipped in orange.

Pl. 3.14 Pottery from Sanauli

1-3 Fragment of a grey ware vase, decorated with three incised line around

shoulder, entire surface is decorated with small incised circles. This is unique type of

pottery. No other site hase reported such vase.

4. Rim fragment of a grey ware vase with a slightly projecting rim. The surface

is entirely smoothened by streak burnishing.

Pl. 3.15 Pottery from Sanauli

1. Fragment of a medium size vase with a low and solid pedestal.

2. Body and base sherd of a pedestalled vase having a conical pedestal. The

external surface is entirely slipped in red.

3. Body and base sherd of a pedestalled vase having a conical pedestal. The

external surface is finished by burnishing.

4. Body and base sherd of a pedestalled vase having a conical pedestal. The

external surface is entirely slipped in red.

Pl. 3.16 Pottery from Sanauli

1. Stem of a dish-on-stand has a tall pedestal with a projection at the juncture

between the dish and the pedestal. The outer surface is slipped in red.

91
 2. Stem of a dish-on-stand, treated with red slip.

3. Handle of a vase, handmade and treated with red slip.

Pl. 3.17 Pottery from Sanauli

Pedestal sherd of a dish-on-stand having an out-curved rim, ribbed below

juncture, treated with dull red slip.

Pl. 3.18 Pottery from Sanauli

1. Fragment of a dish-on-stand with extremely dropping rim.

2. Sherd of lower half of the pedestal of a dish -on-stand has a sprayed shape
with a upward projecting rim. The outer surface is slipped in red.

Pl. 3.19 Pottery from Sanauli

1. Jar having an open mouth with a beaked rim and finished by streak

burnishing.

2. Large jar having a beaked rim. There is a sharp ledge on the internal surface

of the rim.

3. Jar having a shortly out-curved neck with a beaked rim. The surface is

entirely smoothened with rotation.

4. Jar having an out-curved neck with a beaked rim

92
Pl. 3.20 Pottery from Sanauli

1. Probably a dish portion of a dish-on-stand having a shallow body and an out-

curved neck with a drooping rim.

2. Dish sherd of a dish-on-stand having a straight open body and an out-turned

neck with an overturned rim.

3. Dish sherd of a dish-on-stand having a shallow body and a flaring neck with

a simple slighty drooping rim.

4. Dish portion of a dish-on-stand having a shallow body and a flaring neck

with a projecting rim.

Pl 3.21 Pottery from Badka-1

1. Fragment of a jar, of an out-curved tall neck and a projecting rim of a squared

section.

2. Short-necked vase having an out-curved neck with a under-cut rim.

3. Bowl having a shallow body and an out-curved neck with an overturned rim.

4. Vase having a gently out-curved neck with a flaring rim.

5. Body sherd of a red ware jar, treated with red slip.

Pl 3.22 Pottery from Bhopra

4. Spouted bowl, having a shallow body and an out-curved neck with a roundly

projecting rim and a ledge on the internal side. The surface is entirely slipped

in red.

5. Disc base of a vase, treated with red slip.

93
 6. Shoulder portation of a jar, treated with red slip, decorated with black

horizontal bands around shoulder.

7. Rim sherd of a jar, under-cut feature less rim, decorated with red slip.

Pl 3.23 Pottery from Bhura-1

1. Dish of dish-on-stand having a shallow body and an out-curved neck with a

simple rim. The surface is closely similar to the Harappan dish-on-stand.

2. Vase having a gently out-curved neck with a flaring rim.

3. Base fragment of a dish-on-stand having an angular rim. Shape is closer to

classical Harappan pottery.

4. Disc base of a small vase, treated with grayish slip.

Pl 3.24 Pottery from Bhura-3

1. Shoulder sherd of a storage jar, treated with red slip, decorated with two

parrel black band around lower part of neck.

2. Vase having a gently out-curved neck with a beaked rim.

3. Body sherd of a vase having a globular. The lower part of the shred is slipped

in red and painted with black bands on the external side.

4. Disc base of a small vase, treated with red slip.

Pl 3.25 Pottery from Hilawari

1. Base sherd of a vase having disc base, treated with red slip.

94
 2. Lower portion of a bowl, treated with red slip and decorated in black with a

circle, in-between circle with vertical strokes.

3. Body sherd of a jar, treated with light orange slip.

4. Base fragment of a vase, having ring base.

5. Body sherd of a jar, treated with red slip akin to classical Harappan slip.

6. Body sherd of a vase, treated with light orange slip.

Pl 3.26 Pottery from Johnmana-2

1. Gery ware bowl, having a shallow body and a nail-headed rim.

2. Jar having a beaked rim.

3. Lower portion sherd of a jar, mud appliqué.

4. Pedestal sherd of a grey ware dish-on-stand having an out-curved rim.

Pl 3.27 Pottery from Kirthal

1. Vase having an out-curved neck with a beaked rim.

2. Shoulder fragment of a jar, treated with fine slip.

3. Bowl having a hemispherical body with a carination and an out-curved neck

with a pointed rim.

4. Stem of a dish-on stand.

5. Neck and shoulder portion of a jar, treated with orange slip.

Pl 3.28 Pottery from Mukundpura

1. Vase having an out-curved neck with a flaring rim. Traces of squeezing are

left on the internal surface. ( Bara, Sharma Y.D. 1982: fig 13.5:10)

95
 2. Fragment of a Jar having a beaked rim treated with pinks slip.

3. Base sherd of a vase, ring is akin to classical Harappan pottery.

Pl 3.29 Pottery from Nangla-3

1. Broad stem of a dish on stand.

2. Stem sherd of a dish-on-stand. The central part of the base of the dish is also

intact. On the internal surface of the dish base is executed with nail-like

impressions in a concentric pattern.

3. Base sherd of a jar, disc base.

4. Short-necked vase having an out-curved neck and an overturned rim.

5. Short-necked vase having an out-curved neck with a slightly projecting rim.

6. Short-necked vase having an out-curved neck and an overturned rim.

Pl 3.30 Pottery from Ranchar-2

1. Vase consisting of a tall neck with an out-curled rim and a globular body.

2. Body sherd of a vase. Treated with red slip.

Pl 3.31 Pottery from PawatiKhurd

1. Bowl having a shallow body and an out-curved neck with an overturned rim.

2. Small vase having an out-curved neck with a slightly projecting rim and a

globular body with a round base.

3. Base of a red ware vase.

96
 4. Body sherd of a vase having an elliptical body. A grove is executed on the

external surface of the body and treated with red slip.

5. Fragment of a jar, flat base.

Pl 3.32 Pottery from Sahapur Badauli-2

1. Medium bowl having a hemispherical body and an incurved neck with an

angular rim.

2. Fragment of a vase having an out-curved neck with a thickened rim.

3. Fragment of a vase having an out-curved neck with a thickened rim.

4. Fragment of a short-necked vase having an out-curved neck with a simple

rim.

5. Body sherd of a vase, treated with buff slip.

6.

Pl 3.33 Pottery from Sahapur Badauli-2

1. Fragment of a short-necked vase having an out-curved neck with a simple

rim.

2. Pedestal sherd of a dish-on-stand having an out-curved rim..

3. Pedestal sherd of a dish-on-stand having an out-curved rim.

4. Shoulder portion of a jar, treated with red slip.

5. Fragment of a short-necked vase having an out-curved neck with a simple

rim.

6. Bowl having a shallow body and an out-curved neck with an angularly

projecting rim and a ledge on the internal side`

97
Pl 3.34 Pottery from Shup-2

1. Vase having an out-curved neck with a flaring rim. The entire external

surface except for the lower face of the rim and the internal surface of the rim

are slipped in red.

2. Vase having an out-curved neck with a under-cut rim. The surface is entirely

slipped in red and the shoulder portion is decorated with black bands.

3. Bowl having a carinated body and short, out-curved neck with a beaked rim.

The entire external surface and the internal surface of the neck portion are

slipped.

4. Large basin having a beaked rim.

5. Body sherd of a jar, mud appliqué.

Pl 3.35 Pottery from Shup-2

1. Body sherd of a vase having an elliptical body. Comb-incised horizontal and

wavy grooves are executed on the external surface of the body.

2. Jar having a globular body. The external surface of the lower part of the body

is applied with slurry which is shallowly grooved.

3. Jar having a globular body. The external surface of the lower part of the body

is applied with slurry which is shallowly grooved

4. Jar having a globular body. The external surface of the lower part of the body

is applied with slurry which is shallowly grooved

5. Fragment of a handle of a vase, handmade.

6. Fragment of a bowl, featureless angular rim.

98
Pl 3.36 Beads of semiprecious stone and faience

1. A spacer of faience having four holes, probably part of a necklace or belt.

From Hulas.

2. A bi-conical bead of agate from Sanauli.

3. A long elliptical shaped bead of agate from Sanauli.

4. A long bi-conical bead of agate from Sanauli.

5. A long bi-conical bead of faience, decorated with white bands, it is an

imitation of agate beads, from Hulas.

6. A long cylindrical bead of faience from Alamgirpur.

7. A short barrel shaped bead from Alamgirpur.

8. A short bi-conical bead of faience from Hulas.

9. A miniature ghata shaped bead, of faience from Alamgirpur.

Pl 3.37 Faience bangles

1. Fragment of a bangle, oblate section, light blue in colour, from Shup-2.

2. Fragment of a faience bangle, flattened section, from Sahapur Badauli-2.

3. Fragment of a bangle, flattened oblate section, decorated with oblique lines,

from Hulas.

4. Fragment of a bangle, flattened oblate section, decorated with oblique lines,

PawaitiKhurd.

5. Fragment of a bangle, plano-convex in section, decorated with oblique lines

either side of the ridge forming the chevron pattern, from Ranchar-2.

99
 6. Fragment of a bangle, flattened section, decorated with criss-cross design in

between horizontal lines, from Kirthal.

Pl 3.38 Faience bangles and miniature vase

1. Fragment of a faience bangle, Fragment of a bangle, plano-convex in section

decorated with oblique lines on either side of the ridge forming the chevron

pattern, from Hulas.

2. Fragment of a bangle, flattened oblate section, decorated with oblique lines,

from Hulas.

3. Fragment of a bangle, externally flattened, rectangular section, decorated

with incised lines along with circumference, from Hulas.

4. Fragment of a bangle, flattened oblate section, decorated with oblique lines,

from Hulas.

5. Fragment of a bangle, externally flattened, rectangular section, decorated

with incised lines, from Alamgirpur.

6. Fragment of a bangle, externally flattened, rectangular section, from

Alamgirpur.

7. Rim fragment of a faience vase, slightly outturned rim, from Hulas.

Pl 3.39 Terracotta bangles

1. Fragment of bangle, circular section, reddish orange colour, from Hulas.

2. Fragment of a bangle, orange colour, circular section from Alamgirpur.

3. Fragment of a bangle, reddish brown colour, circular section, from

PawatiKhurd.

100
 4. Fragment of a bangle, pale reddish orange colour and circular section,

Mukundpura.

5. Fragment of a bangle, bright orange colour, circular section, from Johnmana-

2.

6. Fragment of a bangle, bright orange colour, circular section, from Hilawari.

Pl 3.40 Copper objects

1. Fragment of a copper rod, from Alamgirpur.

2. Fragment of a arrowhead, from Mukundpura

3. Fragment of a copper axe, from Mukundpura

4. A copper bead, from Johnmana-2

5. A copper bead, from Sanauli

6. A copper bead, from Alamgirpur.

Pl 3.41 Terracotta wheel

1. A terracotta single hubbed wheel of grey colour, from Hulas.

2. A terracotta single hubbed wheel, treated with red slip, from Alamgirpur.

Pl 3.42 Terracotta wheel

1. A terracotta hubbed wheel, partly broken not well finished, from Sanauli.

2. A terracotta wheel, no hub, ill fired, from Sanauli.

101
Pl. 3.52 Copper Hoard harpoon from Sanauli

A copper harpoon, with mid-rib, barbs are circular in section but broken it is in good

state of preservation.

Pl. 3.53 Copper bangles from Sanauli

Copper bangles from Sanauli, made of copper wire, circular in section, in good state

of preservation of LateHarappan period

Pl. 3.54 Copper objects from Sanauli

Copper arrow head fragments, almost febrile.

Pl 3.1 Pottery from Alamgirpur

102
Pl 3.2 Pottery from Alamgirpur

Pl 3.3 Pottery from Alamgirpur

103
Pl 3.4 Pottery from Alamgirpur

Pl 3.5 Pottery from Alamgirpur

104
Pl 3.6 Pottery from Alamgirpur

Pl 3.7 Pottery from Hulas

105
Pl 3.8 Pottery from Hulas

Pl 3.9 Pottery from Hulas

106
Pl 3.10 Pottery from Hulas

Pl 3.11 Pottery from Sanauli

107
Pl 3.12 Pottery from Sanauli

Pl 3.13 Pottery from Sanauli

108
Pl 3.14 Pottery from Sanauli

Pl 3.15 Pottery from Sanauli

109
Pl 3.16 Pottery from Sanauli

Pl 3.17 Pottery from Sanauli

110
Pl 3.18 Pottery from Sanauli

Pl 3.19 Pottery from Sanauli

111
Pl 3.20 Pottery from Sanauli

Pl 3.21 Pottery from Badka-1

112
Pl 3.22 Pottery from Bhopra

Pl 3.23 Pottery from Bhura-1

113
Pl 3.24 Pottery from Bhura-3

Pl 3.25 Pottery from Hilawari

114
Pl 3.26 Pottery from Johnmana-2

Pl 3.27 Pottery from Kirthal

115
Pl 3.28 Pottery from Mukundpura

Pl 3.29 Pottery from Nangla-3

116
 Pl 3.30 Pottery from Ranchar-2

Pl 3.31 Pottery from PawatiKhurd

117
Pl 3.32 Pottery from Sahapur Badauli-2

Pl 3.33 Pottery from Sahapur Badauli-2

118
Pl 3.34 Pottery from Shup-2

Pl 3.35 Pottery from Shup-2

119
Pl 3.36 Beads of semiprecious stone and faience (1,5&8 : Hulas; 2,3&4: Sanauli;
6,7 &9: Alamgirpur)

Pl 3.37 Faience bangles (1:Shup-2; 2: Sahpur Badauli-2;

3:Hulas;4:Khurd;5:Ranchar-2; 6:Kirthal )

120
Pl 3.38 Faience bangles and miniature vase (1-4:Hulas; 5-6:Alamgirpur;
7:Hulas)

Pl 3.39 Terracotta bangles (1:Hulas; 2:Alamgirpur; 3:Khurd;

4:Mukundpura;5:Johnmana-2; 6:Hilawari)

Pl 3.40 Copper objects (1:Alamgirpur; 2-3:Mukundpura;

4:Johnmana-2; 5:Sanauli; 6:Alamgirpur)

121
Pl 3.41 Terracotta wheel from Sanauli

Pl 3.42 Terracotta wheel

122
Pl. 3.43 Details of perforation of stone beads

Pl. 3.44 Details of perforation of faience beads

123
Pl. 3.45 Surface details of agate beads

Pl. 3.46 Surface details of faience beads

124
Pl. 3.47 Surface and section details of faience vase

Pl. 3.48 Glazing details of faience vase and bangle

Pl. 3.49 Glazing details of faience bangles

125
 Pl. 3.50 Section details of faience bangles

Pl. 3.51 Section details of faience bangles

Pl. 3.52 Copper Hoard harpoon from Sanauli

126
Pl. 3.53 Copper bangles from Sanauli

Pl. 3.54 Copper objects from Sanauli

127
Figure 3.5 Late Harappan pottery

128
Figure 3.6 Late Harappan pottery

129