Douba Et Al ACI Milwaukee Fracture

Nano Materials & SHM Laboratory
The University of New Mexico
A New Polymer Concrete with Improved

Fracture Resistance Using Carbon Nanotubes
Ala Eddin Douba1, Moneeb Genedy1, Rafiqul Tarefder1, and Mahmoud Reda Taha1
1 Department of Civil Engineering, University of New Mexico
ACI: Spring 2016| Milwaukee. The Concrete Convention and Exposition, April 16-20, 2016. 1
OVERVIEW
 Introduction and Motivation

 Materials
 Apparatus
 Results
 Conclusion
Introduction
Polymer Concrete (PC) is a flowable type of concrete utilizing epoxy
polymer binders along with selected aggregate filler
Bridge
Linear decks
drainage Bridge
overlays drainage
systems
systems
PC
Applications
Manholes Industrial
Machines tanks
foundations
Introduction
PC provide desired mechanical, chemical and physical properties
required in many applications.
Courtesy to ACI 548 Committee: Polymers & Adhesives in Concrete – ACI 548.5R: Guide for Polymer Concrete Overlays and Transpo
Inc.
Motivation
PC bridge decks overlays and machines foundations are often
subjected to cyclic loading.
Millions of loading cycles over its service life expose PC overlays to

fatigue cracking. Thus, its service life is highly affected by its
fracture toughness.
Our Goal is to engineer a new class of PC with significantly

improved fracture toughness and superior ductility.
Materials
Nanoparticles:
Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs):
Pristine MWCNTs Provided by Cheap-Tubes with 20-30 nm
outer diameter, 5-10 nm inner diameter, and an aspect ratio of
1000.
Nanomaterials in general provide a high surface area:
100-1000 m2 /g*
*S. Ganguli, H. Aglan, P. Dennig & G. Irvin. Effect of loading

and surface modification of MWCNTs on the fracture
behavior of epoxy nanocomposites. Journal of Reinforced
Plastics and Composites, 2006; 25(2), 175-188.
** Kohlenstoffnanoroehre Animation. Digital image.
Wikimedia, 29 Dec. 2004. Web. 10 May 2015.
*** Carbon_01. Digital image. Laser.gist.ac.kr. N.p., n.d. Web.
10 May 2015.
Nanocomposite Synthesis
2. Stirred at 110℃
for 2 hours with 3. Ultrasonication at
magnetic stirrer 60°C for 2 hours
1. Specific content
of nanoparticles is
added to the epoxy
4. Left to cool down
to room temperature
Polymer Concrete Production

Neat Resin
or
2.2 : 1
Filler
Hardener
PC
Mixes
Five specimens prepared for every test and heat
cured at 60℃ for 24 hours
Content (kg/m3)
Designation
Resin Hardener Filler MWCNTs
PC-Neat 0.00
PCNC-0.5 1.50
PCNC-1.0 300 130.6 1630 3.00
PCNC-1.5 4.50
PCNC-2.0 6.00
Flowability Test
2. Poured in 3. Each layer
two layers compacted
20 times
1. 70/100 mm diameter 5. 25 strikes applied and all

with 50mm height four diameters measured 4. Surface leveled
Apparatus
Three-point bending apparatus designed according to ACI-446:
Fracture Toughness Testing of Concrete .
Apparatus
Special Clip Mouth Opening Displacement (CMOD) gauge was
used for -2/ +12 mm measurements
Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics
Direct tension test
Three-point bending

L
P0 =mg 1− P1max =P′max +P0
2S
Pmax S P S
fp = fp1 = 1max
2Bb2 2Bb2
∆ CMOD 11.2 2.365
Ci = l1 =κD +
2 x2
∆P′ x2 −1
6𝑆𝑎0 2A
𝐸= 2
𝑉1 (𝛼0′ ) WF =WFm +
𝐶𝑖 𝐵𝐷 δR +δA
a +h 0.66 4D
α0 = 0 V1 α =0.8−1.7α+2.4α2 + + −0.04−0.58α+1.47α2 −2.04α3
D+h 1−α 2 S
2
4D 1 1 2ft
X= − w 1 =1000 l1
S (wM −wMA ) 2 (w −w ) 2 E
MR MA
W
P1 =X A+KX GF =1000 F
Bb

Bi-linear approximation given:
2
2 GF E
K1C
l≥ 2.5 =2.5
σy σy
Tension Test
 The tension test was performed according to
ASTM D638 with type III specimens of
thickness ≈ 10mm.
 Extensometer to capture strain at 0.0001
microstrain resolution.
 Load rate was at 3.75 mm/min.
Microstructural Analysis
Dynamic Modulus Analyzer (DMA) was used
to measure the level of crosslinking.
Crosslinking density(𝒆 ) represents the number
of moles of network chains per unit volume.
Clamp: three-point bending
Tg: using the Tan-Delta Peak approach
Temperature used: Tg + 50℃
Load conditions: 1 Hz and 3℃/min
𝐸′
e =
3𝑅𝑇
Test Samples
DMA Fracture test Tension test
RESULTS
Flowability
Tension Test
Load-CMOD
Bi-linear Approximation
PCNC-0.5
PCNC-1.0
PCNC-1.5
PCNC-2.0
PC-Neat
Value
The samples’
lowest
dimension is
E (GPa) 14.2 6.07 11.2 9.37 5.53
8 mm << l
→ LEFM is
GF (kN/m) 4.09 6.77 5.06 7.08 5.80
not applicable
𝜎𝑦 (MPa) 16.1 8.9 10.7 10.6 10.2
l (mm) 560 1287 1231 1490 772
Quasi-Brittle Fracture Mechanics

𝐶𝑇𝑂𝐷𝑐
𝐺1 = 𝐺1𝑐 + 𝜎 𝐶𝑂𝐷 𝑑(𝐶𝑂𝐷)
* 0
1 13𝑤𝑙 4 3𝑃𝑙 3 3 1 + υ 𝑃𝑙 9𝑃𝑙 2

𝐸(𝑃, 𝛿) = + + + 𝐹 𝛼𝑖
𝑏𝑑𝛿 32𝑑 2 4𝑑 2 4 2𝑑
Elastic Component
Shear Component
* Shah, S.P., Swartz, S.E., and Ouyang, C. 1995. Fracture mechanics of
concrete: applications of fracture mechanics to concrete, rock and other Cracking Component
quasi-brittle materials. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
Quasi-Brittle Fracture Mechanics
𝐾1𝑐 = 𝑔1 𝛼 𝜎𝑐 𝜋𝑎𝑐
2
𝐾1𝑐
𝐺1𝑐 =
𝐸
2
𝐽1𝑐 = 𝐴 − 𝐴𝑈𝑁
𝐻𝑐 𝑏 𝑁
Quasi-Brittle Analysis
Microstructural Analysis
Flexural
Crosslinking
Storage
Designation Tg (℃) Density
Modulus
(𝒎𝒐𝒍/𝒄𝒎𝟑 )
(MPa)
PC-Neat 44.48 2.06 4952.7
PCNC-0.5 39.98 2.98 3361.6
PCNC-2.0 52.17 4.89 2129.7
Conclusion
 A new generation of polymer concrete (PC) was produced using
MWCNTs suitable for bridge overlay systems.
 MWCNTs improved the fracture toughness of PC up to 85%
 The tensile strength of PC with MWCNTs decreased by 33-45%.
 PC with MWCNTs improved strain at failure by 242% - 516%
reaching up to 3.0%.
 Around 0.5 wt.% content of MWCNTs, there exist a tipping point from
which the influence of MWCNTs shift from nanoscale to reinforcement
effect.
 DMA showed than MWCNTs at low contents hinder the resin-hardener
reaction decreasing the crosslinking.
Acknowledgment
UNM Team
Amy Garner (MS student)
Mojgan Maadandar (MS student)
Ala Eldin Douba (MS Student)
Elisa Borowski (MS Student)
NicoleTrujillo (MS Student)
Sherif Aboubakr (PhD Student)
Rahulreddy Chennareddy (PhDStudent)
Moneeb Genedy (PhD student)
Dr. Arafat Khan
Southern Plain Transportation Center (SPTC) Dr. Mehmet Emiroglu
Thank you for your attention

Questions?
Materials
Young’s Tensile
Density
Material Modulus Strength
(g.cm-3)
(GPa) (GPa)
CNTs ~1000 ~100-200 ~0.7-1.7
Steel 210 1.3 7.8
Carbon fibers 230 3.5 1.75
 High aspect ratio

 Low density
 High stiffness and strength
 High surface area
*Eklund et al. “International Assessment Of Carbon Nanotube Manufacturing and

Applications: Final Report”, World Technology Evaluation Center, Inc., June 2007.
SEM
Neat 2.0 wt.% MWCNTs
SEM
SEM
SEM

Douba Et Al ACI Milwaukee Fracture

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Douba Et Al ACI Milwaukee Fracture

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Nano Materials & SHM Laboratory

The University of New Mexico

A New Polymer Concrete with Improved

 Introduction and Motivation

Millions of loading cycles over its service life expose PC overlays to

Our Goal is to engineer a new class of PC with significantly

*S. Ganguli, H. Aglan, P. Dennig & G. Irvin. Effect of loading

Polymer Concrete Production

1. 70/100 mm diameter 5. 25 strikes applied and all

Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics

Direct tension test

Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics

Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics

DMA Fracture test Tension test

Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics

l (mm) 560 1287 1231 1490 772

Quasi-Brittle Fracture Mechanics

1 13𝑤𝑙 4 3𝑃𝑙 3 3 1 + υ 𝑃𝑙 9𝑃𝑙 2

Quasi-Brittle Fracture Mechanics

Thank you for your attention

 High aspect ratio

*Eklund et al. “International Assessment Of Carbon Nanotube Manufacturing and

Neat 2.0 wt.% MWCNTs

Neat 2.0 wt.% MWCNTs

Neat 0.5 wt.% MWCNTs

Neat 0.5 wt.% MWCNTs

S-ar putea să vă placă și