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1) A diagonal member of truss made of double angles placed back to back (2L-76x76x9.5) is
subjected to a service design tensile force of 150kN. The member shall be connected to the
bottom-chord made of structural-tee by means of one line of 16mm diameter bolts directly
without connecting-plate as shown below. Design the proper bolted-connection between
diagonal and bottom-chord member. Use A-36 steel ( F y 250MPa & Fu 400MPa) for
truss members and A-325X bolts. Assume bearing type connection.
150 kN
2 L 76 76 9.5
t w 12mm
100 mm
Solution
-Allowable stresses of bolt for shear and bearing,
Fa , s 205 N mm 2 ( from table) &
2
Fa ,l 1.5 Fu 1.5 400 600 N mm
-For one L-76x76x9.5 section A 1361mm 2 , t 9.5mm
-then, design joint load,
-therefore, Pa 82.435 kN
Pjo int 204.15
-number of bolts required, n 2.485 3 bolts
Pa 82.15
-Therefore, use 3-16mm diameter A-325X bolts in one row
1
or, An 0.85 Ag 0.85 ( 2 1361) 2313.7 mm 2 therefore,
2
An 2313.7 mm
-and, Ane An 2313.7 mm
2
-then,
Ta (0.5Fu ) . Ane (0.5 400) 2313.7 462.74 103 N 462.74kN T ( given) 150kN
--ok!
2) Four members of roof truss joining at joint ‘O’ is given along with internal forces in each
members as shown below. Design the riveted-connections if the members are connected by
20mm diameter rivets through 12mm thick gusset-plate. The lower chord members are made
of double angles placed back to back while the diagonal and vertical members are single angles.
Use A-36 steel ( F y 250MPa & Fu 400MPa) for truss members and A-502 grade-1
rivets.
B
L-64x64x6.4
56kN (T) C
112kN (T)
L-76x76x9.5
Solution
-Allowable stresses of rivet for shear and bearing,
Fa , s 120 N mm 2 ( from table ) &
Fa ,l 1.5 Fu 1.5 400 600 N mm 2
i) Joint between member-OB and gusset-plate
-For L-64x64x6.4 section A 768mm 2 , t 6.4mm
-then, design joint load,
T ( given) 56 kN
Pjo int 3
0.5 (0.6Fy A) 0.5 0.6 250 768 57.6 10 N 57.6 kN
-thus, Pjo int 57.6 kN
-capacity of one rivet (single shear-plane),
-for rivet-shear:
Pa , s Fa , s Ar 120 ( 202 / 4) 37.699 103 N 37.699kN
2
-for bearing stress:
Pa ,l Fa ,l ( d r tangle ) 600 ( 20 6.4) 76.8 103 N 76.8 kN
-therefore, Pa 37.699 kN
Pjo int 57.6
-number of rivets required, n 1.53 2 rivets
Pa 37.699
-Therefore, use 2-20mm diameter A-502 grade-1 rivets in one row
3
-For details of joint (assuming the same specification given bolts connection):
-Edge distance, C1 2d b 2 20 40 mm take C1 40 mm
-Spacing of rivets, C4 3d b 3 20 60 mm take C4 60 mm
-check, capacity of each section of members for tension considering rivet holes!
V=265kN beam
column
W 310 79 W 460 74
55 mm
85 mm
l jo int 280 mm
85 mm
55 mm
angle plates
2 L 76 76 t p ?
Solution
-Allowable stresses of bolts for shear and bearing,
Fa , s 150 N mm 2 ( from table ) &
2
Fa ,l 1.5 Fu 1.5 400 600 N mm
a) Connection between web of beam and connecting angle-plate (double shear-plane)
-Angle-plates are made of L-76x76xt: t p ?
-Beam section is made of W-460x74: t w 9.1mm, t f 14.5mm, & d 457mm
-then, design joint load,
4
-Therefore, use 3-20mm diameter A-325N bolts in one column line
5
-therefore, langle plate 200 mm
e) Check length and thickness of angle-plates for shear
V 265 103
fs 138 N mm2 Fs 0.4 Fy 0.4 250 100 N mm2
2t angle langle 2 4.8 200
--not adequate!
-therefore, increase either length or thickness of angle-plate proportionally.
-thus, the required length of angle-plate,
138
langle 200 mm 276 mm 428 mm --take
100
langle 280 mm
4) Determine the spacing required for two-lines of 20mm diameter A-325X bolts used to
connect the cover-plate for compound beam section (made of W-530x92 with two cover-plates,
2PL-405x19) as shown below. The maximum shear-force developed in the beam,
Vmax 535kN under service design load of beam. W-section and cover-plates are made of
A-36 steel ( F y 250MPa & Fu 400MPa) . Assume bearing type connection.
PL 405mm 19mm
19 mm
19 mm
PL 405mm 19mm
Solution
-Allowable stresses of bolts for shear and bearing,
Fa , s 205 N mm 2 ( from table) &
2
Fa ,l 1.5 Fu 1.5 400 600 N mm
405 193
I x 554 106 2 2 405 19 276 2 1726.3486 106 mm 4
12
-and, shear-flow between cover-plate and flange of W-section,
q
V.Q
V . Ap . y
535 103 19 405 276
658.177 N mm
Ix Ix 1726.3486 106
-allowable bolt strength per bolt using two lines of bolts (single shear-plane),
-for bolt-shear:
Pa , s 2 Fa , s Ab 2 205 ( 202 / 4) 128.8053 103 N 128.8053kN
-for bearing stress:
Pa ,l 2 Fa ,l db t f ) 2 600 20 15.6 374.4 103 N 374.4 kN
-therefore, Pa 128.8053 kN --thus, the required spacing of two lines of bolts
6
Pa 128.8053 103
sbolt 195.7 mm smax 300 mm (det er min ed as bottom)
q 658.177
smin 3d b 3 20 60 mm
-Maximum allowable spacing of bolts used in outside plates of built-up sections is smallest of:
334 334
t p 19 401mm
smax yF 250
300 mm
-therefore, use two-lines of 20mm diameter A-325X bolts at spacing of 195 mm c/c
5) Check adequacy of bracket-connection shown below assuming bearing type connection, if
25mm diameter A-325N bolts are used for the connection. Bracket-plate is made of A-36 steel
( F y 250 MPa & Fu 400MPa) . Thickness of bracket plate is 12mm. The connection
between bracket-plate and flange of column is made by bolt pattern and spacing shown on
figure with single shear plane.
e P 110 kN
125 mm
150 mm
125 mm
60 mm
4 1
75 mm t p 12mm 75 mm
5 2
75 mm c.g 75 mm c.g y ?
6 3
60 mm
x ?
Solution
-Allowable stresses of bolts for shear and bearing,
Fa , s 150 N mm 2 ( from table ) &
Fa ,l 1.5 Fu 1.5 400 600 N mm 2
-centroid of bolt group
x 125 / 2 62.5 mm & y 75 mm
-then, sum of square of distance of all bolts from centroid,
d i
2
x 2
i
yi2 6 62.52 2 0 2 4 752 45937.5 mm2
7
M . yi 23375 yi
Pm, x 0.50884 yi
( xi2 yi2 ) 45937.5
M . xi 23375 xi
Pm, y 0.50884xi
( xi2 yi2 ) 45937.5
-maximum bolt force due to moment is obtained at bolts located at furthest distance from
centroid of bolt group. Therefore, maximum bolt force is found at bolt-1, and bolt-3 at
distance from centroid of bolt group, x 62.5 mm & y 75 mm
P P
-substituting into equation of m, x and m, y ,
Pm, x 0.50884 yi 0.50884 75 38.163 kN
and, Pm, y 0.50884 xi 0.50884 62.5 31.803 kN
-then, resultant bolt force at critical bolt-1, and bolt-3,
--ok!
b) Check adequacy of connection for bearing stress between shank of bolts and plate.
-bearing stress developed between shank of bolts and plate (single shear plane),
P1, 3 63.008 103
fl 210 N mm 2 Fa , l 600 N mm 2
d b .t p 25 12
--ok!
c) Check adequacy of connection for bending of plate at forward bolt line.
-area moment of inertial plate section considering area of bolt holes,
12 2703
I x, p 2 (12 25) 752 16.308 106 mm4
12
-then, the corresponding section-modulus of plate section, 25 mm
75 mm
I x, p 6
16.308 10 270 mm 25 mm
S x, p 120.8 103 mm3 75 mm
cy 270 / 2 25 mm
-moment due to eccentric load at forward bolt line,
M ' ( P . e ' ) 110 kN 0.15 m 16.5 kN m t p 12 mm
-then, check bending stress developed in plate,
beam
W 250 67
(t w 8.9 mm) 8
( F y 250 MPa & Fu 400MPa) and bearing type connection. Use bolt pattern and
spacing as shown below.
column V=30kN
M=10kN-m
25mm
stiffner 70
plate 70mm
25
60mm
angle plates
2 L 102 102 9.5
Solution
-Allowable stresses of bolts for shear and bearing,
Fa , s 150 N mm 2 ( from table) &
2
Fa ,l 1.5 Fu 1.5 400 600 N mm
-sum of square of distance of all bolts from centroid,
d i
2
x 2
i
yi2 6 302 2 02 4 702 25000 mm2
M . xi 10 103 kN mm 30 mm
Pm, y 12 kN
(x 2
i yi2 ) 25000 mm 2
-then, resultant bolt force at critical bolt-1, and bolt-3,
2
P1, 3 Pm , x ( Ps Pm , y ) 2 282 (5 12) 2 33.757 kN
-by equating strength of one bolt with resultant critical bolt force (double shear-plane),
-for bolt-shear:
Pa , s Fa , s 2 Ab 150 2 ( d b / 4) P1, 3 33.757 103 N
2
2
235.62db 33.757 103
db 11.97 mm
-for bearing stress:
Pa , l Fa , l ( d b t w ) 600 ( d b 8.9) P1, 3 33.757 103 N
5340d b 33.757 103
d b 6.32 mm
d b 11 .97 mm (l arg er value control )
-Therefore, use 6-12mm diameter A-325N bolts with given bolt pattern and spacing
7) For given the tension-shear connection shown below, determine the maximum allowable load
that can supported by hangers to column connection through bracket-plate made of tee-section.
9
Connection between bracket-plate and flange of column are made by 10- two lines of 25mm
diameter A-325X bolts. Assume bearing type connection.
bracket-plate
(tee-section)
hanger
(double- angles)
400
P?
Solution
-Allowable stresses of bolts for shear and tension (from table),
Fs 205 N mm 2 & Ft 303 N mm 2
-stresses developed in bolts in terms joint-load ( Ab 252 / 4 490.87mm 2 & n=10)
P. sin 400 P .sin 400
fs 130.948 10 6 P
n . Ab 10 490.87
P. cos 400 P . cos 400
& ft 156.057 10 6 P
n . Ab 10 490.87
-using simplified stresses-interaction equation for tension-shear connection (AISC)
f t 380 1.4 f s Ft 303 N mm2
-substituting f s & f s ,
156.057 106 P 380 1.4 130.948 10 6 P
6
339.3842 10 P 380
P 1119 .675 103 N 1119.675 kN
-check stresses in the bolts,
f s 130.948 106 P 130.948 106 1119.675 103 146.619 N mm2 Fs 205 N mm2
--ok!
&
f t 156.057 106 P 156.057 106 1119.675 103 174.733 N mm2 Fs 303 N mm2
--ok!
-check stresses-interaction equation for tension-shear connection (AISC)
2 2
fs ft
1 .0
F F
s t
2 2
146.619 174.733
0.844 1.0 --ok!
205 303
-therefore, P 1119.675 kN
10
8) Determine the maximum allowable load that can be supported by bracket connection shown
below made by 8- two lines of 20mm diameter A-325X bolts. Bolted-connection is subjected
to combined shear and tension caused by moment. Assume bearing type connection.
P?
75mm 40 75 / 2
40mm f t , max 26.87 10 6 P
75mm 77.5 mm
152.5 mm 13.21 10 6 P
75mm 305 mm
75mm 152.5 mm
40mm f c , max 26.87 10 6 P
b 2 90mm 180 mm
2 L 125 90 13
90mm 90mm Contact stresses
Contact plate area
due to moment
Solution
-Allowable stresses of bolts for shear and tension (from table),
Fs 205 N mm 2 & Ft 303 N mm 2
-shear stress developed in bolts in terms joint-load ( Ab 202 / 4 314.16mm 2 & n=8)
P P
fs 397.9 10 6 P
n . Ab 8 314.16
-assuming initial-tension in the bolts (no separation of plate), maximum tension stress at top-most
bracket angle-plate due to moment in term of contact area of angle-plate (b=180mm & h=305mm),
M
f t , max
S x, p
b . h2 180 3052
where S x, p 2790.75 103 mm3 &
6 6
M P . e 75 P
75 P
f t , max 3
26.87 10 6 P
2790.75 10
-and, tension stress due to moment half-way between top-most bolts and next bolts,
f t 13.21 10 6 P
-then, tensile force which is resisted by the top most two bolts,
Tm f t , avg for two bolts Atributary area of plate
(13.21 26.87)
Tm 10 6 (180 77.5) 0.279558P
2
-and, nominal tensile stress in the top two bolts,
Tm 0.279558P
ft 444.9 10 6 P
2 Ab 2 314.16
11
P 379.257 103 N 379.257 kN
-check stresses in the bolts,
f s 397.9 106 P 397.9 106 379.257 103 150.9 N mm2 Fs 205 N mm2
--ok!
&
f t 444.9 106 P 444.9 106 379.257 103 168.73 N mm 2 Fs 303 N mm 2
--ok!
-check stresses-interaction equation for tension-shear connection (AISC)
2 2
fs ft
F F 1 .0
s t
2 2
150.9 168.73
0.852 1.0 --ok!
205 303
-therefore, P 379.275 kN
Exercise: Reanalyze the same bracket connection assuming friction-type connection (T b=141kN
for 20mm diameter bolts).
Exercise Problems
12
1)The truss member made of 2C-310x37 placed back to back connected to a 25mm thick gusset-
plate by two lines of bolts as shown below. How many 22mm diameter A-325X bolts are
required to develop the full design tension load capacity of the member. Assume bearing type
connection. Channel section is made of A-36 steel ( F y 250MPa & Fu 400MPa) .
Ans.: 9 or 10 bolts.
Ta
2) Design a beam framing connection for a floor-beam made of W-360x45 to frame into a floor-
girder made of W-460x74. Floor-beam carries a uniform service design load of (dead + live) =
36.5 kN m excluding own weight over span of l 5.5 m . Beam sections and angle-
plates are made of A-36 steel ( F y 250MPa & Fu 400MPa) . Connection is made
through four angle- plates (4L-102 x 102 x t p?). Use 19mm diameter A-325 bolts. Assume
friction-type connection.
Ans.: 2 bolts between web of beam and angle-plate, 2 bolts between angle-plates and web of
girder, langle 150 mm , and t angle 6.4Girder
mm .
W 460 74
L 102 102 t p
beam W 360 45
l angle ?
3) Determine the number of 19mm diameter A-325X bolts required in the angles and in the
flange of W-section of column as shown below if bearing-type connection is assumed. Double
angle section is subjected to direct-tension. While flange of W-section of column is subjected
to combined action of shear and tension.
Ans.: 5 bolts in angles and 8 bolts in flanges of W-section of column.
W-460x95
Tee-section
(tw=22mm)
2-vertical rows
of bolts 2L-127x76x12.7
3
4 T = 500kN
13