O N C O L O G Y

ALARA (As Long As Reasonably Achievable)

o Applicable to both chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
o Always starts with lowest dose.
CANCER
o Must be regarded as a group of disease entities with different causes, manifestation,
treatment and prognosis.
o Existence of tissue with no physiologic demand
o No cell signalling
o Can occur ages more than 65 years old.

FUCKING BIOLOGY OF THE CELL.

o CELL is the functional unit with organelles.
o No blood vessels.
FUCKING ORGANELLES.
1. Cell Membrane – covers the cell and separates internal and external environment.
- ‘’cellular envelope’’, gated and selectively permeable.
- Electrical gradient (or ILPI in Iligan City) contains SODIUM AND POTASSIUM
or the Ion Pumps.
o Ion pumps enter inside and out of the cell from food we
eat.
- Cell contains fats, lipids and cholesterol – which protects cell membrane
energizes sensory acts.
2. Nucleus – command center of the cell. ‘’brain-center’’
- With nuclear membrane that covers nucleus.
- Contains DNA - blue print
- Nuclear pores – DNA; out and RNA; in. (RNA is responsible/capable of the
transcription of DNA)
3. Cytoplasm – gelatinous material.
- Converts glucose into pyruvic acid. And into ATP which become energy.
- Accelerates chemical reaction inside cell.
- Maintains function and health of cell.
- Destroy bad substance to maintain functionality of cell.
4. Endoplasmic reticulum – capable of synthesizing hormones and enzymes but not in mature form
Rough - with ribosomes (site for protein synthesis)
Smooth – not possess by ribosomes.
Free ribosomes – not attached; and fucking floats.
5. Golgi complex. – packaging- packages the immature to mature form; from useful to better and useful
form.
6. Ribosomes - Ribosomes needs amino acid for protein synthesis. (types; essential (needed by the body
and nonessential ( within the body) amino acid (fatty acid) and convert them to protein.
- Structural unit of heredity.
7. Lysosomes – contains digestive enzymes ( abundant in GI tract. Digestive system)
- Upper GI – HCL (acidic)
- Lower GI - pancreatic enzyme and bile (alkaline)
- Responsible for phagocytosis (engulf) and pinocytosis (sip)
8. Peroxisomes – hydrogen peroxide – kills envaders/microbes (e.g aguaoxinada)
 Removal of charges or weakening of microbes.
  Endogenous (inside) exogenous (outside)
 Synthetic material.
Agua oxinada bubles, why? Because of oxidation (removal of charges) becomes weak.
- Do not make sobrag butang.
- Blood contains catalase makes bubbles.
- Anti-oxidant or for cleansing.
When betadine is over results to hypothyroidism –
Puvdone iodine – inhibits thyroid hormone.

Note: farmers used to eat cassava which make them prone to goiter. Why? Because cassava is GOITROGENIC
or substance that inhibits hormone production.
The thyroid over function so it enlarges to compensate with the body requirements because of low iodine. So
prescribe Iodize salt!! Eat iodine reach food or iodize salt.

9. Mitochondria – produces ATP.

- Powerhouse of the cell.
- ATP is synthesize (ATP is caloriegenic or gives heat)
- Converts ATP from pyruvic acid.
Normal Body temperature is 36.5 – 37.5. but why we have to maintain this?
- If not maintain, all system well be destroy
- It is required in metabolic temp. when temperature is not in range/demand
3 types of metabolism
Hypermetabolism ( decrease immune system, hyperthyroidism)
Hypometabolism ( if more metabolic)
Fever is hypermetabolisc because it increase breakdown of protein which results to convulsion. Convulsion
may affect mental performance of child.

Classification of metabolism – both must be equal.

Anabolic ( systhesis)
Catabolic (breakdown)

CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS AND CYTOKINESIS

Mitosis – mother cell duplicates and divide into 2 identical daughter cell.
- Contain chromosomes or the structural unit of heredity
- Applicable in organogenesis.

FUCKING STAGES.

PROPHASE – Early – disintegration of the membrane; membrane is intact

Late – without nuclear membrane with microtubules with mitotic spindle fibers (color blue)
spindle fibers – drags chromosomes and drags or align chromosomes.
- Beginning of alignment of chromosomes

METAPHASE – Alignment of chromosomes (total alignment)

ANAPHASE – forms x shapes to v shape
- EARLY - chromosomal separate.
- LATE – totally divided at opposite end
With cleavage furrow
TELOPHASE – Complete cell division/ total separation of cell equally.
INTERPHASE – interval Between telophase and prophase.

PHASES OF THE CELL CYCLE

G1– active cell formation; duplicate
- DNA is doubles, produce, dysenthesize.

S Phase - DNA cell; replicate and synthesize

G2 phase – cell continues to grow, enzyme formation and protein synthesis, replication co plete
M phase – mitotic activation (PMAT)
Cytokinesis –
G0 – resting phase.

G1 > S > G2 > M > cytokinesis.

Rapidly dividing cells: BIG SHOT B

1. Hair follicle
2. Skin
3. Gums and buccal area
4. Intestine layer due to peristalsis activity
5. Bone marrow
6. Ovary
7. Testicle.

CELLULAR ABERRATION
- Cellular proliferation
- Loss of contact inhibition – can synthesize more cells.
o Grows anywhere.
- Cell biology –cancer can synthesize protein and glucose
o Usually nuclei are large
o Attracts more growth factor.
Cancer cell – need glucose and protein
- Competes with normal getting of protein inglucose if not make his own.
- Nuclei of cancer cells are abnormall large
- Attract greater growth factor

CARCINOGENESIS – molecular process.

1. Initiation – exposure of normal cell to carcinogens ( chemical, physical and biologic microbes)
2. Promotion – repeated exposure to promoting agents
- Dose of promoter
- Innate chracteristics and genetic stability of the target cell.
3. Progression – cellular oncogenes.
- Cellular oncogenes
- cellular proto – oncogenes.
- Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)
- C-myc –
 Chromosomes
 Promising target for cancer drug.
 - Cell signalling protein – Kirsten Ras ( KRAS (colon) ; KRAS 2
(colon,pancreatic, lung) CPL
The role of p53 genes to human cell – protect system to avoid weaking
- Also a suppressor – or supress cancer development.

Top 10 causes of mortality.

1. Heart disease
2. Cancer
3. Vascular disease

Top 10 cancer
1. Prostate
2. Breast
3. Lung and bronchus.

Pathophysiology of cancer.
- Proliferative patterns
- Characteristic of malignant cell
 Tumor-specific antigen
1. CEA ( carcinoembryonic antigen)
2. PEA ( prostate-specific antigen)
(no cure onece inflammation.)
- Invasion and metastasis
Lymphatic and hematogenous spread -
Angiogenesis. –support tumor in delivering nutrients.

G1 – cells are metabolically active creates organelles small organ 8-19

-active cell formation, doubled
S phase – synthesis of dna, dna replication
G2- cellular growth of protein synthesis and enzyme fofmation 4-6
M phase- mitotis phase