JAPANESE

は／が の も
PARTICLES Indicate subjects by The Possessive Also / Too
coming after them Meanings: “Apostrophe S” & “of”

CHEAT
Meanings: “also” and “too” - it can also
emphasize “any”
Meanings: “is, am, are” Examples: *Makes something possessive, like saying “my
monkey,” “Jenny’s friend,” or “Bobby of Sony (i.e. Examples:

SHEET *One thing to know about は is that it’s not

pronounced “ha” but pronounced “wa”
は emphasizes what comes after it
わたし は がくせい です
I am a student (where は is “am” in this sentence)
Sony’s Bobby).”

Examples:
わたしも
Me too / Me also
が emphasizes what comes before it あの がくせい は ばか です
わたし の なまえ は こういち です ボッビーさん も アイキア に 行きます
わたし は こういち です: I am Koichi   That student is stupid  
My name is is Koichi Bobby also will go to Ikea
わたし が こういち です: I am Koichi
あなた は おもしろい です ボッビーさん の いぬ です なに も たべなかった
* The first example would be used when you’re
introducing yourself to someone, the second one You are interesting   It’s Bobby’s dog I didn’t eat anything
would be more like one of those movies where one
なに が たべたい？
person has the gun pointed at two identical
Source: tofugu.com What is it that you want to eat? 
targets, where they are saying “I am Koichi” and
“No, I’m Koichi!” The important (emphasized)
すし が すき です
part is the I portion, so you’d use が.
I like sushi / it is sushi that I like

1) Print on A4 with 100% scale 2) Fold along dashed lines ( ) 3) Cut along solid lines ( ) 4) Glue both sides together Restructured by Jerry V. (@mailsprower1)

を に へ で か、と、や、よ、ね

The Direct Object Movement and Time Emphasizing the Shows Context “Other” Particles
How it’s used: All it does is shows what the direct How it’s used: Used to show what an action is Destination Meaning: “By way of” / “at” か：Question marker - used on the end of a
object is. Used when you’re directly doing directed to, and also shows destinations, sentence to make a question, like a question mark!
How it’s used: This is a lot like the particle “ni” Can show how and where an action takes place.
something (the verb) to something (the object). directions, places, and time. Remember, when you と：Used to list nouns when you are listing
but emphasizes the destination. It’s more like
move you use your knees (ni) Examples: everything and you know everything on the list
Examples: “heading towards” than anything else (see
Examples: examples below) や：Used to list nouns when you aren’t listing
くるま で いきます
すし (object) を (particle) たべます (verb) everything, and maybe there are other things not
Examples: I went by Car 
Eat sushi わたし は にほん に いきます included.
I will go to Japan わたし は レストラン で たべた
わたし は Xbox を かいます にほん へ いきます ね：Sentence ender that gives an “isn’t it” feeling
I will buy an X-Box  ３じ に すし を たべます Heading towards Japan I ate at the restaurant used to receive agreement for what you’re saying.
At 3 o’clock I will eat sushi よ：Sentence ender that gives a “you know”
*Not used when you aren’t directly involved or
feeling, often when relaying new information.
responsible (i.e. “the radio is broken” vs. “I broke *Some Movement Verbs: いきます、きます、かえ
the radio” - the second one uses を)
ります、のります、のぼります、はいります