Chung Kit Man Peter 1981 MEng

BENDING MOMENTS AND DEFORMATIONS OF
THIN ELASTIC CONICAL SHELLS ON
EULER-WINKLER ELASTIC FOUNDATION
by
KIT MAN PETER CHUNG
B.Sc. (.QUEEN's), P. Eng. _
A PROJECT REPORT
SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS · FOR THE
DEGREE MASTER OF ENGINEERING
McMASTER UNIVERSITY
HAMILTON, ONTARIO
1981
MASTER OF ENGINEERING ( 1981) McMASTER UNIVERSITY
(CIVIL ENGINEERING/ENGINEERING HAMILTON, ONTARIO
MECHANICS)
TITLE: BENDING MOMENTS AND DEFORMATIONS OF CONICAL
SHELL ON EULER-WINKLER ELASTIC FOUNDATION.
AUTHOR: KIT MAN PETER CHUNG, B.Sc. (QUEEN'S), P. Eng.
SUPERVISOR: Dr. GUNHARD AE. ORAVAS, P. Eng.
NUMBER OF PAGES: 162
SCOPE AND CONTENTS:
Various analytical methods for studying the behaviour of shallow
, on Euler-Winkler elastic foundation are presented.

conical shells
To account for the nature of concrete and the geometric
properties of the shallow conical shell, Poisson's ratio and certain
radial and circumferential deformations of the middle surface are
neglected in deriving the basic differential equation. Analytical
methods employed in the solution of this shell problem are the GECKELER
and asymptotic types of approximations.
The presentations of various methods of analysis are made for
a representative case of dimensions and loadings of the conical shell
to make them as applicable as possible to the cases of thin conical
shell commonly encountered in industry.
The shell structure studied is a tank in the form of a
rotationally symmetrical cylindrical shell supported by a shallow
conical shell foundation. The construction joint between the conical
shell and the cylindrical shell is either monolithic or hinged.
ii
The analytical results of this water tank supported on Euler-
Winkler elastic found ation are compared with the corresponding findings
of W. Flligge, who assumed a uniform soil bearing pressure acting on the
conical shell structure.
The method of analysis which possesses obvious advantages over the
other methods studied is selected to examine the effect of different
el as tic stiffness coefficients of the soil. The validity of
simplifying the soil bearing pressure to a uniform distribution by most
d esigne~s can consertuently be studied by comparing it to th e bearing
pressures of an ideal elastic soil which is postulated to react to its
deformation like a bed of independent elastic springs.
s :;o'
CONCRETE
WATER LEVEL h:tz" CYLINDRICAL
SHELL
"'
<i
~
II
0
~
s
-0
CONCRETE
-ll'
ti
CONICAL
SHELL
NON-MONOLITHIC MONOLITHIC
JOI NT DETAIL JOINT DETAIL
Meridional Cross-Section of Water Tank
iii
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT . . . . ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v
CONTENTS . . . . • vi
LIST OF FIGURES viii
NOTATIONS AND DEFINITIONS x
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION . 1
CHAPTER II: STRESSES IN CONICAL SHELL SUPPORTED ON EULER

WINKLER ELASTIC FOUNDATION
2.1 EULER-WINKLER ELASTIC FOUNDATION . . . 4
2.2 STRESSES AND STRAI NS IN ELASTIC SHELL

OF ROTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF THE CONCRETE

CC{'JI CAL SHE LL ON EULER-WINKLER ELASTIC
FOUNDATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
CHAPTER III: SOLUTIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF THE

CONICAL SHELL ON EULER-WINKLER ELASTIC
FOUNDATION
3.1 APPROXIMATE COMPLEMENTARY SOLUTIONS
3.1.1 GECKELER TYPE OF APPROXIMATION 16

3.1.2 BAUERSFELD-GECKELER TYPE OF
APPROXIMATION . . . . . 19
3.1.3 ASYMPTOTIC SOLUTION FOR LARGE
ARGUMENT s 22
3.2 PARTICULAR SOLUTION 29
CHAPTER IV: SOLUTIONS OF CONICAL SHELL UNDER UNIFORM SOIL

BEARI NG PRESSURE AND OF ROTATIONALLY
SYMMETRICAL CYLINDRICAL SHELL UNDER
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
4 .1 TRANSFORMED EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS 33
4. 2 COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS FOR SYMMETRICAL

DEFO~\IATION OF THE ROTATIONAL SHELL 34
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author owes many thanks to Dr. G. AE. Oravas for his guidance,
encouragement and inspiration.
Partial financial assistance from ACRES Consulting Services Ltd.
is appreciated.
His parents, his eldest brother, Dr. C. M. Chung, and his wife,
Evelyn, who also typed the manuscript, deserve the author's sincerest
thanks.
v
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT . . . . ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v
CONTENTS . . . . vi
LIST OF FIGURES viii
NOTATIONS AND DEFINITIONS x
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER II: STRESSES IN CONICAL SHELL SUPPORTED ON EULER

WINKLER ELASTIC FOUNDATION
2.1 EULER-WINKLER ELASTIC FOUNDATION . . . 4
2.2 STRESSES AND STRAINS IN ELASTIC SHELL

OF ROTATION . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF THE CONCRETE

FOUNDATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
CHAPTER III: SOLUTIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF THE

FOUNDATION
3 .1 .1 GECKELER APPROXIMATION 16
3.1. 2 BAUERSFELD-GECKELER
APPROXIMATION 19
3.1.3 ASYMPTOTIC SOLUTION FOR LARGE
ARGUMENT s 22
3.2 PARTICULAR SOLUTION 29
CHAPTER IV: SOLUTION OF CONICAL SHELL UNDER UNIFORM SOIL

BEARING PRESSURE AND OF ROTATIONALLY
SYMMETRICAL CYLINDRICAL SHELL UNDER
4.1 TRANSFORMED EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS 33
4.2 COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS FOR SYMMETRICAL

DEFORMATION OF THE ROTATIONAL SHELL 34
vi
4.3 MEMBRANE THEORY OF ROTATIONALLY SYMMETRICAL
SHELL .
35
4.4 SOLUTIONS OF THE CONICAL SHELL UNDER
UNIFORM SOIL BEARING PRESSURE . .

36
4.5 SOLUTIONS OF ROTATIONALLY SYMMETRICAL
CYLINDRICAL SHELL SUBJECT TO HYDROSTATIC
PRESSURE .
42
CHAPTER V: CASE STUDY: WATER TANK
5.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM 46
5. 2 WATER TANK WITH MONOLITHIC JOINT
5.2.1 THE CONICAL SHELL SUPPORTED BY THE
EULER-WINKLER ELASTIC FOUNDATION 48
5.2.2 THE CONICAL SHELL SUPPORTED BY A
UNIFORM SOIL BEARING PRESSURE
FOUNDATION (W. FLVGGE'S SOLUTION) 61
5.2.3 EFFECTS OF FOUNDATION STIFFNESS 76
5.2.4 SOIL BEARING PRESSURE . 76
5.3 WATER TANK WITH NON-MONOLITHIC JOINT 78
CHAPTER VI: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 81
BIBLIOGRAPHY 87
APPENDIX I: HISTORICAL NOTES: THEORY OF SHELLS 93
APPENDIX II: HISTORICAL NOTES: ASYMPTOTIC SOLUTION 102
APPENDIX III: COMPUTER PROGRAMME AND CALCULATED RESULTS 111
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
2.1 Stress Resultants and Couples . . 6
2.2 Middle Surface Element Subject to Stress
Resultants and Surface Tractions 8
2.3 Middle Surface Element Subject to the Stress

Couples and Transverse Shear Stress Resultants 9
2.4 Meridional Section of the Middle Surface of the
Conical Shell with Co-ordinate s . . . . .

11
2.5 Meridional Section of the Middle Surface of the
Conical Shell with Displacements and Rotation
Conventions . .
12
3.1 Conical Shell: Meridional Section with
Co-ordinates s and I; . . . . 22
4.1 Me ridi onal Se ction of a Coni ca l Shell 36
4.2 The Longitudinal Section of a Cylindrical Shell 42
5.1 Section of Water Tank 47
5.2 Water Tank on Elastic Foundation 49
5.3 Boundary Forces: Cylindrical Shell Section 51
5.4 Boundary Moment: Cylindrical Shell Section 52
5.5 Boundary Forces and Moments: Meridional Section
of the Conical Shell 54
5.6 Approximate Solutions 59
5.7 Second Order Asymptotic Solution 60
5.8 Water Tank on Uniformly Varying Soil Bearing
Pressure Foundation . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.9 Boundary Forces: Meridional Section of the
Conical Shell (Fltigge's Approximation) 64
5.10 Boundary Moments: Meridional Section of the
Conical Shell (FlUgge's Approximation) 66
5.11 Soil Pressure Distribution 68
viii
FIGURE 5.12 Stress Couples: Monolithic Joint, 2nd Order
Asymptotic Solution and Flugge Approximation 70
5.13 Transverse Shear Stress Resultant: Monolithic

Joint, 2nd Order Asymptotic Solution and Flugge
Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.14 Horizontal Displacements: Monolithic Joint, 2nd
Order Asymptotic Solution and Flugge
Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.15 Normal Displacements: Monolithic Joint, 2nd

Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.16 Rotations: Monolithic Joint, 2nd Order

Asymptotic Solution and Flugge Approximation 74
5.17 Meridional Stress Resultant and Circumferential
Stress Resultant: Monolithic Joint, Flugge
Approximation 75
5 .18 Total Soil Bearing Pressure 77
5.19 Soil Bearing Pressure: Monolithic Joint, 2nd

Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.20 Edge Joints: Stress Couples, Well-Graded Gravel

El as tic Foundation, 2nd Order Asymptotic
Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
ix
NOMENCLATURE
A = Surface Area or Constant
A,a,B,b,C,c Constants
D = Bending Stiffness Modulus of Shell
d Depth of Cylindrical Shell
E = Modulus of Elasticity
F,H = Force
h = Thickness of the Shell
i Imaginary Number, ~
k Foundation Stiffness Constant
L Meridional Length of Conical Shell
M88 = Circumferential Stress Couple
Mss =Mcpcp Meridional Stress Couple
Nss=NH = Meridional Stress Resultant
n Variable
= Force
= Transverse Shear Stress Resultant
= Radii
S,s Co-ordinates
u = 8
r Q ~z ' Dependent Variable
u,v,w = Displacement Component
x,y,z Co-ordinates
= Constant
= Density
= Horizontal Displacement
x
E: = Strain or Variable
n Variable
8 = Circumferential Co-ordinate
K Extensional Stiffness of Shell
/.. = Damping Coefficient of Conical Shell

A' = Damping Coefficient of Cylindrical Shell
CJ, T = Stress
\) = POISSON's Ratio
ct> Angle
qi Variable
Xee Curvature Change of the Circumference
1 dx Curvature Change of the Meridian

X<t><t> r-dct>
ijJ Angle
xi
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Even for the simplest types of shells, general solutions for the
associated differential equations are fairly complicated. Assumptions
are often made to simplify the differential equations and to facilitate
the i nt egrations by approximations. Simplifications are further
justified on the ground that the minimum concrete thickness is often
controlled by the construction practice, by the buckling properties of
the shell, by the minimum reinforcement, and by the temperature and
shrinkage requirements.
Thin shell analysis is commonly based on the following assumptions :
(l} The material is homogeneous, isotropic, and linearly elastic.
(2} The syst em behaves according to the small-deflection theory, which
essentially requires that the deflection under the load be small
enough so that changes in the shell geometry do not alter the static
equilibrium. The usual measure of validity for this criterion is
that the transverse displacements of the shell be small compared
with the thickness of the shell.
(3) Only static loading and static structural responses are considered.
Many designers further simplify the situation by assuming that the
soil bearing pressure is uniformly distributed. This assumption

,
implies that the ground is similar to a bed of linearly elastic springs
whereas the shell is infinitely rigid. The validity of such an
assumption is very doubtful, especially in the vicinity of the
boundaries where the effects of the edge loads and edge displacements
are particularly pronounced. A study of this question mi ght clarify
some aspects of this problem.
Based on various considerations, a number of differential
equations for shallow conical shells have been suggested.
The most simplified form of the solution is to consider the
shallow conical shell similar to a circular plate in its structural
behaviour. The longitudinal element of the conical shell can be
regarded as a beam of linearly varying width supported on elastic
foundation. The resulting fourth order differential equation has
the form:
d2 2
(EI d v) + bkv = 0
dx 2 dx 2
where E is the modulus of elasticity, I is the moment of inertia,
k is the foundation stiffness, and b is the variable width of the beam.
Though this differential equation is not difficult to solve, its
assumption limits its application to very shallow conical shells.
The most general form of the differential equation for the shallow
conical shell can be derived from the first and second fundamental
linear shallow shell equations of KARL MARGUERRE:
17 4 F + Eh17 4 = 0
k
where 17 and Ilk are the two-dimensional differential operators, D is the
bending stiffness modulus, E is the modulus of elasticity, F is the
stress function, h is the thickness of the shell, p is the normal load,

z
and w is the transverse displacement of the shell.
3
These two equations ought to be reduced to a shallow conical shell
differential equation of the eighth order, but it is apparent that the
diff erential equation of such high order is extremely difficult to
establish and to solve. Therefore it is more appropriate to
establish the simplified differential equation for the shallow conical
shells directly from the special equations for rot ationally symmetrical
shells.
CHAPTER II
STRESSES IN CONICAL SHELL SUPPORTED ON
2.1 EULER-WINKLER ELASTIC FOUNDATION
Euler-Winkler elastic foundation makes the assumption that each
point of the soil exerts an independent reaction on the foundation.
This means that the foundation is made out of discrete linear springs
and does not represent a linearly elastic continuum. One spring and
its deformation exerts no effect on the neighbouring springs. This
assumption, while ignoring the shearing stiffness of the foundation,
provides a great simplification to the extremely complicated soil
compression problem.
The reactive pressure exerted by the load can be given by means of
Euler-Winkler soil stiffness coefficient, k, and displacement,
w: pf = -kw. The hypothesis of the Euler-Winkler foundation is
fairly accept able for sandy soils, but is not well adaptable to clayey
soils. To determine the elastic stiffness constant, small plates are
loaded with a weight P in order to measure the displacement of the
plate, ask= P/(Aw) where A is the area of the plate. It is
apparent that the perimetral shear effect is considerable because k
changes when larger plates are used in this loading test. For cl ayey
soils, the situation is further complicated by varying soil
inhomogeneities and by plastic flow, slips in soil grains, and many
other fortuitous properties.
As an approximate preliminary design criterion, the Euler-Winkler
4
s
foundation can be used with profit. However, it should be noted that
a soil with shearing stiffness would stretch out the boundary
disturbance zone of the conical shell.
2.2 STRESSES AND STRAINS I N ELASTIC SHELL OF ROTATION*
A shell can be considered a naturally curved thin plate. This
definition implies that the thickness of the thin shell is small
compared with its other two dimensions, but it does not require that the
shell be made of an elastic material. We generally assume that the
material is elastic according to Hooke's law.
The stress acting in a shell can be expressed by a system of str ess
resultants with respect to the middle surface. If the shell is
sufficiently thin and the equilibrium condition due to elasticity holds,
the equilibrium problem of the shell can be ma de equi po llent to the
equilibrium problem of the middle surface.
The derivations of stresses and strains in the shell of rotation
can be found in numerous standard works: (1), (2), (3). They are
therefore not elaborated here. The following is a summary of all the
forc es and moments exerting on a she ll el ement to serve as a background
for developing the equilibrium equations.
*For a critical historical review of the rotational shell theory,

see APPE NDIX I.
6
------=-shell element
a, stresses ··
p, external load ·
N,Q, stress resultants
M, stress couples
FIG. 2.1 Stress Resultants and Stress Couples ·
Force Components
Transverse Shear Stress Resultants:
z-component:
z-compo nent:
7
Circumfer ential Stres s Resultants:
Nee: r adi a l component:
x-component:
y-component:
z-component:
Meridional Stress Resultants:
Ncpcp: y-component: dcpde (a(.N cpcp r) I acp)
z-component: dcpdeN cpcp r
Shear Stress Resultants:
N . x-component: dcpdeNcpercpcoscp
e cp.
y - component: dcpde(d(N r ) I ae)

e cp cp
N x-component: dcpde(a(N r)/Clcp)

cpe cp 8
Moment Components:
Moment Resultants:
Mee= x-component: dcpdeMeercpcoscp
y-component: dcpde CaM I ae) r

ee cp
M x-component: -dcp de ( 'dM cpcp / Clr cp )

cpcp
M x-component : dcp deM cprcpcoscp

e cp 8
y-component: -dcpd e CGX.M cper) I acp)
z- component : -dcp deM r

cpe
8
Moment Components of Forces:
x-compon.e.nt: 0
y-component: 0
x-component: dcj>d8rcj/Qcj>
y-component: 0
x-component: 0
y-component: -dcj>d8rrcj>QBz
z-component: dcj> d9rr</>NB</>
z-component: -dcj>d8rr<l>Nc/> 8
In all cases infinitesimals of the third order are neglected as
comparatively insignificant in equations of equilibrium.
FIG. 2.2 Middle Surface Element Subject to Stress Resultants and

Surface Tractions
9
FIG. 2.3 Middle Surface Element Subject to the Stress Couples and
Transverse Shear Stress Resultants
Local Force Equilibrium Condi tion
aNee a (rNcj> 6 )
EF x : r-- + + r cj> cose N6 Q ez + rrcppe 0 (2-1)
cp ae Cl cj>
a (r~cj>cj>) aN 6 cj>
EF y Clcj> + rep as - r cj> cos cj>N 66 - rQ cj>z + rr cpP cj> = 0 (2-2)
aQez a (rQcj>z)
EF r--+ + rcpsincj> N + rNcj>cj> + rrcj>pz = 0 (2-3)
z cl> a e Clcj> 66
Local Moment Equilibrium Condition
x-component (moment about x-axis):
(2-4)
10
y-component (moment about y-axis):
aMee
r-- - (2-5)
~ ae
z-component (moment about z-axis) :
0 (2-6)
Equilibrium Equations for Rot ationally Symmetrical Coni cal Shell
If LOVE's First Approximation for thin shells applies,
For rotationally
s ymmetri cal loading,
and
Q8 z =0 from (2-1).
The rema ining equations from (2 - 1) to (2 --6 ) are :
The s oil reac tion is pf =-kw, and the tangential traction p~ = 0.
As PO I SSON 's ratio for concrete i s negli gibly small, M ~ v M~~ = 0.

88
Con sequentl y the circumferential bending stiffness of the thin shel l is
11
neglected. Introducing the meridional co-ordinate s for conical shells
by letting ds = r~d~ when r~-+<» as d~+O, the equilibrium equations
become:
d(N s)
SS
ds - Nee =0 (2- 7)
d(Q s)
sz (2-8)
ds
d(M s)
SS
ds
- Qsz s = 0 (2-9)
FIG. 2.4 Meridional Section of the Middle Surface of the Conical Shell
with Co-ordinate s
Four unknowns in three equations make the system internally stat-

I
ically indeterminate to the first order. .. It is necessary to derive
the additional equation from the deformation of the shell. The
kinematics of deformation of the rotationally symmetrical shell are
based on KIRCHOFF's hypothesis, which states that normals to the middle
surface of the shell remain normals to th e deformed middle surface and
undergo no stretching.
12
The displacement-~train relations discussed in various standard
works, (3, 4), are summarized as follows:
FIG. _l__,_S_ Convention for Deformations: Meridional Section of the

Middle Surface of the Shell
Curvature Change:
The change of slope of meridian at ¢:

1 dw
x = -v + -
r¢ d¢
r¢
The normal curvature change of the meridian due to deformation:
The circumferential curvature change:
~ 88 = xcos¢/r
The torsion of the middle surface:
x¢8 =_, x8¢ = 0

Strain:
The linear strain in the meridional direction (y-axis) at the
point z:
13
The linear strain in the circumferential direction (x-axis) at the
point z:
_ vcos¢
E66 ( z ) - r
The plane strain in the parallel surface:
E = 0
¢6
The stress-strain relations for isotropic linearly elastic materials for
rotationally symmetrical shells are:
Substituting these expressions for stresses, while the strains at z
are given by:
into the cross-sectional resultants of stresses yields the constitutive
equations:
Eh
NH = CE H - vE66)
l-v 2
Eh
N ;::
(E66 + \IE H)
66
l-v 2
N N = EhE /2 (1 +v) 0 M = M
¢6 6¢ ¢6 ¢6 6¢
14
where the bending stiffness or the modulus of flexural rigidity D is
Eh 3/12(1-v 2), POISSON's ratio is v, and the imposed LOVE's First
Approximation for thin shells is z/r¢<<l>> z/r .

8
2.3 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF THE CONCRETE CONICAL SHELL ON

Substituting the equilibrium equation (2-9) into (2-8) gives:
From the constitutive equations and kinematic equations,
Mss = M¢¢ = -D(xss) = - Dd 2w/ds 2

Nee EhE88 = KES S = -Kwtan¢/s
Since the POISSON's ratio v ~ 0 is an admissible approximation for
concrete, the extensional stiffness of the conical shell becomes
K = Eh/(l-v 2 ) ~ Eh
the equation above becomes

2
[~ (d w) J -K"!!__ tan 2¢ - skw
-ni- + sp
2
0
ds ds ds 2 s
wher e >- 4 = Kt an 2¢/D and K 4 = k/D, or

d2 2
d w 1 Pz
- ( s - ) + (:-- \ 4 + sK 4 )w = s
ds2 . ds 2 s D
Th e diffe renti a l equation for the conical shell on Euler-Winkl er
elastic foundation is:
d4 w d 3w
s 2 - - + 2s - - + (A 4 + s 2 K 4 )w = (s 2p /D) (2-10)
ds 4 ds 3 z
where A4 = 12tan 2¢/h 2 and K4 = 12k/(Eh 3), the flexur al sti f fness of the
concrete she ll with v ~ o is D~Eh 3 /12, the modulus of elasticity of concrete
is E, the thickne ss of the concrete s.hell is h, the stiffness
coeff i cient of the EULER-WINKLER foundation is k, the norma l loading is

15
pz, the meridional coordinate is s, the transverse displacement i s w,
and the meridional angle is ~ .

CHAPTER III
SOLUTIONS OF THE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF THE CONICAL SHELL

)
ON EULER-WINKLER ELASTIC FOUNDATION
Differenti a l equations derived in engineering mechanics may be of any
order and type. The solution of many engineering problems, however,
depends on the discovery of solutions of certain types of ordinary
linear differential equation which are generally of the second order.
3.1.1 GECKELER TYPE OF APPROXIMATION
As in the region of the shell where ¢> 25°, cot¢ has a rather moderate
value and SK4>>A4 = 12tan2¢ /h 2 , then the fou rth order differential
equation (2-10) with one dependent variable can be reduced to two
conjugate second order differential equations. The so lution of one
such conjugate second order differential equation yields all the
independent solutions of the fourth order differential equation.

d2 ( )
Introducing the differential operator L = s.~-'-~
ds 2
then
2
LL(w) _ s~ (sd w)
ds 2 ds 2
and the differential equation (2-10) can be expressed in the homogeneous
form:
16
17
To reduce the fourth order differential equation to the second order,
the assumption SK 4 >> A4 can be made for the shallow, thin conical shell.
Hence,
(3-1)
Setting A4 ~ 0 means that the normal component of Ne e for the shallow
shell (tan¢~sin¢ for small¢) is neglected, as from Chapter II, (2.3),
-sNeetan¢/D = Ehtan2¢w/D = A4w

If the reduced equation has a form
L(w) + (as + b)w = 0
then
L(w) - (as + b)w and LL(w) = (as + b) 2w
because
L(as + b) = 0, consequently
The non-trivial solution,wto, is satisfied if and only if
a2 + K4 = O, 2ab = O and b 2 = 0
Hence
The differential equation of the fourth order can be reduced to the
solution of two conjugate second order differential equations:
L(w.) ± siK 2w. = 0

J J
where
18
Then,
L(w.) ± i2sK 2w. = 0

J J
or
d2 w.
~~J + i2K2w. = 0
ds 2 J
Applying EULER's particular solution w. = ems reduces the differential

J
to
(m2 ± i2K2) ems 0
as
ms
e :j: 0
then,
m1 = r-T ffK
and
m2 = /lffK
The solution is:
By the EULER formula and for complex X, Z, Y and W,

- Ks
w = e~S(C1cosKs + C2sinKs) + e (C3COSKS + C4sin Ks )
As the e -.Ks terms are related to internal boundary near s = 0 and have
minimal effects on the outside boundary zone, the solution for the out
side boundary zone is:
(3-2)
Substituting (3-2) into (2-9), we obtain the transverse shear stress
resultant and the meridional stress couple as shown on the next page:
19
Eh 3 d 3w 1 d2 w
Qsz ( - + - - )
12 ds 3 s ds 2
Eh 3
=--- (2 ~eKS) { C2[ K(cos Ks - sinKs) + (cosKs/ s) J
12
- C1[K(cos.Ks + sinKs) + (sinKs/s) J} (3-3)

and
Eh 3 2
(d w)
M -
SS
12 ds 2
(3-4)
12
3.1. 2 BAUERSFELD-GECKELER TYPE OF APPROXIMATION
Substituting the dependent variable w in the differential equation
(2-10) by w = ¢(s)u(s), we obtain:
2 d4w d 3w
D(w) s -- + 2s - - + (A. 4 + s 2K 4 )w
ds 4 ds 3
d4 u d 3u 2
d¢) d u
= s2¢-- + (4s 2i<L + 2s¢) --+ 6s2 (d2¢ +
ds 4 ds ds 3 ds 2 ds ds 2
Setting 4s 2 d¢ + 2s¢ = 0, and integrating d¢/¢ = -ds/(2s) yields the

ds
expression ¢ = 1//5, which when substituted in the differential
equation above yields the normalized differential equation:
d4 u 3 1 d2u 3 du
D(u) --+----- --+
ds4 2 s 2 ds2 s3 <ls
20
By the normalizing transformation, a larger magnitude difference
has been created between the highest derivative d4 u/ds 4 and the next
derivative d2 u/ds 2 ,and now d4u/ds 4 >> d2u/ds2 for solutions in the form
of heavily damped oscillations, yet an additional first order
derivative (3/s 3)du/ds and the function (45/6)u/s 4 have been added.
Inasmuch as higher order derivatives have larger magnitudes, lesser
magnitude quantities are neglected when (3/2s 2)d2u/ds 2 - (3/s3)du/ds
is neglected in D(u) = 0 than when 2s(d 3w/ds 3) is neglected in D(w) = 0.
This simplification represents the so-called GECKELER's approximation.(*)
The BAUERSFELD-GECKELER type of differential equation emerges by
introducing the GECKELER approximation in the differential equation
above , which gives:
(~ 0
6
and by imposing the BAUERSFELD approximation for a narrow boundary
zone,
45 1 A. 4
--+-+
6 s4 s2
The BAUERSFELD-GECKELER approximation differential equation is:
d4 u ** 4
-- + 4K u = 0
ds 4
where
_!_ (~ .!_ ~
4
K** + + K4)
4 6 L4 L2
**
For cases when 45/6(1/L4)<<A. 4 /L2, then K = l/ 4(A.4/L2 + K4) K* , and,
thus
d4 u
-- + 4K * 4 u = 0
ds 4
(*) see APPENDIX I for historical notes.

21
The so l ution of this equation is simil ar to the so lution of the
equation (3 -1 ):
K*s *
u = e (C 1 cosK*s + C2 sinK s)
As
w ~(s)u(s) = u(s)//S
then
w = -1 [ e K*s
(C 1 cosK*s + C2 sinK* s)]
IS
where
Considering the magnitude of the coefficient K* for some problems, a
further simpli f ication becomes possible when A4 /L 2 <<K 4 :
K***"' K
4/ 4
The transverse shear stress resultant is:
Eh 3 e K**s [ SK** _9_]

C1 { [- 2K**3 + cosK**5
12 IS 4s2 8s 3
+ [-2K** 2 +
K** s ]K** sinK* *s}
s 45 2
+ C2 { [- 2K** 3 + SK** - -9-J sinK**s

45 2 353
- [-2K** 2 -
K**
s
S ]K** co5K**s
4s 2
l}
(3-6)
22
The meridional stress couple is:
3 K**s cosK**s
M
Eh e - K**) ~.!. + 2K**)K**sinK**s]
SS
12 IS s s
+ C2[(
3
- K**) sinK**s + (--
1
+ 2K**)K**cosK**s]
}
4s s s
(3- 7)
3.1. 3 ASYMPTOTIC SOLUTION FOR LARGE ARGUMENTS s (*)
Frorri (2-10)
FIG. 3.1 Conical Shell:Meridional Section with Co-ordinates sand ~
Setting s~l/ s (for s-)-0'.>, s+O) to study the nature of the singularity
at s=oo gives the transformed differential equation:
d4 w 10 d3w 24 d 2w 36 dw
--+---+---+--+ 0
ds 4 s ds 3 s 2 ds 2 s 3 ds
which has at s=O (and, therefore, at s-)-0'.>) an irregular singular point.
(*) see APPENDIX II for notes on asymptotic solution.

23
The normalized differential equation from Section 3.1.2 is:
d4u 3 1 d2 u 3 du
D(u) : : : - - + - - - - - - - + u ::: 0
ds4 2 s 2 ds 2 s 3
ds
is derived from (2-10), it can be satisfied by THOME's normal solution
series as an asymptotic expansion about the irregular singular point at
s=,
where Q(s) is a polynomial in s and ~(s) = a

0
If the polynomial is linear and limited to a single term
P(s) = ms, (m == constant)
then the normal solution series is
co co
ms -n+c
u=e L: as ems L: a s -(n-c)
n=O n n
n=O
where
s>O, a f O
0
Substituting u into the normalized differential equation and shifting
the index,
co co
D(u) L: (m4 +K 4 )a s -n - L: 4m 3 (n-l-c)an_ s -n

n=O n n=l
1
co
+ L:
n=2
co
- L: m {Cn-3-c) [4(n-2-c)(n-l-c) + 3] + 3} an_ s-n
3
n=3
co
45
+ L: { (n-4-c) [(n-3-c)(n-2-c)cn-l-c) + l (n-3-c) + 3] + -}an-4
s-n =O
n=4 2 6
24
An inverse power series in ter ms of (1/ s) vani shes , if and only if all
coefficients of (l/s)n vanish:
n = 0: (m4 + K4 )a = 0
0
As a
0
f 0, the characteristic equation
results, where the roots are
m =4 r-TK = ±llK
1,2,3,4
All the roots of this indicial equation are distinct, therefore, the
normal series solution can be applied to yield all pertinent asymptotic
solutions for large arguments of s:
n = 1:
As afO, mfO, (m 4 + K
4 ) f 0, then c = 0.
4m3(1-c)a
1
+ {m2 [-c(l-c) + l]
2
+ >..
4 }a
0
0
then
3 m >.. 4 [.L
m m
[ - + -(-) ]a
0
8m 4 m4
8m m 4
where m is the conjugate complex of m.
-m(0)(3)a 0
0
then
(~~ 15 m2 a 8
- a 4 +--)a
128 m2 34 32 .
25
n = 4: (m 4 + K
4
)a 4 - 4m 3 (3)a + {m 2 [6(2) (3) + l] + t. 4 }a
3 2
2
45
-m{[4(2)(3) + 3] + 3}a 1 +c
.6
)a
0
O
then
ma
4
) (~ .!___ 15a 4 m2 a 8
2
- - +--)a
12 128 m 32 32 °
-(~.!___)cl.!_ - ma4 5 1
--)a
2 m2 8 m 4 8 m3 o
etc., where
(~) 4
K -m
This asymptotic solution is valid only for large values of s.
Consequently the boundary conditions at small s are meaningless and are
to be ignored. Therefore, only that part of the solution associated
with external boundary where s is large shall be retained. As the
external boundary conditions are associated with functions which
increases with increasing s, only the roots m and m that yield

1 4
exponential functions ems which increase with s are consistent with
this asymptotic solution, and therefore are pertinent to the bending
problem of the closed conical shell. As
then,
m
1,2,3,4
Substituting m and m into u gives

1 2
26
Ii) Se (iK/ 12) S { l

1 1 i . - ~ (:__
(.K/ ,,,4 ].!.
u = e · 3
+ [- _l + 15°
"'
8 K(- + :_) 4 /2 2 S
12 /2
81
+ [ - -
1 ls a 4 iK 2 a 8 ]1- +· .. }a
- -- +
·
128 K 2i 32 32 s 2 . O
+ e
(K//2)s e (-iK/v'2)s
{l +
[i 1
1 i
8 K (- + :::_)
12 12
In EULER form,
4 2 8
+[-81 _!__ _ .!_Sa + iK a ]L

128 K
4 32 32 s
2
+ •.• } a
0
81 i 1Sa 4
+[--
128 K
4
32
+ •.• } b
0
27
In a l gebrai c form,
u = e (K/12)s{·[ (a+
. KS
b )cos(-)+ i(a KS ]
- b )sin(-)
0 0 /2 0 0 /2
+[[(A - iB)a + (A +iB)b ]cos(~)

0 0 /2.
+i[(A - iB)a + (A +iB)b ]sin(~)Jl

0 0 /2 s
+[[Cc - iD)a + (C + iD)b]cos(Ks)

0 0 /2.
+i[(C - iD)a - (C + iD)b ]sin(KS)]_l

0 0 /2. s2
+ ••. }
Hence,
1 3 Ka 4 1 3 K
,,,4
A -(- - -), B - ( - + -"'-)'
12 8K 4 12 8K 4
1Sa 4
c D
32 32
If
a0 + b0 cl and i(a 0 + b 0 ) c2
then,
Substituting A,B,C,D , a and b into u and collecting cos i ne and sine

0 0
terms,
+ -A + -c +·· ·)cos(-)
KS + (- . KS J
B + -D +···)sin(-)
s s 2 /2 s s 2 /2
B 0 KS A C +···)sin(~)]}
+C [ - (- + - + · · ·)cos(-) + (1 + - +
2
s s2 /2 s s2 12.
28
As w u/~, K = 12K and a = \/K, then,
w = e Ks rC {[ 1 - Ka 4 (1 3 _l_) 1 15 a 4
- - +· . . J cosKs
~ Li 4 4 K2 a 4 s 32 s 2
Ka 4 3 1 1 K2a8 1
+ [ - (1 + - - - ) (1 - g_1_) - + · · · ]sinKs }
4 4 K2a 4 s 16 16 K4 a 8 s2
4 K2a8
C {-[Ka (1 + l_l_) 1 --(1 g_1_) - 1+
···]cos Ks
2 4 4 K2a 2 s 16 16 K4 a 8 s2
1Sa 4
+[1 Ka4 (1 + · · ·] sinKs} ] (3-8)
4 32 s 2
Then the stress couple,
M = --
SS
12 ds 2
1
- + · · ·] cosKs
s2
2 4
K 5 1 9 K a
-[2K 2 - -(- + K2 a 4 ) - + - - -
}
+ · · · ]sinKs
2 4 s 16 s2
K 5 1 9 K2a4 · · · J cosKs
+C { [2K 2 - -(- + K2a4 ) -+ - +
2
2 4 s 16 16 s 2
K
2
5
+[-(- -+ K2a4 )l_ + __!_
4 s 16
(~
8
- 2K 4 a 8 ) _l_ + · · · JsinKs}
s2
l
(3-9)
29
and the transverse shear stress resultant,
Eh3 d3 w 1 d2w
Qsz -(- + --)
12 ds3 s ds2
Eh3 e Ks
K3a4 13K2a4 K4 8 1
= - ---- Kfc 1 { [-2K 2 + - - + (.zl__ ~)- +··}osKs
12 rs s 128 16 8 s2
-[2K 2 - .!5_ + (~ + 13K2a4 - K4a 8)_!_ + ... ]sinKs }

4s 128 16 8 s2
K 73 13K2a4 K4a8 1
+C { [2K 2 - - + ( - + - - - ) - +· · · ]cosKs
2
4s 128 16 8 s2
K3a 4 73
+ [-2K 2 + - - + ( - 13K2a4 - K4a8)_!_+ ... ]sinKs}J
s 128 16 8 s2
(3-10)
(a) Second Order Asymptotic Solution
If the coefficient series in (3-8), (3-9) and (3-10) are truncated
to exclude terms with (l/s)n for n=3,4, ... , then i t represents the
second order asymptotic solution of the differential equation.
(b) First Order Asymptotic Solution
Truncating the asymptotic solution to retain terms up to (l/s)
order gives the asymptotic solution of the first order.
3.2 PARTICULAR SOLUTION
John-Erik EKSTROM in 1932 demonstrated th at th e complementary
solution of GECKELER was quite accurate for thin shells , but that the
membrane solution as a repres ent ative of the particul ar solution in some
cases led to errors as large as 30 per cent.
The membrane solution can be considered as a simplified particular

30
solution when in the differential equation the bending stiffness is
reduced to zero, and the resulting simplified differential equation
is solved for il:
This means that
Nee tancp +
d
[~ (M )] - skw + sp = 0
ds SS z
ds
if M "' 0, the transverse bending is assumed vanishingly small, and

SS
wp + wm (wm is the lateral displacement) .
m
Ehtan 2 cp~ - skwm + sp = 0
z
s
As
Nee = Ehtancpw/s
then
m
[(Ehtan 2cp/ s)+ sk]w + sp = 0
z
and
Pz
JO =
Ehtan 2 cp
+ k
s2
c m
As was pointed out by EKSTROM, the use of w=w + w may occasionally
lead to large errors; it is therefore advisable to calculate
the particular solution from the original differential equation:

31
Introducing the LAURENT series as an asymptotic particular solution
about the irregular singular point at s = oo,
00
E ask=· ··+a s 4 + a s 3 +a s 2 + a s +a . (a /s)

1
~ (~ s2)
k=-oo k 4 3 2 0 -1 -2/·
+ (a
-3
/s 3)+(a -4 /s 4 )+(a -5 /s 5)+(a -6 /s 6)+···
Substituting wp into the differential equation,
+[(K 4 a +12a +· · ·)/s 5 ]+ [ (72a +A. 4 a +· · ·)/s6J+· · ·

-3 -1 -2 -4
We want a particular solution for the domain s < s ~ L, where s

1 1
is sufficiently large, so that all values of s > s are large.
1
This series is s emi-convergent and it is used in its truncated form
inclusive of terms k _= -2 only as a rough approximation near the
boundary. As the hydrostatic load is almost uniform, the influence
of \l is of subordinate significance. 1'_hen the. particular solution as
a truncated LAURENT series has the form:
p 1 a4B
w - - [csZ.. Bs+ (A-a 4 C)
4K 4 s
32
in which
and
(_3-11)
As for hydrost atic loading,
12 pz
- - y (d -s sincp ) = - = A + Bs + Cs 2
Eh3 w o D
hence,
12 .
A _!l_y d ' B - - y Sln 't' ,
,f,
c 0
Eh3 w o Eh3 w
where y i s the specific weight of the liquid and d is the height of

w 0
liquid column.
CHAPTER IV
SOLUTIONS OF CONICAL SHELL UNDER UNIFORM SOIL BEARING
PRESSURE AND OF ROTATIONALLY SY!v!METRICAL CYLINDRICAL SHELL UNDER
4. 1 TRANSFORMED EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS
From Chapter II ~.21,the three remaining equilibrium equations are:
Multiplying the first equation by sin¢ and the second equation by cos¢,
and then adding and integrating with respect to ¢ gives,
(4-1)
where
This equation represents the axial equilibrium of forces of a
finite free - body of the rotational shell isolated by a horizontal
section at any¢ . Multiplying the second equation by sin¢ , and setting
r ::: resin¢, and substituting from (4-1) yields,
1 d(reQrpz) H( ¢)
Nee +- (4-2)
r¢ d¢ r
¢
33
34
where
H(qi)
(4-1), (4-2) and the third equilibrium equation form the transformed
equilibrium equations which are more appropriate for applications.
4.2 COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS FOR SYMMETRICAL

DEFORMATION OF THE ROTATIONAL SHELL
From Chapter II, the kinematic equations of deformation are:
1 dv w
sH = r rv w
=
1 dw
r_
Multiplying s<P),
and then integrating and solving for v yields:
r s -r 8s 88
v = sin<P,
s and x is insured if a differential equation can be derived by

ee '
combining the three displacement definitions into one relation. The
compatibility condition for consistent deformation can be obtained by

35
substituting (dw/d~) and (dv/d~) into x,
(4-3)
as
4.3 MEMBRANE THEORY OF ROTATIONALLY SYMMETRICAL SHELL
If the rotationally symmetrical shell is so thin that its bending
stiffness may be neglected, then,
M~ ~ = M88 = M 8 ~ = M~ 8 = 0
and f r om (2-4), Q~z = 0. Consequentl y (4- 1) becomes
(a)
(4-2) becomes
(b)
and (4-3) becomes
0 (c)
where
r = r sin~
8
Conical shells represent limiting cases of the general rotational shells
36
global
convention
FIG. 4.1 Meridional Section of a Conical Shell.
From (4-1) and (a)
N - cot¢.!:!_+ Nm =(-U/s) +Nm (4-4)

SS re SS SS
from (4-2) and (b)
( 4-5)
where
= N Nm =
SS' ¢¢
4.4 SOLUTIONS OF THE CONICAL SHELL UNDER UNIFORM SOIL

BEARING PRESSURE
Substituting (4-4) and (4-5) into (4-3) and introducing the
MEISSNER differential operator,
r d2 ( ) r 8 cot¢ r r ¢cot 2 <1>( )

L ( ) :: -
e + [ d
+ - (~)] ill
r d¢ 2 r¢ d¢ r¢ d¢ re
. ¢
37
into this equation gives
ldh re dU m
L(U) + vu + -(vcotcj>U - - -2= Ehr</> Cx-x ) (A)
hdcj> r e/> dcj>
The second equation is obtained from the equilibrium equation in
Chapter II, (2.2),
where
r = r sincj>
8
Substituting from the constitutive equations
and
then, introducing the MEISSNER differential operator, L, gives,
3 dh r <ly
L(x) - vx + - - (vcotcj> x + (B)
h dcj> D
For conical shells the MEISSNER differential operator becomes,
L
s
lim [LC )/re/> ] = cot cj> [s~ + _9LJ - .!_( iJ
r -700 ds 2 ds s
</>
In order that the limits of the MEISSNER equations (A) and (B)
be finite, it was necessary to multiply both equations by the
reciprocal of r before proceeding to the limit r -700, For the

</> </>
conical shell with constant wall thickness h, dh/ds = 0, the
38
homogeneous equation for th e boundary perturbation is obtained fo r xm=O,

L (U) = Ehtancp (A)
s
L (x ) = -tancp U/D (B)

s
which can be uncoupled into t wo higher order differential equations,
L L (U) + µ 4 U 0 (A)
s s
L L (V) + µ4V 0 (B)
s s
where
µ4 Ehtan 2cp/D = 12(1-v 2 )tancp /h 2
As
L L (~) + µ4~
s s
= Ls [L s (~)±iµ2 ~ ]±iµ2 [L
s
(~) ± iµ2 ~ J =0
where ~ rep resents ei ther U or x, then (A) and (B) can be reduce d to
second order equat i ons
L (U) ±iµ 2U = 0 (A)

s
0 (B)
Introducing a new independent variable n = 2µ/S, thes e uncoupled
equations become:
d2 U dU
n 2 ~- + n~ + (-2 2 ± in 2 )U o
dn 2 dn
d2 v + n..::i1...
n2 .:::.......A. dv + (-2 2 ± 0
dn 2 dn
The differential equation
is satisfied by the KELVIN function s (ber n + ibei n) and (ker n +i kei n).
2 2 2 2
39
Applying the recurrence relations of KELVIN functions to a shell closed
at the apex gives,
U = cot~sQsz = c (bern-.?.. bei'n)+C 2 (bein + l ber'n)

1
n n
From (4-5),
dU 2
Nee = - = µ 2 [ cl(.±__ bern - ber'n ~ bei 'n)
ds s 2 n n3
n
+c (.±__ bei n - ~ bei 'n + -8 ber'n) J (4-6)
2
n2 n n3
and from (4-4),
N =
u µ2 [c (- .±__ bern + ~ bei 'n) ~ ber'n)J
SS s 1 n2 n3
s T) 3
( 4- 7)
From (A),
1 d 2U dU U
x= (s - + - - - )
Eht an ~ ds 2 ds s
as
n = 2µ
s
IS
and
The meridional rotation:
Ex [C (bein) + _?.. ber'n) - c (bern- _?.. bei'n)J (4-8)

1 2
n n
111e transverse shear stress result ant:
Qsz tan p [c (bern - .?.. bei'n)+C (bein +.?.. ber'n)J ( 4-9)

1 2
s n n
40
The meridional stress-couple:
dx x
Mss =-D(- + v-)
ds s
=
2 tancjJ {c [ nbe i ' n - 2 (1-v)(b e i n + ~ er'n) ]
n2 1
n
-c [ nber'n - 2(1-v)(bern - ~ei'n)]} ( 4-10)

2
n
The circumferential stress-couple:
DC~- + vdx)
s ds
=
2
tan cjJ {c [ vnbei'n + 2(1- v)(bein +
1
~ er' n )]
n2 n
[vnber'n + 2(1-v)(bern - ~ei'n)]}

-c (4-11)
2
n
TI1e radial disp l acement :
t:.. -
scoscjJN
Eh ee
µ 2 scoscjJ { cl[ - 2ber'n + ~ern ~ei'n]

Ehn n n2
(4-12)
+c [ - 2bei'n + ~ein + ~er 1 n]}
2
n n2
where v "' 0 and
µ2 scos cp = n cos cp
Ehn 4h
41
The meridional displacement:
global
1.
-vcos <j> r =scos<j>
{., = - vcos <j> + wsin<j>
N -vN
Nee
{., =- = -r( ee ss) "'-scos <j> -
n:: ee
Eh Eh
as
\) "' 0' and E: ee > 0

then
Nee
-vcos cp + wsincp = -scos <j>
Eh
or
Nee = (v-wtan<j> )
Eh
· s
From equilibrium equation (2-8) in z- direction:
d
N t an<j> + - (Q s) + (p (s) - kw)s = 0
ee ds sz 2
Thus, the me ridional displ a cement can be calcul ated by successive
approximations from the formul a
d 3 1·' k s2
(s 2 -d ·1- '
4- ,,
v(s) = + 2s - -') + (--- + tan cp )w - - - - p z (s).
12tan<j> ds 4 ds 3 Ehtancp Eht an<j>
(4-13)
42
For membrane state neglect bending stiffness
h2 m . m s2
--+0: v (s) ( K + tanep )w - - - p (s) (4-14)
12 Ehtanep Ehtanep z
4.5 SOLUTIONS OF ROTATIONALLY SYfv!METRICAL CYLINDRICAL

SHELL SUBJECT TO HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
If a rotational shell has a cylindrical surface, then rep-+<>:>'
re-+R, ep-+n/2, and r$dep -+dsep = ds
I:-,
FIG. 4.2 The Longitudinal Section of a Cylindrical Shell.
The MEISSNER differential operator becomes,
lim L ( ) lim d 2 () re d re d( ) 1 d2 ( )
{r - + [ --cosep + - ( - ) ] - - - --cot 2 ep ( ) }=R-'--'
8 ds2 rep ds rep ds re ds 2
for h = constant, the MEISSNER equations are:
d2U
R - = Eh Cx-x m) (A)
ds2
(B)
where U = RQ
sz
43
The uncoupl ed equations are
d4U + 4\ i4u
ds 4
m
--+
d4 x 4\'4x =
x__
ds 4 R2 D
where
\14 Eh 3(1-v 2 )
--=
4R2 D R2h2
as
dw
x =
ds
m
the homogeneous equation when x = 0 is :
ds 4
which has the solution
Long enough cylindrical shells with \'d>6 can be considered as
semi-infinite. In such a thin cylindrical shell one boundary effect
does not appreciably affect the other boundary. For this reason the
boundary effects of this cylindrical shell can be separated, which
results in considerable simplification of the boundary conditions of
the cylindrical shell . The lower edge effect can therefore be
studied separately from that of the upper edge. The part of the
homo geneous solution which is pertinent for the lower edge is,
44
For mo s t pra ct i cal loads
p (s) = p + p s + p s2 + p s3
s 0 1 2 3
where p. are constants, the particular solution in the form of

l
a + a s + a s2 + a s3
0 1 2 3
is adequate, as d4wP/ds4 = 0,
wP = R3p (s)/Eh
s
As the differential equation is exact for rotationally symmetrical
cylindrical she ll s , ther e are no approxi mations involved in t hi s
solution.
The compl ete solution i s:
-A'S R2
e (C cosA's +
3
c4 sinA's) - ~ y (d - s) ( 4 - 15)
Eh w
wh ere y denotes the sp ecific we ight of th e liquid .

w
The longitudinal stress-couple :
M
SS
( 4 -16 )
wh ere
\) "' 0.
45
The transverse shear stress resultant:
D(d3w + vd 2w )
ds 3 ds 2
as
d 2w
v - - = 0 , as v:eO .
ds2
The meridional rotation:
dw
x
ds
CHAPTER V
CASE STUDY: WATER TANK
5.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM
A cylindrical concrete tank with internal radius of 30 feet and
wall thickness of 12 inches is supported by a conical concrete shell
with wall thickness 8 inches and meridional slope of 17.59 degrees as
shown in Fig. 5.1. The tank is filled with water and rests on a gravel
bed foundation. The specific weight of concrete y = 150 pcf and the
modulus of elasticity of concrete E = 30 X 106 psi. The specific weight
of water y = 62.S pcf. The well-graded gravel bed foundation is

w
assumed to respond to loading in two different ways: firstly, it is
assumed to behave like an Euler-Winkler elastic foundation with the
foundation stiffness constant k = 500 pci, and secondly, it is assumed

to exert uniform soil pressure as if the conical shell were infinitely
rigid. The analytical solutions used for the conical shell on the
Euler-Winkler foundation are the asymptotic and the Geckeler type of
approximation. Different analytical results on the transverse bending
of the tank are compared. The effect of different foundation stiffness
constants on the bending of the tank is examined.
46
47
CONCRETE
WATER LEVEL
U' CYLINDRICAL
~ 0 SHELL
c-1
0
••
0 "'
"'lS s
CONCRETE
~
<i CONICAL
SHELL
NON-MONOLITHIC MONOLITHIC
JOINT DETAIL JOINT DETAIL
For Concrete y, Specific Weight = 150pcf

E, Modulus of Elasticity = 3 X 10 5psi
Gravel k, Foundation Stiffness Constant
Well-Graded Gravel k = SOOpci
2
Water Specific Weight= 3.617 X 10- pci
= 62.Spcf
FIG. 5.1 Meridional Cross-Section of Water Tank

48
S. 2 WATER TANK WITH MONOLITHIC JOINT
S.2.1 CONICAL SHELL SUPPORTED BY EULER-WINKLER ELASTIC

FOUNDATION
In the case of a water tank, the conical shell constituting the
structural base or foundation of the tank may rest on an approximately
elastic foundation. The simplest assumption for the response of the
supporting soil is that the stiffness of the subgrade is proportional to
the deflection w of the conical shell. This assumption is analogous
to presuming the shell to rest on a bed of distributed discrete linear
elastic springs. All such springs are regarded as compressive because
the soil's capacity to resist tensile stresses is negligible. The soil
reaction intensity is then given by pf= - kw. The constant k, the
elastic foundation stiffness constant, is expressed in pounds per square
inch per inch of deflection. The numerical value of the stiffness
constant depends largely on the properties of the subgrade. These
values may be roughly estimated by means of the table of the elastic
stiffness constants of the soil foundation.
In this analysis the tank is filled with water. The water
pressure produces a circumferential stress resultant in the cylindrical
shell, which increases from zero at the water level to the maximum at
the bottom of the shell structure . The corresponding deformation of
the lower edge of the rotationally symmetrical cylindrical shell is
described by its radial displacement, ~ and by its meridional

cy 1
rotation, xcyl .
49
d I
I
•
'
H # ' H
4 ~-----+---. '--+
r./. ~ . ffi
rcyl W
.
,6.M I ' ''
I
FIG. 5. 2 Wa t e r Tank on El a stic Found a tion

50
The coni ca l base as the structural fo undation of the tank carries
two loads: the water pressure and the weight of the wall of the
cylindrical shell. It may be assumed that the water pressure on the
tank bottom is transmitted directly across the shell wall by transverse
compression of the wall to the ground, and hence does not create
membrane forces in the conical shell. The weight of the cylindrical
shell is applied to the conical shell as a vertical distributed edge
load P. The conical shell is supported by the elastic reaction of the
ground.
Owing to the cont inuity of th e deformation, the resultant
horizontal displacements and the rotationa l deformations of the
cylindrical shell and of the conical shell are assumed to be equal at
the intersection of the two shells which represent the compatibility
conditions of the deformation of the structure and determine the
redundant quantities: the radial reac tion Hand the transverse stress -
couple M of the statically indeterminate shell structure.
(A) COMPLEMENTARY AND PARTICULAR SOLUTIONS FOR ROTATIONALLY

SYMMETRICAL CYLINDRICAL SHELL
Transverse Displacement:
-A 1 S R2
w(s) = e (C~cosA's + c4sinA's) - ~y (d-s) (4-15)

. :> Eh w
where
51
Boundary Conditions for Complementary Solutions

H-G,,
$
t (10 .._..a.. adi11e face.
?.
H
l li:
~
Q .
d,w;z.
v
A)O ~Tive. ~ce
-o~~ ll,w.,
7.
M,,~
FIG. 5.3 Boundary Forces: Cylindrical Shell Section
Boundary Force H at s = 0:
(a) -Q sz = -H
(b) -M SS 0
From (a) and (b), c4 = 0, c3 = -H/(2t..'3D).

Displacement due to Boundary Reaction H:
-(2 A. 'R 2 e-A.'s
wH ( s) = cos A. 's) H
Eh
Stress Couple due to H:
.-A.'s
MH (s) = (_! e sinA.'s)H
cy 1 A.'
Influence Coefficients for H=l at s=O:
I-I H
!:::. = w -2A'R 2 H/(Eh)
cyl
H dw H
xcyl - - = 2A ' 2 R2 H/ (Eh)

ds
52
Boundary Moment M at s = O;
(a) -M SS = -M
d2 c
~= D(2A ,2 C4 ) = M
ds 2
(b) -Qsz = 0
d3 c
~= D[ 21.. I 3 (C + C4)] 0
3
ds 3
From (a) and (b), c3 = -2t..' 2 R2M/(Eh), c4 = 21.. 1 2R2M/(Eh)
s Mi;'3
t
~f"ive ta.c.e
Q
------A,W,t.
global
convention .. !vi~
FIG. 5.4 Boundary Moment: Cylindrical Sectional Shell
Displacement due to M:
(cost..'s - sint..'s)] M
Stress Couple due to M:
-A Is
~cy l(s) = [e (sinl.. 's + cos /.. ' s )] M
Influence Coefficients for M=l at s=O:
M
dw = 4t..i3R 2M/(Eh)
ds
53
The influence coefficients should satisfy the BETTI Reciprocal Work
Principle, and the MAXWELL's Reciprocal Displacement Principle:
12 2
C-H)f.M == (-H)(,2A ,2R2M) - - -(2;\
--HM
R )
Eh Eh
(M)XH M(2;\'2R2H)
Eh
Let M 1, and H == -1, then f.M == xH .
Boundary Conditions for Particular Solution
Boundary deformation at s == 0:
f.p == wp == -R2y (d-s) I (Eh)

cyl w
R2y d(d-s)
w
x~yl ==
- - =--- - -
ds
ds Eh Eh
Case Study Numerical Values
Ef.H -2;\'R 2H/h == -432.0H lb/in

cyl
Ef.M -2>. 12 R2M/h == -8.650M lb/in

cyl
Ef.p -R2dy /h -9.375Xl0 4 lb/in

cyl w
E H
xcyl == 2A , 2R2H/h == 8.650H lb/in 2
E M
xcyl == 4;\ ' 3R2M/h 0.346M lb/in 2
E p
xcyl R2y /h == 390.6 lb/in 2
w
54
where
!..' =4/3/(R2h2) 2.00Xl0- 2 in-l R 360 in, h = 12 in
2
y = 3.617Xl0- lb/in3, d = 240 in, H =lb/in, M =in-lb/in
w
(B) COMPLEMENTARY AND PARTICULAR SOLUTIONS FOR CONICAL SHELL
(a) GECKELER APPROXIMATE SOLUTION
Transverse Displacement:
From equations (3-2) and (3-11)
Ks 1 a4B a4A
"'e . (C cosKs
1
+ c2sinKs) + (Bs + A --)
4K4 s s2
where,
A= -12y d /(Eh3)
w0
B 12y sin¢/(Eh3)
w
and
a
K
Global Convention
FIG. 5.5 Boundary Forces and Moments: Meridional Section of the

Conical Shell
55
Boundar y ForcesH and P at s = L:
(a) Qsz Hsin¢ - Pcos¢
(b) M = 0
SS
From (a) and (3-3)
3
- Eh (2K 2e KL) { -C [ K( cosKL + sinKL) + sinKLJ
12 1 L
+C . KL)
KL - sin cosKLJ} = Hsin~
. '" - p cos¢
2 [Kc cos + (_l)
L
From (b) and (3-4)
0 (2)
Substituting (2) into (1) yields,
where
a sin¢/B 1
1
b = -cos¢/B
1 1
with
Eh 3 (2K2eKL)
Bl [-K(cosKL + sinKL tanKL)]
12
and
a2 sin¢/B 2
b2 = cos¢/B 2
with
Eh 3 (2K2eKL) [-K(cotKL
B2 = - - cosKL + sinKL)]
12
56
Displacement due to Hand P:
From (3-2)
wH,P (s) = eKs [ (a cosKs + a sinKs)H + (b cosKs + b sinKs)P]

1 2 1 2
Stress Couple due to H and P:
From (3-4),
3
Jf ,P (s)
SS
= - Eh (2K2 eKs) [(-a sinKs + a cosKs)H + (-b sinKs+b cosKs) P]
1 2 1 2
12
Influence Coefficients for H = 1 at s = L:

H
H H Edw
"CA
ui = EWHSlruj>
.
Ex con
con
ds
De ad weight of wall section per linear inch is P=yh d,where y is the specific
c
weight of concrete, d is the height of the cylindrical shell wall, and h
c
is the depth of the cylindrica l shell wa ll.
Influence Coefficients for Deformations due to P at s L:
E Pp d\lP
EwPp sin¢ = E--
Xcon
ds
Boundary Moment at s = L:
Eh3 d2 w
(a) M M ---
SS
12 ds 2
(b) Qs z = 0
From (a) and (3-4),
M (1)
From (b) and (3-3),
Eh3 KL
(2K2e ) {-c [K(co s KL + sinKL) + (sinKL/KL)]
12 1
+C 2 [K(cosKL - sinKL) + (cosKL/KL)]} = 0 (2)

57
Substituting (2) into (1) yields,
where
1/ {- Eh 3 (2K 2eKL) [ Ksin 2 KL J f

. sinKL
12 K( cosKL+srnKL) + L
cos KL
K(cosKL-sinKL) + L
c =
3 sin KL
K(cosKL+sinKL) + L
Displacement due to M:
From (3-2)
M Ks
w (s) = e (c cosKs + c sinKs)M
1 2
Stress couple due to M:
From (3-4)
Eh 3 KL
M (s) = - - - (2K2e ) ( - c sinKs + c cosKs) M
SS 12 1 2
Influence coefficients for M 1 at s L:
M. M dwM
Ew sin<j> EXcon = E-
ds
According to MAXWELL's Reciprocal Displacement Principle, influence
coefficients E~M and ExH should be equal in absolute numerical values.

con con
Boundary Conditions for Particular Solution
From (3-11) at s = L,
wp(L) 1 a 4B a 4A a 4B a.BA
... )
= (BL + A -
4K 4 L L2 L3 L4
58
where
A= - 12y d /(Eh3)
w0
B = 12y sin¢/(Eh3)
w
a = °A/K
'A = ll2tan2¢ /h2
K = /12k/ (Eh 3)
Hence influence coefficients are:
dwp
Ell = Ewp s incp E
con
ds
(C) COMPATIBILITY EQUATIONS FOR CYLINDRICAL AND CONICAL SHELLS
To satisfy the continuity criterion, the corresponding resultant deformations
of the cylindrica l shell and the conical shell, i.e. the horizontal dis
..
pl acements and th e rotations, should be equa l at the joint of the two shells.
Conical Shell : Cylindrical Shell:
E6: E6H + Et.Pp =

con con
Ex : E H + Ex Pp + EM + Exp = E H + E M + Exp
Xcon con Xcon con xcyl Xcyl cyl
From the above linea r equations, H and M can be found. Substituting H
and M into previous equations, it is possible to determine stress
couples, transvers e shear stress resultants, displacements, and rotations
along th e gen erators of the cylindrical and the conical shell.
Ca lcul ations for various appro ximate solutions have been worked out
by a computer pro gr amme written in PLC language. Results for the case
study and description s of the pro gramme are summarized in APPENDIX III.
r-:
LL
l/l
WATEll LEVEL
I i
~.
I
CYLINDRICAL
I SHELL
I
~ ... ~-~ ~ .. ~.-~ -~ ~103 LB FT/FT.
CONICAL
SHELL
CYL1NDl11CAL
EXPLODED TANK SECTION

I. SHE.LL
M
--+H
. p
~._H
FIG. 5.6 Approximate Solutions:

Monolithic Joint .:..... GECKELER
Stress Couple, M ··---BAUERSFELD-GECKELER
Well-Graded Gravel Elastic Foundation -·-·-lST ORDER ASYMPTOTIC
.,>
Ou> - 2ND ORDER ASYMPTOTIC
~
<Q) lfl
lfl
~·
CJ1
_.\ \D
~
~
.-=
l.J...
l/)
~
vi '.\
WAT Erl LEVEL \ \
I \ \
I \
\ I
I CYLINDRICAL
\ \ 1Q
SHELL
I ' ""
' ...
....
-
1 !\ .> ~····· ; T/;K~ GR 0UND -LEv:~-==-=-~ 0
./
_. 103 LBFtln
CONICAL
'
SH!':LL ' '\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\ CYLlNDnICAL
\
\
\
ISHE.LL M
\
\ --+H
\ . 1
~~f-H2
\
\
\
\
''
FIG. 5.7 Second Order Asymptotic Solution:

Monolithic Joint
-~s
. Mss --
Stress Couple, Mss M~s

Well-Graded Gravel Elastic Foundation
ov)~
':'.)."' Mss
(]\
~· 0
~
~
61
5.2.2 THE CONICAL SHELL SUPPORTER BY A UNIFORM SOIL BEARING

PRESSURE FOUNDATION (W. FLUGGE'S SOLUTION)
As the water tank now rests on a foundation postulated to exert a
uniform soil bearing pressure, the conical shell is supported by a reaction
of the ground which is a uniform load p no rmal to the shell. In order

z
to provide compatibility of the cylindrical and conical shells at their
juncture, interactive reaction forces and moments must be applied to the
edges of both shells in the exploded structure. For the cylindrical
shell, there is a radial load H and a moment M. For the conica l shell,
1
we have the same moment acting in the opposite direction and a radial load
H of such magnitude that H , H and external force Pcot¢ satisfies the

2 2 1
action-reaction principle. The external force Pcot¢ is created by the
wei ght of the cylindrical shell. As the conical shell cannot carry a
vertical edge load P by membrane forces alone, a radial load Pcot¢ is
introduced so that the resultant force (P/sin¢)acts in the direction of
the meridian. As this additional radial load does not actually exist,
it is compensated by the appropriate difference of the radial reactive
forces H and H2 .
1
(A) COMPLEMENTARY AND PARTICULAR SOLUTION FOR ROTATIONALLY

SYMMETRICAL CYLINDRICAL SHELL
The influence coefficients for the rotat ionally symmetrical
cylindrical shell were calculated in Chapter V, (5.2.l},

62
,
I
I
'
Hi :-H, - Pcot<P
t-\~'.i
:;..._o-..:-~~~+-~~~=-~
FIG. 5. 8 Water Tank on Uniformly Varying Soil Bearing Pressure

Foundation
63
(B) COMPLEMENTARY AND MEMBRANE SOLUTIONS FOR CONICAL SHELL
From Chapter IV, (4. 4) :
[c 1 C4ern- ~er'n- 4ei'n) + C (~ei'n- ~bei'nt~er'n)] 2

n2 n n3 n2 n n3
(4 - 6)
N
SS
== -µ 2
S
[c 1 (~ern- ~ei'n) + c 2 (~ein+ 4er'n)] ( 4- 7)
n2 n3 n2 n3
tancj
Qs z"' - -> [ C1 (bern - -=bei'n)
2 2
+ C2 (bein + -=ber'n) J ( 4-9)
s n n
M ==· 2
2tancj> {C [nbei'n - 2(bein + -=ber'n)]
SS n2 1 n
-C 2 [nber'n - 2(bern - ~ei'n)]} ( 4-10)
n
- - -li2 [ cl (b ein
EXcon . 2
+ -=ber'n ) ~ei ' n) ] ( 4 - 8)
2
h n n
Ell ncos {c [-2ber'n + ~ern 8t... . ' n .

---vei J
con 1 n2
4h n
+c [-2bei'n + ~ei + 4er'n J} ( 4-12)

2
n n2
where
4
n 2µrs; µ == h 2t an2cj> /h2
and
v ~ 0 fo r concret e
Tabular values of KELVIN functions for n > 10 are obt ained from "TABLES
OF THE BESSEL-KELVIN FUNCTIONS ber,bei,ker,kei, AND THEIR DERIVATIVES
FOR THE ARGUMENT RANGE 0(0.01)107.50" by H. A. LOWELL, NASA TR R-32, 1959.

64
Global Convention
FIG. 5.9 Boundary Forces: Meridional Section of the Conical Shell
Boundary Force H at s = L:
2
(a)
(b) M = 0
SS
From (b) and (4-10),
2
tancp[c [nbei'n - 2(bein + ~er'n)]-c [nber'n-2(bern ~. ~ei'n)]}= 0
n2
1
n
2 n
(1)
From (a) and (4-9),
tan cj> [C (bern - ~ei'nl + c (bein + ~er'n)] (2)

1 2
s
Substituting (1) into (2) yields:
where
sincj>
~ ., ) (nbei'n- 2bein- ffeer'n)(b. ~er'n)]}
·-{-tan <j> [Cb

L- ern- n ei n + ( nbcr' n- 2bern+ bei 'n) ein+ n
~er'n) 1
l
(nbei - 2bein-
a2 - 4 al
(nber'n- 2bern + ...:.Uei'n)
n .
65
Normal Displacement due to H :

2
From ( 4-12),
{j
con
sin<ji
1 cncos<ji) [al(- 2ber'n+ ~ern- ~ei'n)

sincp 4hE n n2
+ a 2 (- 2bei'n+ ~ein+ ~er'n)]H

n 2
n
2
Stress Couple Due to H :
2
From ( 4-10),
2tan<ji
M (s)
SS
{a [nbei'n- 2(bein+
1
~er'n)]
n2 n
-a 2 [nber'n- 2(bern- ~ei 'n)]} H2
Influence coefficients for H2 = 1 at s = L:
From (4-8) and (4-12),
H
2 ncoscp [ a (-2ber'n+ -=-bern-
4 8
E6 -=bei'n)
con 1
4h n n2
+a (-2bei'n+
2
~ei + ~er'n)]
n n2
/12 [a
1
(bein+ ~er'n)-a 2 (bern- ~ei'n)]
h2 n n
66
b_:o/ !1/0 .
I
Global Convention
FIG. 5.10 Boundary Moments: Meridional Section of the Conical Shell
Boundary Moment at s L:
(a) M M
SS
(b) Qsz = 0
From (b) and ( 4-9)'
t:n~ [c 1 (bern- ~ei'n) + c 2 (bein+ ~er'n)] 0 (1)
From (a) and (4-10),
2
tan p {c [nbei'n- 2(bein+ ~er'n)] - c [nber'n- 2(bern- ~ei'n)]}=M
2 1 2
n n n ( 2)
Substituting (1) into (2) yields
where
- (b ern- ~ei'n)( nb er , n- 2b ern+ ~ e1. , n )]

4
[ 2tan ~ (nbei'n- 2bein- ..'..ber'n) 2
n2 n (ber'n+""ber'n) n
n
(b ern- ~ e i 'n)
n
c2 =[ 2 ]cl
(bei 'n+.:::Uer' n)
n
67
Displacement due t o M:
From (4- 12),
1
4 ei ' n)
s i ncp n2
+c (- 2bei 'n+ ~ ein + ~er ' n) ] M

2 2
n n
Stress Coup l e due t o M:
From (4-10),
_.M 2t ancj>
~
ss
(s ) = ---' {c [ nbei'n- 2 (b ei n + ~er'n)]
n2 1
n
- C2 [ nber ' n - 2(bern - ~ei 'n)]} M
Influence Coefficients f or M = 1 at s = L:
From (4- 8) and (4-1 2),
ncoscj>
[c
1
4
( -ber ' n+ ~e rn ~ ei ' n)
4h n n2
+C 2 (-2b e i'n+ ~e i + ~ er'n)]

n n2
112
h2
[c
1
(be i n+ ~
n
er 'n) - c 2 (ber n - ~ei
n
' n)]
68
Boundary Conditions for Membrane Solution
FIG. 5.11 Soil Pressure Distribution
Soil Reaction:
f0 (p:cos¢)2rrscos¢ds = rrp:L2cos2¢
Applied Load:
2rr(Lcos¢)P
Equilibrium Equation:
Hence,
P 2P
pf = Leos¢ = Pz
Equilibrium Force Components:
Nmss
--+ (From Chapter IV, (4. 3))
r
s
As for conical shell,
00
then
-p s cot¢
z
69
and
J2ns cos¢(p cos¢)ds p s

- -
z - -
- - -- - - z
- cot¢
2ns sin¢ cos¢ 2
or in terms of P,
p
~
SS sin¢
The membrane meridional rotation from (4-3)
r
Exm = l[(Nm vNm ) - ~ (Nm - Nm )] cot~ - 1 d [r (Nm - vNm )]
h SS - ee r ee SS
s
o/ T d¢ e ee SS
s
m
dNee
cot¢ [(Nm _ Nm )
h ss ee + s ds
J
ds
Ass= s(¢), rs = ~ for conical shell, and v ~ 0 for concrete,
d d
re = s cot¢, d¢ =rs ds
m m
Substituting for Nss and Nee' the meridional rotation is
E m 3 scot 2 ¢
Xcon = °21'z h
Membrane horizont a l displacement:
From (4-12),
p s2
z
-h-cos ¢cot¢
(C) COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS FOR CYLINDRICAL AND CONICAL SHELLS
Cylindrical Shell: Conical Shell :
E6 : E(6p + 6Hl 6M ) E( 6m + 6H2 6M ) (1)

cyl cyl + cyl con con + con
m H2 M
Ex E( X + X + X ) (2)
con con con
II 2 =_H - Pcot¢
1
The results for the case study are summarized in APPENDIX III.
,_:
LL
l/1
wATEr LEVEL
~,- ........
CYLINDRI CAL
SHELL
, ·,.........
......
-
':: .......... .
.....:.:~ .
.......... -<:
c.-~~ -
_;;:, => --......
. ri.,..A~
------- ' )'.. .
~l ·-2 ,......~:-~ > -4
. \~ ' Tffi<r~ GROU-N D LEV EL. 3
10 LB !=TIFT
CONICAL
SHELL
CYLIND111CAL
I.
SHE. LL
M
EXPLODED TAN K SE CTION --+H
I
~~ ~-H
FIG. 5 . 12 Stress Couple, M5 5 :

Monolithic Joint
2nd Or der Asymptotic Solution
and Fliigg e Solution
\ .>
q,)
~
ELASTIC FOUNDATIONS:
(SECOND ORDER ASYMPTOTIC
SOLUTIONS)
- ·-WELL-GRADED GRAVEL
--- POORLY-GRADED GRAVEL
UNI FORM SOIL BEARI NG PRESSURE
-:'.} .
-~ FOUNDATION:
~ - (FLliGGE SOLUTION) -....J
0
....,:
LL
I/)
WAT.Erl LEVEL
10
CYLINDRICAL
SHELL
GROUND LEVEL
CONICAL
SHELL
CYL1NDl11CAL
I SHELL
M
--tH
EXPLODED TANK SECTION . p
~f-H
.,> p (SECOND ORDER ASYMPTOTIC
FIG. 5.13 Transverse Shear Stress Resultant, Q ; O\V \f\ SOLUTIONS)
Monolithic Joint sz '(" t"l - . -WELL-GRADED GRAVEL
2nd Order Asymptotic Solution OJ - --POORLY-GRADED GRAVEL
...........
and Flugge Solution UNIFORM SOIL BEARING PRESSURE

'i FOUNDATION:
~ (FLLJGGE SOLUTION)
·- 1
......
i-=
LL.
l/l
lti
WATEIC LEVEL
I
10
CYLINDRICAL
I SHELL
I
GROUND LEVEL
CONICAL
SHELL
......
CYLINDntCAL
ISHE.LL
M
--+-H
~-
v---~i-H
t:i./O
~o
FIG. 5.14 Horizontal Displacements,~: SOLUTIONS)
Monolithic Joi~t . -·-WELL-GRADED GRAVEL
2nd Order Asymptotic Solution --- POORLY-GRADED GRAVEL
and Fliigge Solution ,~ UNIFORM SOIL BEARING PRESSURE
~ ~ FOUNDATION:
o~ ~(FLVGGE SOLUTION) ~
N
~
. ~
~
LL..
Vl
~ 2
wA1f o LEVEL
10
CYLINDRICAL
SHELL
s it="i·
GROUND LEVEL
CONICAL
SHELL
,,....,.,......,,.· _. . ' ......... ,
~-
... _.;
_.. _.;
-
·- -..
......
/ CYLINDnlCAL
ISHELL
~~.-H
M 1 ...
p ---tHti) o4
.
X>O

I
FIG. 5.15 Normal Displacements, w: (SECOND ORDER ASYMPTOTIC
1,lonolithic Joint
SOLUTIONS)
2nd Orcler AsymptQtic Solution ..>
o, -·-WELL-GRADED GRAVEL
and Flug ge Solution -1..
tv -- - POORLY-GRADED GRAVEL
t:-...:. FOUNDATlON:
'j.
--(FLOGGE SOLUTION) VJ
'-..]
I-'
IJ._
I/)
~
v
WATEf1 LEVEL
10
CYLINDRICAL
SHELL
S <;:I
GROUND LEVEL
\\ .\
' . CYLIND111CAL
\\. I
+€
SHE.LL
\
\ \. M •- ---+H
EXPLODED TANK SECTION \
'· \ \
. p 6)0
~~._H ?'>O
FIG. 5.16 Meridional Rotations, x: I

Monolithic Joint
2nd Order Asymptotic Solutions
and Flugge Solution
SOLUTIONS)
---WELL-GRADED GRAVEL
-.:-,--:-POORLY-GRADED GRAVEL
FOUNDATION:
- - (FLLJGGE SOLUTION) -....J
.>
-r ~
-;:.;q.
>;
-~
,_;
LL.
l/)
WAT En LEVEL
I
C':'Ll NDl<I CAL
10
SHELL
I
I
·" ~s ~1
OL~
//'' .. -/"" GROUND LEVEL
CONICAL
SHELL
,./
;,"'
--~----
NgQ
-._ ,.-' / ' " PLAN
--~--- ..... --"'"'
.. .... . ··· ·· · ... ., CY L)N en 10.\L
SHELL .
·. M
--+H
I
I
/~~~
~kA"S'H
p
+
~~s
'· SECTION
FIG. 5.17 Meridional Stress Resultant, NSS

an d - - - MERIDIONAL STRESS RESULTANT
Circwnferential Stress Resultant, ·. · ·• ·· CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS RESULTANT
--t
Nee: ·. .> \,f\
\,f\
Monolithic Joint Ovl u--t_.
Flugge Solution ...~ (\)
(\)
-....]
(J1
76
5.2.3 EFFECTS OF FOUNDATION STIFFNESS
Since various approximate solutions lead to similar results, we
select the more accurate second order asymptotic solution to study the
effe cts of foundat i on stiffness . The fo rmerly ass umed we ll- gr aded
gravel elastic foundation with k=500pci is now changed to poorly-graded
with k=250pci. Results for elastic foundations are then compared with
those of the uniformly varying soil bearing pressure foundation.
Numerical values are tabulated in APPENDIX III.
5.2.4 SOIL BEARING PRESSURE
In this section, we attempt to study the soil bearing pressure
distribution over the conical shell. The r es ul ts derived fr om second
order asymptotic solution are compared with the uniformly varying soil
bearing pressure foundation assumed by FLOGGE. At this stage, we are
in the position to check partially the validity of our differential
equations since the total soil bearing pressure should agree closely
with the tota l appl i ed l o:cc.
For elastic fo undation:
= -kw
where w = wc + wP is the normal displacement and k is the elastic
foundation stiffness (_k = 500pci for well-graded gravel and k = 250pci
for poorly-graded gravel).
For uniformly varying soil bearing pressure foundations:

77
where
2P
= Lcoscp
is soil reaction due to edge load and
is reaction due to the weight of water transmitted directly to the
foundation.
The results are summarized in APPENDIX III.
FIG. 5.18 Total Soil Bearing Pressure: Conical Shell, Meridional

Section
Total soil bearing pressure is estimated by SIMPSON's rule:
For interval x to x
0 2
= x0 + 2h
XO + 2h sl
h
J pfdx = [-(p + 4pf + p ) J 21T r
f2 0
x2 3 fo 1 L
Fo r interval x2 to :x4 = x2 + 2h:
h s2
[ - (pf + 4pf + pf ) ] 2rrr
3 2 3 4 o L
78
and so on. Adding al l such expressions from x to xn' where n is

0
even, we have,
x + nh
0 h
f x0 pfdx 2Tir -[(p
0
+ 4pf + pf ) sl +
3L fO 1 2
(pf + 4pf + p ) s +
2 3 f4 3
(pf + 4pf +Pf )ss. · .]

4 5 6
5.3 WATER TANK WITH NON-MONOLITHIC JOINT
The analysis of water tank with non-monolithic joint is
similar to that of monolithic joint described in Ch ap ter V, Section 2.1.
The same equations are applicable as in the monol ith ic case, except
that M=O and there is no Ex compatibility equation. Results are
summarized in APPENDIX III.

,__;
ll.
t./l
'N A T~ n L ~v EL
I
I CYLINDl1 :CAL
10
Sri ELL
I
I
~~
~
.
CONICAL '\ """
7
°'"97 7
Gr? O'J trn
1
LE'v EL •
SHELL
~
..-.r-::..·
..-- .,...,.,.. 'CYL!NDlllCP.L
.,....,. .,....,. --:::: ........ ........
' \, \. lSHE.LL . M
''\,
--+H
.,..... . -;? . -- . ·-- .
I . ~H
~ EXPLODED TANK SECTION \

\, '0
(SECOND ORDER ASYMPTOTIC SOLUTIONS)
FIG . 5.19 Soil Bearing Pressure, pf:
Monolithic Joint Sr<....,"1) -·-WELL-GRADED GRAVEL
- - - POORLY· GRADED GRAVEL
2nd Order Asymptotic Solution
~
and Flugge Solution > FOUNDATION:
't-~
- (FLUGGE SOLUTION)
'-I
~
I-'
l.J...
t/l
: .
I
~
v
,,
WATEf1 LEVEL
I:
li
I I :.
I
'. r-, \
\
I' ·I
.
!
'\ " 10 ,~:_
I
CYLINDRICAL
SHELL
:\
·1
I
t
t
\
\
\
\
'.
\
"~-·-
".,
,
"
·· . .. -- .... ________ _
: \ .".,
I
,
I CONICAL
.r 'kd
I:
l!
i:
1
~kGf"l0UND -2EVEL
\ "·
\6"·. ?/',.A'3 ..... ·" .. "
"~ ~"'i.
~
--
I
'
-fS' ~10-3 LBFT/FT
i SHELL
CYLINDFCICAL
~
,.
,, I
SHE.LL
M
~
1' "'F --tH
EXPLODED TANK SECTION I'
p
~
~~H
I\ I
FIG. 5. 20 Meridional Stress Couple, M I

. SS d .
Well-Graded Gravel .Elastic faun at1on - - - MONOLITHIC JOINT
2nd Order As~nptotic Solution · ·· ··· NON~MONOLITHIC JOINT
.>
C\;,,.)
"t..
<(jl \!)
\!)
"''A 00
0
"'-..
'"'
~
CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
INTRODUCTION
The underlying theme of this project is to study the validity of the
uaiform .y varying so ·.1 bearing pressure assumption employed by en gineer
ing designers as a simplification to the complex elastic foundation on
which the conical shell is supported.
This assumption is exemplified by Flugge's approximation, which, as
not ed previously, suggests that the conical shell is infinitely rigid and
suffers no rel ative normal displacement while generat ing the soil bearing
pressure. On the basis of this idea, the soil bearing pressure can be
determined directly from the equilibrium equations without relating it to
the soil stiffness. This idea however contradicts the general under
standing of the behavi our of the conical shell which implies that the
state of stress at the boundary region is domin antly transverse bending
and therefore requires that normal displacements at the edge of the
conical shel l cannot be neglected. It is therefore wo rthwhile to
examine the significance of the foundation stiffness in the design of
the conical shell.
COMMENTS ON THE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION (EQ. 2-10) FOR

CONICAL SHELL ON THE EULER-WINKLER ELASTIC FOUNDATION
In the process of reducing the order of the differential equation to
a man ageabl e degree, we have made several assumptions following KANN (40)
which should be taken into account in the study of calculated results:
81
82
1. Since the circumferential moment, Mee' is assumed to be negligibly
small, the differential equation of the conical shell represents

.
the shell as one which is less stiff than is actually the case.
Both the magnitude and the rate of change of the displacement along
the meridian can be expected to be slightly exaggerated.
2. The Euler-Winkler springs of elastic foundation are considered to
be discrete units. Hence, the presence of any shear resistance
between the springs, i.e. between the contiguous soil, will tend to
smooth out the rate of change in the reactive soil bearing ·
pressures.
3. The differential equation does not take into account the
deformation effects of "meridional stress resultant at the
boundary. We have assumed that u =o even though du/ds is not
necessarily a small strain:
N
SS = Eh (Ess + vEee)
~
EhE
SS
= Ehdu
l-\12 ds
At s =L
du N Hcot4> + Psin4>
SS
- - --
ds Eh
- -
Eh
*o
83
CONCLUSIONS
1. A conical shell with 30° behaves in some respects similarly to a cylindrical shell.
2. The differential equation (2-10) becomes most accurate for
conical shells with 30° since the circumferential moment in
the theory used was assumed to contribute little to the stiffness
of the shell.
3. The various approximate solutions for the differential equation
(2-10) yield quite similar results. Using Maxwell's Reciprocal
Displacement Principle:
I - IE H I
IE6Mcon - Xcon
as a theoretical criterion, we can establish that the asymptotic
solution best satisfies this relation. For the case with well- .
graded gravel elastic foundation and monolithic joint:
Approximation IE6M I
con
IE Xcon
H I ( IE6M
con l-IEx~ 0 nl )
Geckeler 3.350 3.308 0.042

Bauersfeld-Geckeler 3.701 3.681 0.020
1st Order Asymptotic 3.778 3.740 0 .03 8
2nd Order Asymptotic 3.660 3.676 0.016
84
4. Lowering the soil stiffness coefficient causes a stress
redistribution to balance the applied loads. The result of this
is a lateral shift of the positive maximum bending moment towards
the apex. For extremely soft foundation, we can expect the
momentless region to be very narrow.
5. By neglecting the dead weight of the conical shell, it is found
that the total soil bearing pressure of the elastic foundation
derived from the second order Asymptotic Solution agrees with the
estimated total applied load. This can be considered as a partial
corroboration on the validity of the differential equation (2.10)
Total applied loads:

water loads 4.54 x 10 6 lb (vertical)
wall load
(cylindrical shell) 5.80 x 10 5 lb (vertical)
L: p = 5.12 x 10 6 lb (vertical)
v
Total vertical resultant soil bearing pressures for the elastic found
ation (second order asymptotic solution) is 5.4lxl0 6 lb (normal) or
5.16 x 10 6 lb (yerticall. Assuming the base is wet, hence frictional
force, ps=O; and the soil bearing pressure from s=O to 3 ft. can
be estimated by linear extrapolation.
6. Inst ability has not been considered in the study. It is only
appropriate for conical shells which are very thin, flat or
made of a low-modulus concrete . Concrete creep may also contri
bute to larger deformation, but this aspect of the problem has not
been considered in this report.

85
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. The Asymptotic Solution can be approximated by the simpler Geckeler
approximation when higher degree of accuracy is not required.
2. The accuracy of the Asymptotic Solution can be improved by ret aining
l1igh cr ordeT terms.
3. The uniformly varying soil bearing pressure foundation corresponds
to the case .with low foundation stiffness coefficient. This
assumption however does no t neces sarily lead to a conservative
design. Reviewing the structure with monolithic joint in the case
study, it is apparent that for some occasions both the stress and
the deformation at any point can be underestimated.
Well-Graded Uniform Soil Difference

Gravel Elastic Bearing
Foundation Pressure
Foundation
(A) (B) ( B-A) xlOO
A
Bending Moment
(in lb/in)
Max. + 1427 (s=336")

1327 (s=276") -7.0%
Max. - -2387 (s=377.2)
-5485 (s=377. 2") 129.8%
Transverse Shear
Force (.lb/in)
Max. + 31. 9 (s=312")

17.6 (s=228") -44.8 %
Max. - -263. 5 (s=377. 2")
-147.9 (s=377. 2") -43.9 %
Normal Displacement
(in/ lb)
Max. - -4.09xl0- 2
-l.94x10- 1 -52.6 %
(s=377. 2") (s=377. 2")
Rotation*
Max. + 3. 95xl0- 5 3. 614xl0- 5 -8.5%
( s=264 ") (s=377. 2")

Max. - -5. 27xl0- 4 - 7. 54xl0- 4 43.1 %
(s=360") (s=324")
*Neglecting results where s < 120 in.
86
4. The meridional stress resultant derived from the equilibrium
equation is extremely difficult to integrate as the displacement

Ks K
w has fac t ors such as e , l/ (s ), cosKs, and sinKs . As from
equilibrium equation
Ehtan¢w
s
then,
N
SS
= - Eht an¢ .!.
S
JS
'!!._ ds + C
However, . it i s possible to obt a i n some good estimates for N by

SS
successive approximation methods.

BIB LIOGRAPHY
THEORY OF THIN SHELLS
1. BILLINGTON, D. P., "Thin Shell Concrete Structures". McGraw-Hill,

N. Y., 1965.
2. FLUGGE, W., "Stresses in Shells", Springer-Verlag, New York, 1960.
3. TIMOSHENKO, S . P. and WOINOWSKY-KRIEGER, S., "Theory of Plates and
Shells", 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1959.
SELECTED HISTORICAL REFERENCES (In Chronological Order)
1. NAVIER, H. L., "Extracts of Researches on the Flexure of Elastic
Plates", (In French), Bull. Philomat., pp. 357ff, 1823.
2. CAUCHY, A., "On the Equilibrium and Movement of a Solid Plate",(In
French), Excercise de Math., Vol. 3, 1828 .
3. POISSON, D. S. "Memoir on the Equilibrium and Movement of Solid

Bodies", (In French) , Mem . de l'Acad .-Sci., Paris, Vol. 8, 1829.
>
4. LAME, G. and CLAPEYRON, E., "Memoir on the Internal Equilibrium of

Solid Bodies", (In French), Mem. pr es. par div. Savants, Vol. 4,
1833 .
5. KIRCHHOFF, G., "On the Equilibrium and Motion of an Elastic Plate",

(In German), Jour. fur Reine und Ang. Math, (Crelle Journal),
Vol. 40: pp. Slff, 1850.
6. WINKLER, E., "Strength of Pipes, Steam Boilers and Impulse Wheels",
(In German), Civil Ingenieur, Vol. 6, pp . 325-365, 427-462,
1860.
7. CLEBSCI-I, A., "Theory of Elasticity of Solid Bodies", (In German)
(Monograph), Leipzig, 1862.
8. ARON, H., "Equilibrium and Motion of an Infinitely Thin,
Arbitrarily Curved, Elastic Shell 11 , (In German), Jour. fur
Reine und Ang. Math., (Crelle Journal), Vol. 78, pp. 136-174,
1874.
9. GRASHOF, F., "Theory of Elasticity and Strength", (In German)
(Monograph), Berlin, 1878.
10. RAYLEIGH, J . W. S., "On the Infinitesimal Bending of Surfaces of

Revol ution", Lond. Math. Soc. Proc., Vol. 13, pp. 4-16, 188 2.
87
88
11. LOVE, A. E. H., "The Small, Free Vibrations and Deformations of

Thin Elastic Shells", Phil. Trans. Roy. Sci., Ser. A., Vol.
179, pp. 491-546, 1888 .
.
12. MATHIEU, E., .. "The Vibrational Movement of Bells", (In French),
Jour. L'Ecole Polyt., Vol. 51, pp. 177-247, 1883.
13. LOVE, A. E. I-I., "On t he Equilibrium of a Thin Elast ic Spheri cal

Bowl", Proc. London Math. Soc., Vol. 20, pp. 89-102, 1889.
14. BASSET, A. B., "On th e Extension and Flexure of Cylindri cal and
Spherical Thin Elastic Shells", Phil . Tran s . Roy. Soc., Vol.
181, Ser. A, pp. 433-480, 1890.
15. LAMB, H. , "On the Deformation of an Elastic Shell", Proc. of

London Math . Soc., Vol. 21, pp . 119-146, 1891.
16. LOVE, A. E. H., "A Treatise on th e Mathematical Theory of

Elasticity, (Monograph), Cambridge, 2 Vols., 1892/1893,
4th Edi tion, 1940.
17. SCHOLE, E., "Strength and Elasticity of Curved Plates (Pressure

Vessel Heads)", (In German), Dingler Polytech. Jour., Vol.
315, pp. 661-665, 1900.
18 . MAURER, L., "On the Deformat ion of Curved Elastic Plates", (In
German), Arch. Math . u. Phys., Ser. 3, pp. 1-26, 260-283,
1904.
19. RUNGE, C., "On the Deformation of a Cylindrical Water Tank by

Water Pressure" , (In German) , Zei t . Math. Physik , Vo l. 51,
pp. 254- 264 , 1904.
20. FORCHHEIMER., P., "On the Strength of Large Pipes " , (In German),
Zeit. Osterr. Ing. Arch. Ver., Vol. 56, pp. 133££., 1904.
21. LORENZ, R., "Axisymmetric Deformation in Thin-walled Hollow

Cylinders", (In German), Zeitsch. d. V.D . I., Vol. 52,
pp. 1706-1713, 1908.
22 . FORCHHEIMER, P., "Calculation of Plane and Dished Tank Bases",

(In German), (Monograph), 2nd Edition, W. Ernst and Sohn,
Berlin, 1909.
23. PFLEIDERER, C., "Calculation of Pistons", (In German), Zeitsch. d.

V.D.I., Vol. 54, pp. 317-320, 1910.
24. FANKHAUSER, E., "Mechanics of Vaulted Heads of Steam Turbines",

(In German), Zeitsch. f. d. Ges. Turb., Oct. 20 , pp. 449-454,
474-476, 489-492, 509 -511, 1911.
89
25. BLUMENTHAL, 0., "On Asymptotic Integration of Differential

Equations with Application to the Calculation of Stresses in
Spherical Shells", (In German), Proc. 5th Int. Congr. of Math.,
Vol. 2, pp. 319-327, 1912, and in Zeitsch. Math. u. Phys.,
Vol. 62, pp. 343-362, 1914.
26. REISSNER, H., "Stresses in Spherical Shells (Cupolas)", (In German),

(Anniver sary Volume), H. Mull er - Br es l au, Kroner , Leip zig, pp.
181-193, 1912. Also "On the Stress Distribution in the Walls
of Cylindrical Tanks," (In German), Beton u. Eisen, Vol. 7,
1908, pp. lSOff.
27. KELLER, H., "Analysis of Curved Plates", (In German), Doctoral

The si s , Fed. Inst. of Tech., Zuri ch; Mitt. u. Forscharb. auf.
Geb . Ing .-wes., No. 124, Berlin, pp. 33-82, 1912, and No. 195,
1917; as a monograph, Berlin, 1912, and "Analysis of Dished
Tank Bases n, (Monograph), Lei pz ig and Berlin, 1922.
28. FANKHAUSER, E., "Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of

the Mechan ics of Coni ca l and Sph erical Tank Bases", (In German) ,
Doctora l Thesis, Fed. Ins t. of Tech., Zuri ch, 1913.
29 . MEISSNER, E., "Elasticity Problem for Thin Shells of Toroidal,

Spherical and Conical Form", (In German), Phys. Zeitsch.,
Vol . 14, pp. 34 3ff., 1913.
30. MEISSNE R, E., "Elasticity and Me chani cs of Thin Shells", (_In

German), Viert-jahr. nat. Ges., Vol. 60, pp. 23-47, 1915.
31 . ZOELLY, R., "Buckling of Shells", (In German), Doctoral Thesis,

Fed. Inst. of Tech., Zurich, 1915.
32 . BOLLE, L., "Strength Calculations of Spherical Sh e lls", (In German),

Doctor al Thesis, Fed. Ins t. of Tech., Zurich, 1916; also
Schweiz-Bauzeit., Vol. 66, pp. 105-108, 111-113, 1915.
33. WISSLER, H., "Strength Calculation of a Toroidal Shell", (In German),

Doctoral Thesis, Fed. Inst. of Tech., Zurich, 1916.
34. DUBOIS, F. , "On the Mechanics of Conical Shells " , (In German) ,
Doctoral Thesis, Fed . Inst. of Tech., Zurich, 1917.
35. EFFENBERGE R, W. , "On a New Calculation of Stress Distribution in

Cylindrical Shell Wa lls", (In German), Beton u. Eisen,
Vol. 16, pp. 78-81, 1917.
36. MEISSNER, E., "Stressing and Deformation of Cylindrical Vessels

wi th Linearly Varying Wall Thi ckness " , (I n German) , Vi er . d.
nat. Ges., Vol. 62, pp. 153-168, 1917.
37. FEDERHOFER, K., "On the Stability of Shallow Spherical Shells", (In
German), Sitz-ber. math. nat. Klasse, Kaiserlichen Akad. of Sci.,
Vi enna , Austri a : Vol. 126 , pp. 1311-1339, 191 6 ; Vol. 127,
pp. 265-296, 1917. Also "Graphical Method for Finding the Stress
Distribut i on in the Walls of Cylindrical Tanks," (In German),
Beton u. Eisen, Vol . 8, pp. 387-388, 1909-1910.
90
38. SCHWERIN, E., "On the Stresses in Symmetrically and Unsymmetrically

Loaded Spherical Shell (Cupolas)", (In German), Doctoral
Thesis, Tech. Univ. Berlin, 1917, also in Armierter Beton,
Vol. 12, pp. 25ff, 54ff, 8lff, 1919.
39. HONEGGER, E., "Mechanics of Conical Shells with Linearly Changing

Wall Thickness", (In German), Doctoral Thesis, Fed. Inst. of
Tech., Zurich, 1919.
40. KANN, F., "Conical Tank Bases, Roofs and Silo Funnels", (In German),
Doctoral Thesis, T. H. Darmstadt, published in excerpts in Forsch.
-Arb . auf Geb. Eisenbetons, No. 24, Berlin, 1921, also published
as a monograph by W. Ernst &Sohn, Berlin, 1921.
41. HOHN, E. , "State of Stress in Dished Bases", (In German) , Zei ts ch.
d. V.D.I., Vol. 69·: pp. 155ff., 1925, also "On the Strength of
Dished Bases and Cylindrical Shel ls", (In German) (Monograph),
J. Springer, Berlin,1927.
42. MEISSNER, E., "On the Strength Calculation of the High Pressure
Boiler Drum", (In German), Schweiz . Bauzeit., Vol. 86 , No. 1,
pp. 1-5, 1925.
43. PASTERNAK, P., "Formulas for Rapid Analysis of the Bending of

Rotational Tanks", Schwei z. Bauz., Vol. 86, pp. 129ff., 1925.
44. PASTERNAK , P., "The Practical Calculation of Bending-Stiff

Spherical Shells, Round Foundation Slabs on Elastic Bedding,
and Circular Cylindrical Walls in Mutually Monolithic
Connection 11 ,(In German),Z.a.M.M.,Vol. 6,No. 1, pp. 1-29, 1926.
45. GECKELER , J . W., "On the Mechanics of Axisymmetric Shells", (In

German), Forsch-arb . Ges. Ing-Wes, No. 276, 19 26.
46. MEISSNER, E., "On the Strength of Shells," Anniversary Volume to

Prof. Stodola's 70th Birthday (In German), Orell Fussli,
Zurich, pp. 406 -417, 1929. Brief earlier communication: "On
the Elasticity Theory of Thin Shells'', Proc. of 6th Int. Cong.
of Math., Bologna, Vol. 5, pp. 155-158, 1928.
4 7. GECKELER, J. W., "On the Theory of Elasticity of Shallow,

Rotationally Symmetrical Shells", Ing. Arch., Vol. 1,
pp. 255 - 270, 1930.
48. LICHTENSTER..N, E. , "The Conical Shell Stiff in Bending with

Linearly Varying Wall Thickness", (In German), Z.a.M.M.,
Vol. 12, pp. 347-350, 1932.
49. EKSTROM, J. E., "Studies on Thin Shells of Rotationally

Symmetrical Form and Loading with Constant or Variable Wall
Thickness", I.V.A. Pamphlet No. 121, Stockholm, 1933.
~: 91
50. EKSTROM, J. E., "On the Stresses in a Right Conical Shell

Frustrum and its Application to the Calculation of Pressure
under Circular Foundation Plates", I.V.A. Pamphlet No. 137,
Stockholm, 1935.
51. NOLLAU, H.,'~he State of Stress of a Bending-Resistant Conical

Shell with Li n early Changing Wall Thickness under Arbitrary
Loading ", (In German) , Z. a .M.M., Vol. 24 , No. 1, pp . 10-34,
1944.
52. HILDEBRAND, F. B., "On Asymptotic Integration in Shell Theory",

Proc. 3rd Symposium of Appl. Math., Vol. 3, pp. 53-66,
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1950.
53 . FRADDOSIO , G. , "Conical Shell with Variable Thickness", (In

Italian), Acts of Inst. for the Science of Construct., Univ.
of Bari, 1973.
APPENDIX I
HISTORICAL NOTES: THEORY OF SHELLS
Leonhard EULER [1776] postulated the shell to cons ist of
individual rings of a double layer of meridional and tangential beams,
but correct results were not reached by such theoretical models.
The first theoretical analysis of thin shel ls based upon theory
of elasticity was given by the French engineer Emil e CLAPEYRON and
Gabriel LAME in 182 8 (4). They considered the rotationally symmetrical
shell under axially symmetrical lo ading , and made the assump tion that
stresses are virtually uniform across the smal l thickness of the thin
shell. In such a case, the constitutive equations are not necessary
and the shell can be analyzed on the basis of equilibrium equations alone.
This theory of momentless equilibrium of thin shells is now called the
"memb rane" theory of shells. However, the "membrane" state of stress
creates a deformation in shells that ordinarily cannot be made to
conform to the support conditions of the shell, and as a result
transverse bending near the suppo rt of the thin shell i s induced.
A consistent theory of the bending of plates was presented by
German theoretical physicist Gustav KIRCHHOFF in 1850 (27) which was a
great improvement over the theory of pl ates as given by the French
engineers and ma hem aticians Henri L. NAVIER in 1821 (1) , Augustin
CAUCHY in 1828 (2), and Denis S. POISSON in 1829 (3) as it established
the proper boundary conditions associated with the bending and
stretching of thin elastic plates. KIRCHHOFF maint ained that normals
to t he middle s urface of the thin shell remain normal to the deformed
92
93
middle surface and suffer no deformation.
In 1862, German mathematician Alfred CLEBS CH (7) adopted
KIRCHHOFF's hypothesis and established equations of equilibrium for
plates which fall into two separate sets of equations: one set
describes the equil ibrium of stress-resultants and appli ed loads; the
other set stands for the moment equilibrium of stress couples and
transverse shear stress resultants.
In 1874 , the German electrical engineer and industrialist Heinrich
ARON (8) gave the fir st general elastic t heory of thin shells. He
described the geometrical properties of the middle surface and the
deformation of the middle surface of the shell in terms of two Gaussian
parametric coordinates and analyzed it as a problem of differential
geometry of surfaces. ARON incorporated KIRCHHOFF's hypothesis of
plates in bending and adopted the method of CLEBSCH in thin plates
theory to the analysis of thin elastic shells. ARON arrived at an
expression for the potential energy of the strained thin shell which
is analogous i n form to that obtained by KIRCHHOFF for thin plates.
In 1882 Lord RAYLEIGH proposed an inextentional theory of
vibration for thin shells (9), which was based upon the assumption that
the middle surfa ce of the deforming shell in vibrating motion remains
essentially unstretched, an ~dea obtained from physical reasoning. In

A
18 83 , the French mathematician Emile MATHIEU, in contrast to RAYLEIGH,
adopted the method used by POISSON in the vibration of thin plates in
1829, and assumed that stretching of the middle surface is mainly
important in the vibration of thin shells (11). MATHIEU's fundamental
equations could be deduced from the ARON's potential energy quantity if
only the middle surface stretching terms are retained.

94
A great progress within shell analysis was achieved by the English
mathematician Augustus E. H. LOVE in 1888 (10). LOVE applied the
KIRCHHOFF Hypothesis and derived the basic thin shell equations
together with the associated boundary conditions (5). LOVE 's potential
energy expression for thin shells had a form similar to that of ARON.
LOVE attempted to make the various approximations used in the
construction of the constitutive equations and the kinematical
descriptions of strains more systematic by introducing the so-called
LOVE's First and Second Approximations, and he corrected some faults and
inconsistencies in the shell theory of ARON . LOVE demonstrated that
RAYLEIGH's inextens i onal theory does not permit proper satisfaction of
the boundary conditions of the vibrating thin elastic shell.
In 1889 LOVE published his theory of thin elastic spherical
shells (12).
Before t he epochal memoir of LOVE i n 1888, German engineers Emil
WINKLER in 1860 (6) and Franz GRASHOF in 1878, had made att e~pts to solve
thin shell problems of industrial importance without the aid of general
theory of thin shells with some success.
In 1890, English mathematician Albert B. BASSET (13), and
Australian mathematician Horace LAMB (1 4) both had demonstrated that
A. E.H. LOVE's [1888] " extensional" strain in the thin shell in most
cases is confined to a rather narrow regi on near the edges of the shell
as it is implemental in satisfying the boundary conditions of the shell.
The res t of the she ll beyond this narrow boundary zone may be considered
approximately to be "inextensional" as Lord RAYLEIGH had assumed in 1882.
These facts led engineers to the concept of the "boundary disturban ce"
95
or "perturbation" zone in the deformation of thin shells. The
boundary condition can be satisfied by superimposing the deformation
efforts of the transverse bending and of the membrane state of stress
at the boundary. This approach to shell analysis represents a method
of successive corrections. It has been f ound that the thinner the
shell, the narrower is the so-called boundary disturb ance zone.
LOVE's general thin shell theories (9) led to such complicated
differential equations and intricate solutions that only shells with the
simpl est middle surface geometries could be analyzed at all by its means.
After LOVE's general theory of thin shells had been published,
many German engineers made elaborate attempts to apply the ideas of
LOVE's general theory of thin shells to important industrial problems,
such as pressure vessel and tank problems: W. SCHULE in 1900 and
1911 (16), Carl RUNGE in 1904 (19), L. MAURER in 1904 (1 8) , C. PFLEIDERER
in 1908 and 1910 (23), Heinrich MULLER-BRESLAU and Hans REISSNER in
1908 (26) , R. LORENZ in 1908 (21) , Phillip FORCHl-!EnlER i n 1904 (20) and 1910
(9), and Karl FEDERHOFER in 1909 (24) by a graphical method.
These investigators were able to obtain some approximate solutions
for the industrial shell problems, and exact solutions for the
cylindrical shell problems.
An accelerated interest in thin rotationally symmetrical shell

problems was given by Aurel STODOLA, professor at the Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland, with the publication of
the fourth editi on of his famous book Steam Turbines in 1910, as it
contained a stress analysis with numerical results for the conical
pressure vessel head by ZIEGLER, an assistant and student of Professor
STODOLA. ZIEGLER derived two simultaneous differential equations of

the second and third orders for the thin conical shell from LOVE's
general shell equations, and he integrated these equations by elaborate
method of series . STODOLA's doctoral students, Huldreich KELLER in
1912 (21) and Eduard FANKHAUSER in 1913 (28), developed similar
solutions from LOVE's theory for spherical and conical pressure vessel
heads and dished heads with variable wall thickness and meridional
curvature, but their methods were intricate and extensive as they used
methods of finite differences and step-by-step integration. KELLER
published fully calculated results for a large number of different
cases of thin shells.
At the time KELLER and FANKHAUSER were working on their thesis,
a new era in thin shell theory began with the publication of the epoch
making paper (26) of Hans REISSNER on thin spherical shells in 1912.
Hans REISSNER demonstrated how two symmetrical second order differential
equations can be constructed for the rotationally symmetrical problem
of the thin spherical shell on the basis of LOVE's theory of thin
shells when two parametric variables, the transverse shear stress
resultant and the meridional rotation, are introduced as dependent
variables.
In the same year, Otto BLUMENTHAL (25) showed how asymptotic
integration of the REISSNER differential equations, the reduced
differential equation of which contains a large scalar parameter, can
be carried out. Moreover, BLUMENTHAL also established the numerical
bounds for the error committed by any truncated asymptotic solution of
a differential equation containing a large scalar p arameter when the
solution represents the parametric asymptotic expansion.

97
Ernst MEISSNER, a co-supervisor of KELLER's doctoral thesis,
suggest ed t o the l atter to try to t ak e advant age of the symmetrical
construction of the differential equations of thin shells in the manner
of Hans REISSNER, and then to construct the reduced differential
equation whi ch could b e integrated by convent ion al methods , but KELLE R
was not successful in this effort. Cons equently MEISSNER took up the
study of the rotationally symmetrical shell problem himself.
MEISSNER was able to establish the general symmetrical equations
to rot ationally symmetrical shells in 1913 (29) . He demonstrated how
these equations, which can be reduced to a fourth order diff erential
equation in one dependent vari ab l e , can b e re duced to two conjugate
s econd order differ ent i a l equat i ons for shel l s of constant meridional
curvature, such as spherical, con i cal, and toroidal shells. He showed
that in this case the solution of one second order differential equation
yields a ll the s ol utions of the prob lem. In 1915 ( 30) MEISSNER showed
that the symmetrical form of the differential equations can be achieved
for arbi t r ar y ro t ationa l l' symmet r i ca l s hell s wi th an appropriate choice
of the dependent variables. MEISSNER reduced the differential equation
of _the rot ational shells with constant curvature to hypergeometric
different ial equations which possess notoriously slow-converging seri es
solutions that have small radii of convergence .
MEISSNER dire cted a research of a numb er of his doctoral students,
who produced a series of theses on the rotational shell problems:
R. ZOELLY wrot e a th e s is on buckl i ng of spheri cal she ll s in 1915 (31),
L. BOLLE a thesis on the bendi ng of spher i ca l shells in 1916 (32),
E. WISSLER a thesis on toroidal shells in 1916 (33) , F. DUBOIS a thesjs

98
on conical shells in 1917 (34), and E. HONEGGER a thesis on conical
shells with linearly varying wall thickness in 1919 (39).
In 1916, Karl FEDERHOFER wrote a paper on the stability of shallow
spherical shells, published in 1916 and 1917 (37), in which he reduced
the shallow spherical shell equations to a BESSEL differential equation,
the solutions of which were given in terms of BESSEL functions. For
large arguments, FEDERHOFER introduced the first term asymptotic
approximation of the BESSEL functions.
In 1917, Hans REISSNER's doctoral student, Edmund SCHWERIN (38),
wrote a thesis on the asymptotic solution of the spherical shell under
symmetrical and antisymmetrical loadings, which was carried out to
numerical results. He published this work in 1919 (38).
In 1917, W. EFFENBERGER (35) introduced the solution of cylindrical
shells with slightly varying wall thickness in the form of the
perturbation series in powers of a small parameters: h(x) = h + EX

0
and h(x) = h + sx2. In the perturbation method, the solution is

0
expanded into a power series of a small parameter s:
w(x) = w (x) + sw 1 (x) + s 2w2 + ...... .

0
EFFENBERG obtained a simple differential equation with explicit
solutions w (x), w1 (x), w2 (x) .... , to be determined from the solution

0
of a set of differential equations. The solution converges rapidly
for small s, and already the first term approximation w(x) = w + sw1
0
was sufficient for applications .
There was a need to have simpler, yet for engineering applications
sufficiently accurate solutions for shell problems. In 1921, F. KANN

99
published an investigation (40) on the conical shell problems which
admits BESSEL series solutions for a simplified differential equation,
the dependent variable of which is the normal displacement w. KANN
assumed the POISSON's ratio \) "' 0, the circumferential displacement
u "' 0, and the meridional displacement v to be negligibly small and,
furthermore, he neglected also the circumferential bending stiffness of
the conical shell. These simplifications enabled KANN to transform the
conical shell equation into a BESSEL differential equation in which the
transverse displacement w is the dependent variable. These
simplifications are also used in the present work.
In 1925 (42), MEISSNER was able to demonstrate that for a very
thin she ll of rotati on, th e boundary bending of which diminishes
rapidly with the distance from the shell's edge, the form of its
meridi an and its meridional curvature are of minor significance to
its boundary deformation problem.
In 1924, German engineering physicist Walther BAUERSFELD of the
firm ZEISS in Jena based his reasoning on the fact discovered by
BARNARD and LAMB that for a sufficiently thin spherical shell the
boundary effect is limited to a rather narrow boundary zone around the
edge of the shell. He reasoned that the coefficient cot¢ of the
pertin ent di f fe r ential equation do es not change appreciably over the
boundary zone defined by ¢ - ¢*, therefore, ¢"' ¢*"' ¢ and

0 0
cot¢ "'
SHEL,!,, lv11oc;>t..f:
SU!=IF.b-45.
MERIDIONA L SHELL SECTION
100
On this basis the differential equations of the spherical shell can
be approximated by one with constant coefficients, and, therefore, they
could be easily solved by standard methods of integration. This type
of solution of thin shell by BAUERSFELD was patented and therefore was
not published.
In 1926 (45), physicist Joseph W. GECKELER, who collaborated in
the design of the ZEISS dome with BAUERSFELD and a well-known shell
design pioneer Franz DISCHINGER, saw another possible simplification.
GECKELER reasoned that if the boundary zone of transverse bending is
small, then the solution must consist of strongly damped functions;
henc e the derivatives of higher order are numerically much larger than
the derivatives of lower order as long as their coefficients are of
comparable orders of magnitude in the differential equation. Therefore
GECKELER was able to neglect all first order derivatives in his two
second order differential equations for non-shallow thin rotational
shells. This method of integration is called the GECKELER
approximate solution.
Peter L. PASTERNAK (43, 44) gave several simplified methods for
the analysis of rotational shells and tanks in 1925 and 1926.
In 1928 and 1929 (46),MEISSNER poi~ted out that a toroidal shell can be
used as a replacement to the actual shell for the purpose of the boundary
effect calculations. He demonstrated in his paper how HORN's asymptotic
method could be used to integrate approximately such toroidal shell
equations, and how their solution can be given in terms of BESSEL
functions. MEISSNER also showed how the spherical shell solutions could
be given in terms of LEGE NDRE's polynomials an<l approximated by
asymptotic series restricted to one term.

101
In 1930 (4 7), GECKELER published a solution for shallow
rotationally symmetrical shells.
In 1932 (42), E. LICHTENSTERN published his invest igations on the
bending of conical shells with linearly varying wall thickness.
In 1933 (49), the Swedish engineer John- Erik EKSTROM studied the
general problem of various shells of rotation, among others the
conical shell. In 1935 (SO), EKSTROM investigated conical shell
frustrums and their us e in finding foundation pressures under circular
foundation plates.
Since 1944, a number of papers (51, 52, 53) and many others have
been published on rotational shells and conical shells, but none of
these works deal t with conical shells on elastic foundation.

APPENDIX II
HISTORICAL NOTES: ASYMPTOTIC SOLUTION
Asymptotic integration methods emerged from the efforts of the
mathematicians and scientists to find approximate solutions to ordinary
differential equations with error estimates for large values of the
independent variable or for a large parameter present in the differential
equation.
Solutions About the Singularity Points
Laz arus FUCHS in 1866 launched the basic construction of solutions
for general ordinary differential equations.
where P (x) are polynomials

r
m m-1
P (x) =ax
r m
+a
m- 1
x + ··· +a
o
(r = 0, l, . ... ,n)
According to FUCHS' theory, the differential equations can have
singularities at the roots of P (x) = 0 and at x = 0. FUCHS

n
demonstrated that the solution of the differential equation around a
re gul ar point x = 0 possesses a forma l power series solution at and
around this point. This series is absolutely and uniformly convergent
and its circle of convergence extends to the nearest singular point of
p (x).
n
10 2
103
This equation can be put into the form:
dnu Pn-1 (x) dn-1 u P (x)u

--+
p (x) + ... +
0
= 0
dxn n-1 P (x)
n dx n
A regul ar po int is a point at which all the coeffic ients are

analytic (finite, single-valued and possess a unique derivative at x,
and in its neighbourhood).
A shift of variable x = ~ - ~ gives a di ffer ential equation:

0
n- 1
d u
Pn-1 (~) n-1
+ ••• + p
0
( ~)u = 0
d~
in which the coefficients can be expressed in the form,
r = n-1, n-2, ... ,0
The singular points at ~ = ~ are points for which any

0
n-r
lim p ( ~) / (~ - ~ ) -+ 00
r o
~-+~
0
Regular singular points are points where n>n-r (r = n-l,n-2, ... ,0),
e.g., the coefficient p (0 has the first order of singularity at ~ = ~ :

3 0
if r = 3, n = 4, n-r = 4 -3 = 1. Irregular singular points are points
where n-r>n.
FUCHS considered the properties w i ch th e differen tial equation
must have in order that its solution at the singular point ~ = ~

0
has
the converging series solution of the form:
u( ~ )
+oo
where L bk( ~ - ~ 0 )k is a convergent LAURENT series .
k=-00
104
Ry substituting the derivatives of the given u(s) into the
differential equation and collecting terms with like powers, the
indicial equation is obtained for n = 0 .
where
[CJ = C(C - 1) · · · (C - k + 1)
Tl
If the roots C. of the indicial equation are distinct and no two

l
roots C. and C.(jfi) differ by an integer, then the fundamental solution

l J
set of di ffe rential equation contains the above solution. In all other
cases the solution may have the form:
+oo + oo
u( s ) C s -s 0 )c{~=- 00 C 0kC s - s 0 )k + ~=- 00 c 1 k Cs- s 0 )kln( s -s 0 )
+ ••. +
where p ~ Z,Z denotes the multiplicity of roots or the number of roots
which differ by an integer. At a regular singular point the
differential equation of the n-th order has a set of n linearly
independent solutions of either of the above solutions. At a regular
singular point s = s , the LAURENT series in these solutions have a

0
finite number of negative power terms.
At regu lar singular points with finite number of negative powers of
Cs-s ), all the coefficients of the LAURENT series can be determined by

0
recursion equations obtained from the differential equation after formal
substitution of the series .
However, at irregular singular points, all solutions contain an
infinite number of negative powers of (s -s ) in the LAURENT series in the

0
105
solution, and therefore the aforementioned method is not valid, as
th e coeff icients of the LAURENT seri e s cannot be determined by
substituting the series into the differential equation and equating
equal powers of the variables . A method of determining these
coeffici ents at an irregular singul ar point was first given by the
German mathematici an Ludwig Wilhelm THOME in 1877 . A differential
equation of the n-th order has the regular singulari ty at ~ = 00 if i t
has a form:
1 1
+ · · • + - f (-)u 0
i; n o i;
when its co efficients f .( l/ ~ ) are ana lytic functions at ~ = 00 •

l
THOME showed th at in addition to the possible convergent series
solutions, a differential equation with an irregular singular point at
~ = 00'
D(u)
in which the coefficients are developable into a descending power series,
has normal series solutions about i; = 00 of the form :
ui(~ ) = eQk(~) v(~) = eQk(~)~ Ci(a 0 + a 1 ~-l + a 2 ~- 2 + · · ·)
Qk( i; ) c. 00
e ~ 1 E a ~ -m
m=O m
is a polynomial of degree
k in ~ and the leading coefficient C. is a roo t of the characteristic

l
equation obtained by substituting u( ~ ) into the differential equation,

-m
collecting like terms of a ~ and setting m = 0. k is the order of
m
the normal solution and is the integer equal to, or immediately larger
106
than, the largest difference:
N (M - M )/n-r = maximum ( r = 0, 1, 2 , .. .,n)

r r n
where Mr denotes the degree of the polynomial p r(~ ).
The normal series solutionsusually diverge at an irregular singular
point of the different i al equat iorr. If the roots of the characteris tic
apply:
where the integer r is to be determined.
If the indicial equation has l multiple roots among all its n . roots
C1 , .. . ,C., .. . ,C , then the differential equation has th e anormal s eries

i n
solution of order k,
where Qk(l/ml ~)i s an i ncrea sing power series of l/m/f and the integer
m ~ l. If the degree of Qk (l/m/f) is gre at er than (k-l)m and less t han
km, then this series is an anormal series solution of order k. The
anormal series solution was first given by Charles-Eugene FABRY in his
doctoral thesis, in 1885.
Each no rmal series solution of the differential equation
though it diverges, constitutes asymptotically one int egr a l of that
differential equation for large values of x.
Any irregul ar singular point can be trans fe rred by a linear
transformat ion, th e so- called translation, to x = 00 wi thout altering the
differential equation.
10 7
In gene r al, the normal, anormal and logarithmic normal series
s olution s diverge, and therefore no i mport ant advancement in th e solut i on
of di f ferential equations with irregular singular points was made until

~
Henri POINCARE through his introduction of the theory of asymptotic
s erie s s ucceeded in isolating the essentia l property of these semi-
divergent s e r ie s that furnishes useful approximations to the s olutions of
differential equations for large values of the variable.
Asymptotic Expansions
Any funct ions , such as the solution of the differential equation,
u( ~ , can be represen ted by asymptotic power series for large values of t;, ,
m
n
u( t;,) - z: a /t;,
n=O n
if
m
. m+ 1 [ u ( t;, ) - n
llmt;, l: a Ii; ]-+a _
n m+ l
E;,-tro n=O
This series, i n general, i s dive r gent, but may , in special cases,
be convergent. The order of the magnitude of the error at any trun cation
of th e s eri es is less than the magn itude of the first t erm omitted :
German mathematici an Adolph KNESER s howed from 1896 to 18 99 how
the norma l solutions of certain differential equations can be used to
construct the a ct ua l s olut i on s . His r es ult s were of fundamental
i mport ance , but l imi ted in s cope , as i t i s ne cessary to prove th at t he
nor mal s eri es solutions ar e as ymp t otic t o the actua l solutions without
actua lly integrating the differential equations exactly, a task that may
be very di ffi cult or even imposs ible.

108
The most important results in the asymptotic solutions of
differenti a l equations for large values of t he independent variable x,
an d fo r a l arge paramet er, we re established by a German math emati c ian
J akob HORN (186 7-1946) in a sequence of papers from 1897 to 1910.
In these papers HORN made use of a number of methods in var ious
combinations whereby he was able to bring PO INCARE's ideas on asymptotic
integration to their ful l power.
In 1897, HORN employed KNESER's method to find asymptotic solutions
for different ial equat ions of the second order and higher rank irregular
singul arity. HORN used an idea of Heinrich WEBER in 1890 by assuming
that the actual solutions of this differential equation can be expressed
in t erms of f inite sums of the norma l seri es solutions and s ome other
f unct i ons v . (x) :

in
Qk +l( ~ ) pi
u . ( ~) =C ~ [C 1 + .•• + C. ~- n ]+ ~ -n (i 1, 2)
i in vin
where
QCO + ••. +
Then, v. ( x ) mus t be the solution of a cert ain diff erenti a l equation.

in
By the s tudy of this differential equation he was able to show that the
norma l series solutions are the asymptotic series solutions of this
differenti a l equation.
For diff erential equations with equa l characteristic roots a 1 = a 2 ,
HORN used KNESER's transformation for vari able
v(~) = ~ [ u ( ~) - a iJ
in the different i al equa t i on t o which the previous result s app l y , except

109
that now ~ must be replaced by If,.
In 1900 and 1910, HOfu~ was able to prove that his results applied
to the n-th order differential equations, and that its normal series
solutions are in fact the asymptotic series solutions for large real~.
HORN was also the fi rs t mathematician to apply asymptotic series
methods to the solution of differential equations containing a large
parameter in 1899. He demonstrated that the concepts of the large
independent variable problem can also be applied to the asymptotic
methods of solution of differential equations containing a large
parameter. HORN made use of successive approximation methods in t he
construction of actual solutions for his normalized differential equation;
that was a novel approach, and proved that the normal series solutions in
terms of i ve:::-se powers of th - paramt:' te:c represent t he asympt ot i c
solutions of the differential equation with a large parameter. In the
asymptotic inte gr ation of differential equat ion s contain i ng a l arge
parameter, HORN was a pioneer.
POINCARE proved that the sum, the difference, the product, and the
quotient of two functions are represented asymptotically by the sum, the
difference, the product and the quotient of their individual asymptotic
series, provided that the constant term in the divisor series expansions
can be integrated and differentiated term by term.
For large positive ~, the normal series solution of the differential
equation of the n-th order represents its asymptotic so l ution in co
ordinate expansion:
where
110
,,.
POINCARE noted that if any asymptotic series represents the same
function in a complete neighbourhood of t;, = 00 , th en i t is convergent .
In the case of di fferenti a l equations which contain a large
parameter, t he asymptotic solution requires an expansion in terms of the
inverse of this parameter and represents its asymptot ic paramet r i c
expansion. As t he shell problem studied here i s not related to a large
parameter, the historical review of this type of solution is not included.

APPENDIX III
COMPUTER PROGRAMME AND CALCULATED RESULTS
FLOW CHART
~INITI~TION ~
Ir" COMMON BLOCK ... --,
r
1 1
EQUATIONS -I-, I
I I I
1I I
III
PRINT 1I I
11
III
TITLE BLOCK I[ I
I 11
I I
I 1I
I I
I I
I I:
I I1 CONICAL
I
SHELL LOOP
I
1I1
I 11
I
READ I
1s t INDICATOR
I I
II
1 ' .I'
1 Ii _ CALCULATE ~ I
AND PRINT I
II INFLUENCE
I
II COEF FICI ENTS
AND c1 c2
J I
1 l II
IL- CALCULATE
AND PRI T
.J I
I M,H,P AT [
I EDGE JOINT
I
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111
112
I ..,.
I I
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I
I M Q w
I
ss' sz' '
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l- CALCULATE
---1
AND PRINT
es
CYLINDRICAL
SHELL LOOP
TITLE, >. ,H
CALCULATE
AND PRINT
11 :'.i
PROGRAMME AND CALCULATED RESULTS
The programme is written in PLC computer language.
Inputs: 1. Approximate Method Indicator
2. Kelvin Functions : bern, be in , ber 'n , bei'n
for n = 14.38 to 0.0
3. A, K, E, h, s at e<lge joint, <ji , P , a4,
4. Influence Coefficients:
E6P Ep E6P Ep E6H

con, Xcon cyl, Xcyl, cyl,
'
EH EM
Xcyl, xcyl .
Outputs: Influence Coefficients for Conical and Cylindrical Shells,
(A) Conica l Shell:
1. c 1, c2
2. M, H, p a t edge joint
3. Bending Moments
p
MHSS con, MSS con, JSS1 con, M con
SS
4. Transverse Shear Force
H p M
Q con ,
sz
Qsz con, Q con,
sz
Q con
sz
S. Normal and Horizontal Displacements and Soil
Bearing Pressures
H p M pP
w w w w w 6 pfcon
con, con, con, con, con, con,
6. Rotations
H p M pP
Xcon Xcon xcon xcon xcon
' ' ' '
114
7. Additional res ults for Fliigge's Approximation:
Circumferential Shear Force
Meridional Shear Force
H p M pP
N<P<Pcon , N<P<Pcon, NcjH/J con, NcjH/J con, N¢<P con
(B) Cylindrical Shell:
1. A
2. H at edge joint
3. Bending Moments
~cyl' ~Yl' M
cyl
(C) Dat a Input
k, E, h, s, <P ' P, 0'.2 K K**

' '
*******************************~***
PLC R L S~ 7.3 .
* *** ** * **************************************
MONITQR ,V ERSION 3C *
** TULS~AY GCTU0ER 30 , 1 9 79.
K. CHUN0 *
6 : 37 PM *
************~***************************** *************************************
u...: •K. CHUNG'
•R i )C£,)UIH : CPT JL.i i lS ( MAlt~); PL / C-R7.5-326 10/11/79 23 :10 PA ~
L~ V L L NC3T JLOCK ~L VL SOURCE TEXT
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XHCGN,XPCON,XMCON, XPPCON , XCON,
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1 l Dt: CLARL: (A, a .o.E,F,G,H,K.Mt P tStTtZ)FLOAT;
l 1 OECLAR~ { AA,881CC , OU,EE,FF, GG ,Hli, l {,JJ,KK.LL,MM.NN.RR,uu.vv,ww,xx,yy,zz>FLOAT;
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l l OE CLARE (LS ,EKS,EK KS)FL UA T;
1 1 D~CLARC ( LA A OA ) F L OA T;
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2 2 Al : PRO CEUU~E{FI J RE T UHNS(FLUAT );
2 _j L>ECLARE(A J FLOAT ;
l- J DECL AR E( F#}FIX ~O ;
2 -~ 1:3CG l N;
J 4 DCCLARE CASC{20 } LABEL;
J 4 DECLAHE(C , HJF LOAT;
J t+ L ·=EU ; I l=i-iO ;
3 4 GU TU CA~E CC EM - 1) * 4 + FN );
J :,. CASE ( 1)·:
3 :. A=EKS ;
(jOT 0 um_ CASE;

J 4 CAS E ( 2 ):
j :+
A=-E * H**3EO * K*K
..;OTO ENO_CASE;
* EKS / 6EO;
j 4 CASc ( 3 ):
4
A=- E * H**3E O
uOTO END CASE;
* K*K * CKS / 6EOi ,....
,....
J
U1
3 4 CA SE ( 4) :
A=K 1.< EKS ;
J -'• J \JTO t:::IW_CASE ;
3 .4 '-AS;;.l ~1;
J 4 IF S=OEO THE N A~O EO ;
~CE uUr<C O?T iui <::; (i-lAI N) ; PL/C-R7.5-326 10/11/79 23:10 P .

: vCL NCST 2LCCK MLVL 5CU ~C C Tt:: XT
J 4 CLSE
A=EKKS / SQRT ( S);
J ·+ G.J TG ENO C AS E ;
:! 4 CASC: ( 6 ):
J 4 I F S=0 EO THEN A=OEO;
3 4 ~LSE
A=-E * H** 3EJ * CKKS / ( 12EO * SQRT ( S ));

3 -+ :;Q Tu tND CAS E ;
3 4 CA3C: { 7):
-,
A=- E * H**3L:v ::, E KKS / { 12EO * SQRT( 5 ));
·~
'• ..;c1 G ENO C ASE;
] 4 c,:,se: c a >:
3 4 I F S=OCO THEN A=OEO ;
3 4 L:: LSE:
A=~KKS / SQRT(S} ;
J 4 ;JGTO Er~o CAS L: ;
., CASC: ( 9):
..j 4
,\=EK S / SQRT(S );
3 4 G~TO END CASE;
J 4 CASC(lOl:
-,
A=-E H* *3EO *
G;JTiJ Erm c.:-.::;c: ;
* CKS * K / (l 2E O * S OR T<S l );
..j 4
3 4 C1-\SC\ ll }:
A~-E *
H** 3EO * CKS / ( l 2E 0 * S QR T( S) } ;
J 4 GUTLJ END CASC: i
J '
-+ CAS C::{ 12 ) :
J .. A=cK3 / ::> QRT(S l i
uOTO ENO CASE ;

3 4 C /,S C {lJ):
A~~KS / 3URT(S );
3 .'t GU Tu END CAS C: i
3 '+ C;..S E C14 } :

A=-E * H**3~0 * E KS * K / (1 2 EO * S OR T(SJ J;
3 ·+ GUTG EN u_C AS E ;
J 4 CASE{ l G) :
A=-c * H**3c o * cK~ / ( 12EO * S QR T(S )) i
:J 4 GUTO ENO CA S E ;
J 4 CAS E ( 16); ......

A=EK:.:; / SGRT(3 ); ......
j 4 GGTG ENO_CAS C: ; (J\
.] 4 CASC:(17):
.,
A= -2EO
COTO E ND_ c ,;se;
* U * SURT ( S) * COS(T) / ( 4E O *HO* EO * SIN(T));
_J,-.; QC C:0UR E 0 1-lT I UllS ( •"iA l 1~ ); P L/ C-R7.5 - 326 10 /11/79 23 :10 PA
LC: VLL NE ST ULGCK MLV L ~UURC l:: TEXT
j .'+ CA SE ( l8 ) :
.J 4 I F s~oEO THEN A=UEO ;
j <-t C:LSE
A = TAN (T ) / s ;
3 .';. GU TO END CASC: ;
3, 1+ CAS E (l 9 ):
._) ... IF S=OEO THEN A= OE O ;
:J :. t:LSE
A =
2EO *
TAN ( TJ / {2EO
GO TO E ND CAS E ;
* U * SQR T (S )) * * 2E O;
:J 4
j 4 CASE(2 0 ) :
A= -SQRT( 1 2EO ) /C HO* HU * EO J;
j ...' (;OTO Er,io _ CASC ;
:J ·~ l:: ND_CASE : ;
3 4 r:: i'i lJ ;
2,., _J RcTUr<N ( A) ;
" .J Ei'-W;
1 A2 : PROCE0URE C F• l ~ET UR N S {F L DAT l ;

2 !.) DECLARE ( A ) FLUATi
2 : .) DCC LA RE ( F# ) F I XE D;
2 J DLCLA RE CAS E ( 201 L ABEL ;
2 :.:; GU T Ll CA SE (( E# - l} * 4 + Fh );
~.,
J CASE ( l}:
A= C OS ( KS) ;
2 !J GO TO EtW _C ASE ;
2 ~j CAS E ( 2):
2 r
, _) I F S=OCO T HCN A= OE O;
2 s E LS E
A=-K *
( COS ( K S ) + SI N ( KS )) + SIN(K S ) / S;
2 :_; ~010 END CAS t:: ;
2 ::; CASC ( 3 ) :
A"' - S l N (K S J;
2 J GGT G END_C ASE ;
2 r-
J CAS E { 4) :
A= COS ( KS} - S I N ( KS )
~,
L ::; GOTO END CA S E ;

2 :_; C A SI:: ( 5 ):
A=COS ( KKS );
2 :...; vGT 0 HW C AS E ;
L __; C ASE ( 6): .....

2 :..; lF S =OEO TH EN A= OEO; .....
ELSC -.J
2 '.J
A= (- 2 E O* KK**3 E 0+ 5 E O*KK /( 4EO * S *S}-9E O/C BEO*S* S *S ))*COS(KK S )+
l·!i.JC L;)Jht Or> r Iu i·i:J {MA I t;); PL/ C- R7. 5 -326 10/11/79 23 :10 PA •
LCV~ L N E ~T ~ L UCK MLVL 3UUR CC TEXT
(-2 E O* KK**3 EU+ KK**2 C O/S- 5L O*KK/( 4E O*S*Sl )* SIN(KKS};

?. :..; GOT O END_CASE;
2 ;_; CASe( 7) :
A=( .7 S /S - KKJ * CO S(K KS)/S -(-lEO/S + 2EO*KK) * KK * SIN(KKSJ;
2 :.:.; G O TO END_C AS C;
'>
L '.j C/\Sl: ( o) :
-,
<-
.-
;J I F S=OEO THEN A=O EO;
r-
2 C:LSC::
-J
A=(KK - 1E0/( 2E O* S )) * CUS {KK S ) - KK * SIN(KKS);
2 '.J ..;1.no END_CASE ;
'• :; CAS c ( 9):

<-
A=(lEO - K*A4/4EO * Cl EO - .7 5 /(K *K*A4) J /S ) * COSC KS J +
(K*A4/4 E0* (1 CO + . -75/(K*K~:A4l}/S) >:: SIN(KS );
2 J ..;uru END_CASE;
2 ::; CASc( 10 ):
A=(-2EJ
{ 2EO
** K*K + K**3EO
K*K -K / (4EO*S})
* A4/S) *
CUS(KS)
* S IN(KS);

£~ ': .J GO TO E NO_CAS E;
2 s CAS C: (ll) :
A=( K/ 2C: O * (-1.25 + K*K*A4 )/ S) * C O S(K S)
(2 EO* K*K-K/ 2 C:O * ( 1 . 25 + K* K*A4)/S} * SIN(KS);
?. '.j GO TO END_CASE ;
~ ~ CASE(l2):
:.-;
A= (K - .125/S} * COS ( KS) - CK - K*K*A4/(2 EO *S)) * SI N( KS);
2 \_j QT 0 E ND_ CAS E;
2 ~; CA S E ( 1 3 ) :
A=llEO - K*A4/4EO *
(l LO - . 75 /CK*K*A 4 ))/S - 1 5E 0/32 E O *
A4/CS*S)) C OS (KS) + *
CK*A4/4EJ (1 20 + .75/CK*K * A4J)/S - K*K*A4*A4 /16E O * *
(l E O - BlE0 /(1 6E O * K**4E O *A4$A4 ) J /C S*S )} S JN( KS J; *
2 G GOT u urn_C AS C:;
r)
'.J CASc ( l 4 J: .
'-
A= ( K*K + K**3EO
-2 EO
(73E0/1 26~ 0 - 13EO K*K
* * * * A4/S +
A4/16 E O K**4EO * A4*A 4 /BEOJ/(S* S JJ
*
CU SCK S)
(2 EO *
K*K - K/(4EO* S l +
(73E0/128E O ~ 1 3CO K*K * * A4 /1 6EO K**4 E O * A4*A4 / BEOJ /C S*S l)
*
SINCKS );
2 s vU T O EilD_CASE;
2 CASE(l5):
J
A= (K/ 2EO (-1. 25 + K*K
(33EO/ BCO - 2E O K**4EO
*A4)/S + 1E0/16EO
*
A4*A4J/(S *S )) COSCKS}
*
* *
*
{ 2EO *
K*K - K( 2E O (l.25 + K*K *
A4)/S + 9E0/16EO * *
K*K A4 /( S* Sl)* SINCKS); * I-'
2
r·
;J GOTU END_CASC ; I-'
00
P f-q.J Ct:UUk[ LtJT I GIJ S ( i4Ali~ ); PL/C-R7.5-326 10/11 /7 9 23: 10 Pt
L ~VCL NL3T ELU C K ML VL SUURC~ TEXT
2 Ch .3C: (1 6 ):
OJ
A={K -
{ 3*S ))
.125/~
*
-
CUS{K'.:; )
K*A 4 / l &EO

* (1. 5 - 9E0 /(1 6 E O * K*K * A4) + K*K * A4) /
(K - K* K * A 4 / ( 2~ 0* S) - K*A4/16EO
K*K * A4 )/ (S *S )) SIN(KS); *
* (l. 5 + 9 E0/(1 6EO * K*K * A4)
2 J GOTO END_CASE ;
2 '.J CAS i::': ( 17):
2 G . IF S=OEO THEN A=OEO;
<:' :..; ELSE
A= - 2EO
dEO * OE I I{L) /
*
d E R l(L) + 4 EO
( 2EO *
* BER (L J /(2 E O U
U * SQRT CS ) ) * *2E O ;
* * S ORT{S ))
2 :_; .JOTU ENIJ._ CAS E ;
..
L ·'.J_, CAS C (l d) :
2 IF S=OEO THEN A=OEO;
2 :_, C LSE
.,
A = d CR (L ) - 2E O * BE IJ{LJ /(2E O *U*S QR T{ S ) };
L s GUlO ENO_ CAS E ;
,. CASE(19 ):
2 .J
2 '.J IF S= Ot: O THE N A=OEO ;
2 :.:; ELSE
A= 2EO U* *
SQ RT { S ) BE II(L) - * 2 EO * CBE I (L) + 2EO * BERJ (L} /
( 2 E O * U * S QR T{ S) });
£'. :; -.:;o r o END C AS E ;
<:' :J CASc{20):
2 :.:; I F S=OEO THEN A=OEO ;
<:' ,::; EL:3E
_,
A= BE I{L) + 2EO * BERl(LJ /( 2EO * U * SQR T (S));
~ GOTO END_CASE;
')
L ::; ci>JD CASE:;
2 'J RL TJR N {A);
2 J Ei..Ju;
1 A ~ :P RU C EDURE{FN }R ETURNS (F L UAT J ;

2 (J uL CLAl-< E(A}FL UA T;
., {J OLCLA R E { F~ ) FlXED;
"
<- 0 DECLARE CASEC20} LA 8E L;
<:' u GCTU C AS C (( Ed - l} * 4 +FM};
2 u CASE ( 1):
A=SIN {K S );
2 0 GOT;] E rm_CASE;
2 G CAS E ( 2):
2 u I F S=OEO THEN A=JEO;
2 u ELSE
A= K * (C OS {K S J - SI N (KSJ ) + COS(KS) / s; ,._,
2 G GO HJ END_ CASE ; ,._,
\0
,., :n:
L u CASC: (
h: uCEiJUkC C;JT lG ii:.; ( i·lA i t-J ); PL/C-F<?.5-326 10/11/79 23:10 PAG
L ~ V LL NC jT LI LCCK MLVL SUURC~ TEX T
A=COS {KSJ;
2 lJ GUT O ENO_CASJ: ;
'C.' u C ,:,. SE ( 4) :
A.=COS (KS)+ SIIH KS l
.,
L G GOTlJ END_CASE:;
2 6 CA S E( 5):
A=S 1 N (KK S) ;
2 u -:JG T G ENO_ CASE;
2 G Ci\SC { u);
~
., u IF S=OEO THEN A= OEO;
L G .::::LSC:
A=C- 2E O* KK* *3 EU +5EO*KK /(4 E O*S *S )-9E0/( 8 EO*S* S* S))*SIN (KKS)+
-(-2EO*KK**3EO+KK**2£0/S-5EO* KK/(4 C:O*S*S) )*CO S {KK Sl;
,_
•")
G CDT 0 E ND_ CASE i
2 ..., c,;sc: < 7):
fj
A~C.75 / S
- KK)
GOTO END_CASEi
* S IN(KKS)/S + ( -l E O/S + 2E O* KKl * KK * COS(KKSJ;
2
2 (J
,., C ASE { 8 ):
2 u IF S=OEO THEN A=OEO;
2 G CLSE
-,
A= {KK - 1 C 0/( 2EO* S)) * SlN(KKS J + KK * COS{KKS);
' u ~OTU END_ C ASE;
2 u c,; sc c <J l:
A= - {K*A4/4EO* Cl EO + .75/ ( K*K*A4))/S) * COS(KS) +
{ l~O
- K* A4 /4E U*{l EO -
-.; O TU END_CASEi
.75/ ( K*K*A4))/S) * SIN(KS);
2 G
2. u CASE (lO):
A=( 2E O *
K*K - K/(4EO*Sl) C OS(KS) + *
•>
{- 2 EO
GOTO END_ C ASE ;
*
K*K ~ K**3 CO* A4/Sl* S I NCKS);
' u
., CASE Cll):
G
'
A=(2 E O*K*K-K/2 C O
( K/2 E O
* ( 1.25
* {-1. 25
+ K* K*A4)/S)
+ K*K*A4)/S)
** COSCKS)
SIN CK S );
+
2 u GOTU EfW_CASE;
2 u CASc (l2):
A={K - .12 5 /Sl * SIN(KS ) + (K - K*K*A4/(2EO*S)) * COS(KS);
')
'- u ~GTO END_CASE;
2 u C ASE (l3}:
A= ( l E O - K*A4/ 4 EO *
(l E O - . 7 5 /(K *K*A4 ))/S - 1 5E 0/3 2E O *
A4/(S* S ll * SIN(KS) -
( K*A4/ 4E O *
(lCO + .7 5 /( K*K *
A4 ))/S - K*K*A4*A4/16EO *
., (,
(lEO - 8 1£0/( l6 EO * K**4EO *A4*A4 ))/CS*S)}
GO TO END CASC;
COS(KS}; * ,._,
'
N
0
2 u C ASl.:: (14):
i< UC. LD URE Ur.JT r Uil:J ( MA IN); P L/C- R7 .5-32 6 1 0/ 11 / 7 9 23 ! 1 0 P AG
L ~ VLL NE~ T ~L G CK ~LVL SCURC~ TEXT
A= ( - 2EO *
K*K + K**3EO * A4/S +
( 7JE0 / 123EO - I J E O K*K A4 / 16E O * * K* * 4EO * A4*A4 / 8EO }/( S*S ))
*SlN{KS ) +
(2C0 *
K*K - K/ ( 4 EO*S ) +
(73E0 / 120EO + l 3 E O * K*K A4 / 16EO - * K** 4 EO * A4*A4 / BE O)/C S*Sl )
* CO~ ( KS J;
2 v ~OTO ENO_CASE;
2 G CASE(l5 ):
A= ( K/2EO
( 3JEO/UEO - 2LO
*
(- 1. 25 + K*K
K**4EO
A4) / S + 1EO /l 6EO
*
A4*A4 J/( S * S l)
*
*
SIN(KS ) +
*
*
( 2~0 * K*K -
K*K *
K/ 2EO * ( 1.25 + K*K
A4/( S *Sl l COS(KS );
*
A4 )/ S + 9E0 /1 6EO * *
2 u GO T O END_ CASE ;
2 v CASE ( l6 l:
A= ( K - .1 25/S - K*A4 / 16EO * ( 1.5 - 9E 0/(1 6E O * K* K A4 ) + K*K A4 ) / * *
CS*S )}
( K - K*K
* *
S l NC KS ) +
A4 /l 2EO*S ) - K* A4 /16 E O (1. 5 + 9 E0/(1 6EO * K* K * A4 ) *
K* K *
A4 )/ (S*S l ) COS (K S ) ; *
"
"'- u GOTO END CASE;
•")
L (, CASC: ( l 7);
2 l~ I F S=OEO THEN A=OEO ;
2 0 ELSE
A = - 2EO BEII CLJ

BEG * BERI {L J /
* + 4E O
(2EO *
*
U
BE I(L) / ( 2EO
*
U
SQR T (S }) * * 2E O;
* * SQRT { S )) +
? u ~OTO END_CAS E;
,_
' )
<.) CASt: ( l8 ) :
2 0 IF S=OEO T HE N A= OEO ;
2 G l::LSE
,., A= B~l (L l + 2E O * UER l{L ) /( 2E O * U* S OR T(S)J;
' (, GUTO cND_CASE;
2 u CASE( l 9 );
2 u IF S= OE O THEN A=OEO ;
2 v ELSE
A =-2 EO U
C2EO * U
*
SUR T( S )* BER I{LJ
SQRT (SJ ) );*
* + 2EO * ( BER (L) - 2EO * BE IICL} /
.-,
L {j GO TO END CAS E ;
,..,
,._ G C A SC: { 2 0 ) :
c_ G I F S= UCO THEN A=O EO ;
u CL SE
<.'.
A =- BER (L) + 2EO
GO TU END CASE ;
* BEI I(L) /(2 E O * U * S QR T(S));

' )
c.. 6
2 G LND CASE :;
.-, v HC TU RN (AJ;
'-
,, Lf~D ;
L G
1 1 Z l: PRO CED UR2i .....

N
')
'- 1 PU T S K 1 P (2) LIST ( ' S I N I N CHES'); .....
R UC t.D UR t: Cr~T LJil:J ( M/\ lil ); PL/ C-R7 . 5 -326 1 0/11/7 9 23 :1 0 P A~r
L t: Vt:. L i'4 E '....iT C Lu Cr< :.iLVL SU Uh: Cc TEXT
...,., ~KIP L I ST ( ' C I RCUMFC RC NT I AL FURCC I N POUN D /l NCH 1 J;

'
)
l-' UT
EO IT( •s • , • c H C U t~· . •c PCON 1
,•C MCON •, 1
CPPCON 1
,•c c oN •)
r' UT
.
C' l SK I P ( 2 }
{ .X. ( •;. ) , A • X ( 1 7 ) , A, X ( 1 5 ) , A , X { l 5 ) • A, X { l 5 ) , A • X ( l 5 ) , A J ;
,, 7 P UT SKIP LI S T { ' ) ;
<
2 7 IF Eil = l fH EN
'
"' 7 I.:;;; - l 2;
' 7 E LS E
I '-' O ;
...,.
c. I .3 -=- S t-' r-< I ME ;
2 r L= 1 ;
2 7 UG 111 = 3 7 2 T O I BY - 12 ;
")
< l 7 i\J::: 2E O-*U* S QfH { 5 ) ;
2 1
·7
I X=4 ~ 0*dER ( L J/( N*N )- 2 E O* O E R I (L ) / N-8E O* BE ll( L )/{ N*N*N );
•)
' l 7 Y =4 E O#dE l( L ) / { N * N l-2 E O*LIE l l (Ll/ N+8~0*8ER 1 ( L J/{ N* N * N) ;
2 1 7 L=- u-* v; ·
2 1 r CPC Gi-l=OE O;
2 1 7 CHC ON=Z * CA* X+ D*Y l *H;
2 1
·7
J CMCON=L * (F * X+G* Y>*M ;
C' 1 7 CPPCDN= - PF * S /T AN(T);
2 1 , ?
CCU N=CHC UN + C P CON + CM CON+CP P CON ;
,_ -, P UT S KIP EOlT( S,CHC UN,CPC UN , CMCU No CP PCON ,CCON )
")
1 I
(X( 5 } .C ( 1 0 , 3) , x ( 10) . L( 10 • .3 ) . x< 1 0) , E { 1 0 , 3 ) , X ( 1 0 ) .E { 10 .3 ) .x< 1 0 ) . E( 1 0 .3 } .
X(l 0 ), E (l 0.3 ) J;
2 1 7 .:.> = I I l;
2 1 7 L= L + l;
2 l 7 l:ND i
2 ·r PU T SKIP ( 2 ) L IS T( 1 S I N I N C H ES • );
2 j' P UT SKIP L IST ( ' ME R l D I ON AL FO R CE IN PO UND/ I NCH ');
2 7 P U T SK 1 P { 2 ) CO IT ( • S ' , ' NHCON' ~ 1 NPCON 1 , 'N MCO N • , 1 NPPCON 1 , 'NCO N')
(X( 9 ) ,A , X (l7 ) ,A, X(1 5 ),A, X(l 5 ) ,A ,X{ l5 ), A,X (l 5 ),A );
')
' 7 P UT SKIP L IS T ( ' • ) ;
,
c_
, 7 IF t::il = 1 T H EN
,, 7 I=-12;
<:'..
2 7 CL S C
I ::.:() ;
C'. 7 S=S? R I ME ;
2 7 L= 1;
2 I D U 11 1=3 7 2 T O l D Y - 1 2 ;
2., l ,
'?
i i =2 C\H \J*S u H T( Sl;
"' l 7 X=4 ~ 0*0 E R C L ) / ( N * N l- B EU *OE I I(L)/( N*N *N);
')
" 1 7 Y=4 E O*BE l ( L )/( N* N l+ BE O*BE R l(L)/( N*N * N)i
.-, Z = ·- U~cu;
"-· 1 1
2 l 7 NP C ON = iJE O;
-,
L l 7 NHCOl.J= Z* ( A-* X+ D* Y) *- H ;
2 1 7 NMCON = Z* ( F* X+ G*Y)* M;
2 1 7 N? P C ON= -PF*S/( TA1 i(T) *2E O) ;
2 l 7 i>J CLiN =NH CON + NPCDI ~ + .iiMCON +NP PCO N ;
2 l 7 ?U T S K IP ED IT( S,N HCON . NP CON,N MCC N,NP PCO N,N CO N)
( X { S ), E (l 0 , 3 ), X ( lO ), L: (lO , ,J ),X(l0), E (l 0§ 3), X (lO) , E(10 t 3l11X(lO)§ E {lO t 3) ,
,q 1 0 ), E { 1 0 ,3) ) ;
2 l ·7 ::> =I I I;
2 l r L =L + 1 ;
;~ l 7 L: l ~ O ; ,_.
2 7 nm z i ; N
N
\ 0 C L J UF C 0 P T l i.J; 4S { ;.; A I N } ; PL/C- R7. 5 - 32 6 10/11/79 23:1 0 PA Gc
-~ V = L NCS T ULCC K MLV L 5 CURCE TEX T
1 l f~A M =' OR OER AS YMP T OT I C '.J OL UT I Ol.J • ;
l l NAMC 5 ( 1 J ='GECK ELE R APPk U XI MAT I ON ' ;
l l tJA MLS ( 2 J=. [L~ U CRSFCLO -. I I NAMES { 1);
l l tJA MC:S ( 3)= 1 1 3 T' NAM ;

II
l l NA ML S ( 4 ) ='2ND ' NA M;
1 1 t i AME.S ( 5 J =' FL UG GE APP RUX I MAT l CJ N ' ;
1 1 NA ME S ( d ) = CGNICA L SH t: LL :• ;
l l t iA MLS( 9 ) = 1 CYL I NDR I CAL S HE LL';
l l DO L = l TO .J2 ;
l 1 l G ~ T L I ST ( BER ( LJ,BE l( L},BERI {L J, BE II(LJ);
1 l E ND;
1 l GE T L I ST { L "1'1 DA ) j
l l LUUP= 1 1 1 B j
1 l GLT L I ST ( KO , EO , Ho. s . T.P .A 4 ) ;
l l GL T Ll ST ( ~N,HH, I l, JJ ,RR , KKK , L Lt MM };
l l Gt: T LIS T< E# , Fll );
l l I F c#=S THEN
l GE T Ll ST ( A .F. o , G . M. HHH , PF , ww . xx ,yy, u u , HK J ;
l l 1 F Mi-1 = 0EO THEN
1 l ,..J AMES ( 6 l = ' NCN- M U r ~UL IT HIC J O I NT ' ;
l E LSC:
NAMCS { 6 ) ='MO NOLI TH1 C J G I NT 1 ;
1 1 l F t.i~=5 TH EN
1 1 i '~AM E S (7) = ' UN1FOR i·1 S OIL B E A R I N G PR E S SU RE F OU ND ATI O N';
l l t:: L SE
I F K0 = 500E O T HEN
l l NAM E S ( 7 ) = 1 WE LL-G RADED GR AVE L E LA S TIC FO U NDA T IO N~•;
1 E L SE
N AME S (7l = ' PCOR LY-G RADED GR AV E L EL AS TI C F OU ND ATION ' ;
1 l ~P R I ME = S ;
l l D u Wlll LE (L OOP );
l l l S= S P rt I MC ;
l l l EO= E U ;
1 1 l KU = KO ;
l l 1 Hu= HO;
1 1 1 U = (1 2E O *
T AN( T ) **2 E O / HD** 2 E Ol ** 0·2 5;
l l l PU T PAG E LI 5 T{ NAMES ( 6 ));
l l l PUT L IS T ( NAM E S( ?));
l 1 l PUT 5~ 1 P ( 2 J L I S T{ NAMES (8 ));
l 1 l PU T L IS T( NA ME:S ( Eil ));
1 1 1 IF Eil = S TH E N ou ;
l 2 1 E UH C OJ ~ =v; w ;
l 2 l i:XllC ON =x x;
ED MCON.::; YY;
l
1
..,2
c..
l
l t:.XMC ON=UU;
l 2 l EUPPCON= OE O;
l 2 l E X P r~C Ut~ = O E 0;
l 2 l P= OC:O ;
1 2 1 D =OEO ;
l 2 1 E.:..:OE O;
l 2 l E 1~jD ;
l l l E LS C oo ;
l 2 l K= (3 E O KO/( CO* *
H 0* * 3EO)l * *0·25;
l
...,
L KK=(0. 25 *
(7 .5 / S ** 4EO + l 2EO * TA N (Tl** 2 EO/(HO•HO * S* S } +
I-'
N
1 2 E O * KO/C E O* H 0 * *3 E 0}))**0• 2 5; VJ
~ () C CJ Uh i.... ;JP Tl u i ;:.; ( :.; A i. N ) ; P L /C-R7.5 -3 26 1 0/ 1 1/79 23 :1 0 PA •
L tVL:L l~t.: .S T U L GC K ML VL SOURCE TEXT
l
1
2
')
l K3=K
KKS=KK
* s* ; S ;
"
l 2 l EK ~= E XP(KS);
l ' )
L l CKK.3=EXP(KKS J ;
1 2 1 l:.L=-A3{J l *A 2(2 )+ A3(2 )*A2( 3 ) ;
l 2 1 D0 = A l ( 2 l *Et.:
1 2 l FF=Al ( 3)* ( - EE ) ;
l 2 1 A=-A3(3 ) *S I N( T )/OD;
l 2 l D= A3 ( 3l* C US(T ) / DD ;
1 2 l D= A2 ( 3 l *S I N(T j / OD ;
l 2 l E=- A2 (3 ) *COS(TJ / DD ;
1 2 I I- ,•IM=O CO Tl·i C:. N
1
., F.o...OEO;
"
l 2 ELs i;:;:
f-= - A3 ( 2) / F f' ;
1 2 IF MM=OEO THEN
1 2 1 G.:::O E O;
l 2 1 C: L S E
G=A 2 ( 2 ) /FF ;
l ,,2 l ED HCC N =~O*SI N (T) * A l (l) *(A* A 2 (1l+ D *A 3 ( l) l i
1 "- 1 E. X liC UN= EO * A 1 { 4 ) * ( A*A2 ( 4 ) + D *A3 ( 4) ) ;
l 2 l EXP?CCN=CO*Al ( 4 ) *(8*A2 ( 4 )+E *A3 C4 )) 0P ;
l ~ l E t"JPPC ON~ EO* S l N ( T) *A 1 { 1 >* ( D* A2 ( l ) +E * A 3 ( 1 ) ) * P;
l 2 l l:.U.'"1CGN = c U*SIN (T l *Al ( 1) * ( F *A2 ( 1 )+ G*A3 (1) );
l 2 1 E XMCDN=EO * A l (4 )*( F*A2 ( 4 J+ G*A3 {4) );
1 2 1 ENO ;
l l 1 LGPCON.:.:N!-1;
1 1 l EXPCi.JN=:..RR ;
1 1 1 ciJPCY L= HH ;
1 1 l t:XPCYL = KKK ;
l l l EDHCYL=I I;
1 l 1 i.:.XH C YL=LL i
l l 1 ED1'1CY L = JJ;
l l l l:XMC Y L =MM ;
l l 1 PUT SK IP ( 2 ) ED l T { 1 C l= 1 t A, ' H + t • 8, ' P + ' , F , ' M'}
{X ( 5 ) ,A,c { lQ ,3) 1 A t E {l0 ,3 ),A, £ (10 t3 ), A) ;
l PU T C:D l T ( 'C Z=' , o, 'H + •,E , • p + I ,G , 'M ')
( X ( 5 ) , A, E: ( 1 0, 3) t A , E ( 1 0 , 3 ) , A t E ( 1 0 , 3 ) , A ) ;
1 P UT SK l P ( 2 ) ED IT ( 1 ED liCUf.< c:: 1 , EDH CCN , 1 E DHC YL= 1 , EDH C YL )
( X (5 ) , A ,L { 10,3 ), X( 10) tA ;E ( 1 0 . 3 )};
PU T SK I P ( 2 ) ED I T(' EDP CON= 1 1EDP CON , 1 EDPCYL= 1 , ED P C YL )
{ X(5 ),A ,E (l 0 ,3} , X(l O ), A, E( 1 0 , 3 ))i
1 1 PU T SK I P ( 2 ) EU I T ( 'EOMCON=' • EDMCQN , 1 EOMCYL= 1 ,EDMCY L )
( x {J ) I A' E ( 1 0 • 3 ) • x( 1 0 ) •A IE ( 1 0 ' .J ) ) ;
1 l 1 PUT SKIP { 2 ) ED IT{ 'EDPPCON = 1 ,ED P PC ON)(X{ 5 ), A, E( l 0 1 3 ) ) ;
l l PU T SKIP {2 J ED lT( ' E XHCON= 't EXHCO N, ' E XHC YL= ',E XHCYL )
( X ( 5 ), A,E (1 0 t3), X ( 10 ) ,A ,E (l Q , 3 ));
1 PU T SK I P( 2 ) ED IT( 'L:: XPCON= ' , E XPC ON , 1E XPCYL= 1 1 EX PCYL )
1 .
J. PUT S KIP C2l
( X { 5 ), A.,E (l 0 13), X (l 0 }tA oE (l0, 3 )}9
ED IT( 'E XMCON= '1 EXM CON.
( X( 5 ) 1
1 E XMCYL= 1 1 EXMC YL )
A , l:. ( .1 0 • 3 ) , X ( l 0 ) 1 A • E ( 10 , 3 ) ) ;
1 1 l PU T 3KfP ( 2 ) ED ITC 1 EXPPCON= 1 .. CXPP CON }( X( 5 ),A, E (l 0 t 3 i)i
1 l l I F 'C.11= 5 THEN o o ;
l 2 1 IF MM=Oc O TH EN I-'
N
l 2 1 M=Ot::O i -!'>
,·,u L L DU R I:: C P l I 0 i'i'.3 ( ;.; ,'.\I N ) ; P L / C-R7. 5-326 1 0 /11/7 9 2 3:1 0 PAG
~ LVLL ~ ~~ T GLOCK MLVL SOU~CE T C ~T
l 2 l li=HHH ;
l 2 1 Er·JL) ;
1 l l E LSE: iJO i
1 ,__
')
l 1 r· MM= OEO·· T HEN
,,
1 ,__ l M=OCO ;
l 2 1 E LSC
M= ( ( EXP CON + E X PPCOi~ - EXPC YL} + ( EXHCON - E XllC YL)
( EO?CON + EOPPCUN - EDPCYL ) / ( ED H C YL - EDH CON)) /
*
( (E X M CYL - EXMC CN ) - (EDMCUN - ED MC YL ) / ( EDHC Y L - EDH CON ) );
2 l t= (( C:DPCUN + E:OPPCDr~ - E D P CY L) + ( EDMCON - EO MCYL ) MJ *
/ ( EUH CYL - EDHCON) ;
1 2. l END ;
1 1 1 PU T SK IP ( 2 } E D 1T ( ' f4=• , M , ' H= '•H • ' P = • •P J
(X ( 5} , A .E(l 0 ,~ ) -.X ( l0 ), A,E C1 0.3 ),X( lO ). A , E ( l 0. 3) };

l PU T SK1P ( 2 } LI ST{ ' S IN IN CHES ' );
l PU T SKIP LI ST (' UENiJ1NG MOMENT S I N IN CH- P OUND / INCH' }:
l PuT SKIP ( 2 ) ED 1 l { 1 S 1 • 1 MH C ON 1 • 1 MP C ON 1 . • MMCGN 1 • 1 MCON 1 )
(X ( 9 ) .A , X ( 17 ),A ,X { 1 5 ) ,A , X(l5 } ,A,X( 15 ),A ) ;

l 1 PUT SKIP LI S T(' • );
l .IF E il = l T HEN
1 1 I=- 1 2 ;
l l EL.SC
r =o;
l l L'- 1 ;
1 l l Ir EU =S T HEN oo;
l 2 1 K=O E O ;
1 2 l KK=JC:O ;
l 2 l Eim;
l 1
,, 1 DO 1 11=372 T O I BY -1 2;
l ,__ 1 Z=Al ( 3 )i
1 2,, MHC GN= Z* ( A*A2(3J+D*A3 ( 3 ))*H;
l <... l ..PC Ot-J= Z-* ( D*A2 ( 3 ) + c *A 3 ( 3 )) *P;
l 2 ~MCON=Z* C F *A 2 (3 ) +G *A 3 ( 3 )l *M ;
l 2 1 ~CON=M H CON MPC ON+ MMCON ; +
1 2 l P UT SK I P E DI T(S , MliCOi~ . MP C ON '9M MC O N, M CON)
( X ( 'J ), E (l Q , 3} :o X (lO) ~E ( l0 ,3), X (l O ), E { 10 .3},X(10) ,E {10.3),X(l 0 ), E (l0, 3 ))i
1 2 l S=IlI ;
1 2 l L :..:: L+ 1 ;
1 2 l KS=K * s ;
l 2 1 KKS=K K * s;
l 2 l E: KS = E XP { KS ) ;
l 2 1 EKKS = EXP ( KKS )i
l 2 l Ei~D;
l 1 l A A =- ·: J. 3 0 2 1/ EO ;
1 l 1 Bo =v.0002562 / EO ;
1 1 iJU T SKIP (2) LI S T{ 1 S I N I N CH ES ' ) ;
1 l l PUT SK I P LI S Tl'T RANS VEkSE S HE AR FO RCE IN PO UND/ I NCH');
1 1 l PU J SK 1P(2) EDIT { 1 s •. 1 QHC ON 1 .• QP C O N•.•Q MC O N ' . • acO N ' )
(X{ 9 ) . A.X(17),A,X{1 5 ),A , X(l 5 ),A,X( l 5},A);

1 l 1 p UT s KI p LI T (s I • ) ;
l 1 1 I F Etl ::: l TH EN
l l l 1 = -12;
f--'
l l LLS~
N
l =-0 ; Ul
l l S=SPRIMC:: :
f;'. JCl:::DURE UPT 1Lli-J:3 ( MAI1..J ); PL/C-R7.5 -32 6 10/11/79 23!10 PA(
LE Vt.:. L f-<C'.J T L: LCC K ML VL._ SUIJRCE TEXT
l 1 KS=K .,L
....
•: ·
.J •
.
l 1 l KKS-=KK 1r:3 ;
l 1 l EK~ = EXP ( KS);
l l l CKK3 = EXP(KKS J;
I 1 l L = 1;
1 l
., l ULl 111=372 TO I BY -1 2 ;
1 L 1 L=A l ( 2 ) ;
1 2 1 ~HCO~= Z*(A*A2( 2 )+ D *A3(2 }) * H;
l 2 l QPCDN=Z* ( B*A2 ( 2 )+ E* A3(2 )) * P ;
1 2 1 OMCUN=Z*CF * A2 ( 2 )+G*A3(2 ) J *M ;
1 2 l '1CuN=UliCON + QPCON + QM CO N ;
1 2 1 PUT SKIP co rT(S, QHCON,Q P CON , QM CU N. QCON)
{ X ( S ) ,E(lQ,3),X (l O ),E(l0, 3 ),X(lO J ,E(l0,3),X{lQ),E(l0, 3 ),X(l O),E(l0,3) );

l 2
.-,
S =I lI;
l "- 1 L = L+li
l 2 l K5=K * S;
1 •J
L
.., 1 KKSc:::KK s; *
l CKS = EXP ( KS );
1
.L
.,
L 1 EKKS =
CX P (KKS);
1 2 l i:W>;
l l 1 PUT SK I P (2) L 1S T(' S It" IN C HES•);
1 1 1 PUT SK I ? LIST( 1 W PR~F IX F DK NO RMAL DISPLACEMENTS IN I NCH/I NC H');
1 l PU T SK IP LIST{'D PR EF IX FUR HORIZON TAL DISPLACEMENTS JN IN CH/I NCH •);
1 1 1 PUT SK I P LIST { 'PF F OR NORMAL SOIL REA CTIONS I N POUND/INC H SQUA RE ');
l 1 i-'U T 5 KI P (2) ED IT( •s •. 1 WHCON 1 . • wPCON'. 'WMC ON ' .• wPPCON 1 .• wc oN 1 t 1 PF 1 • 1 DC ON 1 )
(X( 9 ).A,X(12 } .A, X (l O ),A,X(lO),A,X(lO),A,X(10),A,X(lO),A,
X(lO),A);
1 l 1 PUT SKIP LIST(' ');
l l l .lF ell = 1 TH EN
1 l l l =-12 ;
l 1 1 ELSt:
l=o;
l l S-"'SPRIME;
l 1
l
KS=K
KKS=K K*Si
* s;
l 1
1 1 .l CKS = E XP ( KS) ;
1 l l ~KKS = EXP(KKS };
l 1 l L = l;
l 1 l DG 111~ 372 T O I BY -12;
1 2 l PF=l . 39 1;
l 2 1 L=Al(l );
1 2 ';Jti C0 1\i;Z*{A*A 2 ( l)+D*A3( l) l*H;
1 2 l WPCON=L* ( B*A 2(l)+E * A3 C1l) *P ;
..., WMCON=Z*{F*A2 (1) +G* A3 (l) l*M ;

1 L l
1 2 l IF Ehf=5 THEN
1 2 1 ~PPCUN= -P F*COS (T)* S**2CO /(H U*S INCT)*EO*TAN(TJ);
1 2 t:Lsc: ou :
l J 1 lF E/1=2 THEN K=KK;
l J 1 E L SE K= Ki
1 3 l I F S.:.:OCO THEN WPPCON=OEO;
l J l l:.LSE
~PP CON=1E0/(4EO*K*•4CO)*(BB*S+AA-A4*8B/S-A4*AA/S**2EO+A4*8B /S* *3 E O+

A4*A4*AA/S**4EOJ;
J,.., l L::t..JD; ......
N
L- WClJN=WliCON + WP CON + WM CON + WPPCGr..J; C]\
R UC Ci) U f< E C P T l ,_; i ; '.:.i ( .-i A [ i.J ) ; PL / C- R 7 .5- 3 26 10/11 / 79 2 3 :1 0 PAC
LE VL L N ES T LJL GC~ ML VL SC UkCE TEXT
., J C Ll i ~ -= W C U N * S I N ( T );
1 '--
1 2 1 ? F = l .3 9 1 ;
1 2 1 IF E~ = 5 THEN PF=PF + 0 . 0 361 7 * ( 354 EO-S l N( Tl* S );
2 1 C::: L SE
?f' =ACUN*K LJ ;
~ PUT S KIP E DIT ( S , WH CON, WPC ON , WMC ON , WP PC ON,WCON,P F , DCO N )
( X ( 5 ) , E ( 1 o, 3 } , X ( 5 } , E { 10, 3 ) , X ( 5 ) 1 E ( 1 0 , 3) ,X (5 } 1E ( 1 0 , 3 } ,X(5 } , E( l0 ,3 ),
X ( S ) . E C l .i ) , J) . x < s ) , C( 10 , 3 ) , X { 5) , E ( i o . : .n) ;
l. •")
r_ 1 S=l 1 I ;
1 2 1 L= L +l ;
1 ')
K S =K * s;
1
"-
~
·')
1
KK!S=K K S;
E KS = EXP ( KS};
*
1 <-
I 2
,, l E KKS = EX P ( KKS) ;
l L 1 i::: i-lD;
l l P vT SK1 P ( 2 ) L I ST(' S I N I NC HES '} i
1 l PU T ~ K IP LI ST( ' RUTA T IONS J N RADIAN/ I NCH •J ;
1 1 1 .->uT SK I P ( 2 ) E 0 1 T ( ' S ' . 'XHC U N' •1
XP C O N ' .•x MCON ' .• xPPCON ' , •xc u N• J
( X ( 9 ) ,A, X ( 17),A ,X ( 1 5 ), A , X ( l 5 ), A,X( l5 ), A , X( l5 ),A);
1 1 P UT ~ K l? L I ST ( ' • J;
1 l l II- E H! = 1 Tli c N
l 1 1 I.= - 1 2 ;
1 1 E LS C:
I=O ;
1 l 1 :..;= SO:J RI ME i
I l 1 r<S= K * S;
1 1 l K K S =KK * S;
l 1 l CKS = E XP (K S ) i
1 1 1 t: KKS = C:XP ( KKS)
1 1 l L =1 ;
1 1 1 D O 11 1= 37 2 TU I DY
-1 2 ;
1 2 1 Z = Al ( 4 )i
L 1 XHC ON= Z*( A*A2 ( 4 )+ D*A3(4 )) *H ;

1 2,, l XPC. ON=L *{ B * A 2 ( 4 ) +- E * A 3 { 4 )) * P;
l L 1 XMCO N= Z* CF •A2(4 )+ G* A3 (4)l *M ;
1 2 l P F== l • .3 9 1;
l
1
2,,
..
L
.
1
~
I F C ~= '.:5 TH EN
X PP CON= 1• 5 *PF*S / ( EO* T At-l ( T} **2E O *HO };

l c_ 1 C L ':.> E o u ;
l 3 l IF E ~~2 T HE N K= KK ;
l J l E L '.3 C K=K i
1 3 1 l F ~=O E O THEN XPPCO N= OE O;
1 3 l ELSE
XP P CC N= l E 0/(4 EO * K** 4 EO ) *{BB +A4 * Bd /S * * 2E0+2E O* A4 * AA/ S* * 3 E O+
3 EO*A4 * Ll8 / S**4E 0 - 4 EO*A4 * A 4 * AA / S**5EO );
1 3 1 ENO ;
1 2 1 XCON = XIK ON + XPC uN + XM C O N+X P P CON ;
l. 2 l PUT S K iP CD IT( S , XHC ON. XPC ON 1X MCON 1X P PC ON. XC ON )

( X C5 ) • t: ( 1 O • 3 l • X ( 1 0 ) • EC 1 0 • 3 )
~ X < l 0 ) , E ( 10,3 ) , X ( 1 0 ) , E ( l 0 • 3) , X C 1 0 ) , E ( 1 0 • 3) ,
X( lO ), E (l 0 ,3) );
l 2 S:::: I I l ;
1 2
,, 1 L =L +1;
l 1 KS=K * S i
l
<-
2 l KK S =K K
E KS =
s;
*
t: XP(KS);
~
N
l 2 l '-J
h:uC C:JU HL CPT1 GiL;( i·i l'\ !fJ} ; PL/C-R·l . 5-326 1 0/1 1/79 23:10 PAG 1
L ~ V~L N E~ T O LG C ~ MLVL su ui:.: c t: TE Xr
2 EKKS =EXP ( KKS);
l 2 1 cf.JO;
l 1 l IF Ei=S THEN C AL L Zl;
l l l ->uT SKIP (lO)Ll S T(' •JINAMES(9 ) ) ;
l l l P-.JT SKIP (2) ED[T(• U\ MDA=' ,LAMDA} (X (5},A,E(l0, 3 ) ) i
1 l 1 IF E#=5 TH EN H= HK;
1 1 l PUT ED lT( 'H=• tll ) (X{5J , A,C ( 10,3) j ;
1 l PUT 5KIP {2) LI S T{ 1 S IN I N CHE S' );
l l PUT SKIP LIST(' BCNUI NG MOf-IENTS IN INCH-POU ND/INCH');
1 l PUT SKi? (2) EDIT ( ' S ' , 'M MC YL ' ,•MHCYL', 'MC YL 1 )
( X ( 9 J , A, X { 1 7 ) , /\ , X ( l 5 ) •A, X ( l 5) , A ) ;
1 1 PUT SKIP LIST( • •);
l ...,1 l DO IlI=O TO 240 BY 1 2;
1 L. l S=ll l;
1 2 1 LS=LAMDA*S;
1 2 l MMC YL=EXP{-LS )*(SIN(LSJ•COS (LSJ)$M;
l 2 l MHC YL= EXP (-LS >*S1N(L Sl*H/ LAM DA;
1 2 l MCYL=MMC YL+ MHCYL ;
,..,
1 L.. l PUT SK IP EDIT( S ,MMCYL,MHCYL,MCYL)
(X( 5J,E{ l0t 3},X (l0), E (l0,3),X(l0), E (l0,3),X(10),E(10,3));
')
'- C NO;
l 1 PUT SKIP {2) ED I T( •KO:=' . Ku ,•EO' tE O . 'HO = • .Ho,•s=•,s,•T=' ,T, 'P=•, p ,
1 ALPHA4 = '.A4,'K=' ,K, 1 KK= 1 ,KK}
(X(5),A,E(lQ,3),X(l0)0A 1E (l0t3J,
X ( l 0) , A, E ( 1 0, 3} , X ( 1 0 ) •A , E ( 1 0, 3 ) , X ( 1 0 ) , A, E( 10,3) •
X ( 10),A,E( 10,3),X( 10),A ~E (l0,3),
X(lO),A,E(l0,3),X{lO),A,E(l0,3));
l l Gi:T LISTCC:ll,FH ) ;
1 1 1 Ci-JD;
l 1 Ci-iD XNAME;
~ A R N I NG3 JETLCTED CURING CUU E GENERATIUN:

A ~N l NG : NG PIL E SPECIF IE D . SYS!N/SYSPRINT ASSU MED. (CG OC)
......
N
00
MONOLI THIC J CIN T ~ i::L L-GRh UC O G R AVCL ~ L AS T IC FO UNUA TION,
CON I CAL :i ! i[t_L : Gi:CKt::LCfl ,\P P~:u xr;~,\l !Oi<
Cl = l o J8 7E- l JH + - S. 9~ 2C-l 0P + - 3 . d l 5 L- llM C2= -- l. 622t:-l OH I- 5.ll6E-1 0P + -4 .1 79 E- ! 2M

L UH CQN = J .! B GC+ Ol LUHCYL=-4.320C + 02
COPCLl~,=-l . 5J8E+04 EDPCYL=-9.37SE+04
E~MCC~=-3 . 35JE+C0 EUMCYL=-D.650C +O O
~ J? tJC OtJ -=-- 2 . 5 C CJE + 0:.,
E ~Mc~r ~= 3.3CUE+JJ EX:iCYL= 3 . 650!:: +0 0
L XPCCN= 5 . 42 5 t+U i EXPCYL= J.9J 6~+02
EX~CUN=-7 . 2 1 2[-01 EX~CYL = 3 . 460E - Ul
CX.J ; >cu.~= - 2 . 6CS.E+OJ
:-t --2 . 1 :-J(.) £+03 H=- 9 .02 2<: + 0 1 ?= 2 . s ~ oc-r0~·
S i r-J l~ C d CS
UL:NJI .-1J · .1e,;.~ENT~ IN INCH-PCUh:.J/ l NCH
•'AHCC t~ MPCCN MMCCN MCO N

.J . 77 ;:_;.;. +02 c . ccoc +oo o . oooi:::+ oo - 2. 1 6 01::.+ 03 -2 . 1 60 C + O.J
~ . 7 c!. v C +,J2 l . :)::JC :.. :. +-02 9. vJ ·J E+- 02 - 2 . 0 90Ct- 0.3 -l.t)2l t: +0 3
.J . :.> ·J J:: +o2 2 • J {;., 0 l: + G 2 2. o:;s c+ v3 - 1. (i:J 3t:t-J3 6 .-.. 90 :.: +02
...; . :+ J0.: t 02 ...::.5:.-jt;.+U2 2.22u:::+0 ::i - 1.J 1..> 0t-::>-03 !. 3J tl [. .. 03
J. J J J:.._ +c;;~ 2 . 1 1J C+02 t . dtt~c:r ,)3 - 6 . 9 '•·i..JC:+-U 2 l . J62 c..= +J3
.J • .:_ ~ ·.. C· t..: .,._ O2 1. -+ {J u:= ·ru2 1 . 3 J'J(.; +J J - J .,.J7J C+-02 lo l 2 1L +UJ
J . l ~OC + J2 ~~. l OJ L +Ol O~UliJCt-j· 2 - 1 . JJO t:+.)2 "l. 8;1 0 C..: +0.2
J• .)J 0i_: + V2 4 . GGCJL +Vl 4 . J c. 0:::+- 02 2~000 E+ J l 4. 7<J J L.. ·Y-02
2 . JcJJC + G~ l .. l.. J J L -i-J l ~. 1 + l O~ +- V.2 0 . 200=:.;..0 1 2 . J oiO L f-UZ
2 . 7 ~_.it.) L+V2 -1. 00UE +JU - 1.l -J()L: T- ;Jl 0 • .JJ J C hJ 1 .~3
• .1 0 0 L: ·+-0 1
2 • (;; ... ,; c_ -t 0 2 - :; • 00 vL +o.o - :..; . oJO[ + U l ?. ~)U JEt-0 1 - l. OO OL +·O 1
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c • .:: (.;(J:._ +0 2 G • ._.. ~~ ~ L .,. (J l - l .. ~. J •) i.:.. .. i) 2 -8. U9 'J E: + O l
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KU~ ·~ o .JC CC+ G 2 co .J.ov o:. . +00 rlO= ~.GJVL+ d O S= 2 , t;OOc+02 T= 3. 070C-Ol P= O.OOJ0:.+0 0
Al_ ;:>; i A ~-=. 4 . 22.J E + 03 K= 0 . JJ OE + ~O K K= •) .. 000E+00
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CYLINDRICAL SHELL
LAHDA = 2 .00 2E-02 H = -2.99 2E+02
S IN INCHES
BENDING MOMEMTS I N INCH-POUND /INCH
s MMCYL MHCYL MCYL
O.OOOE+OO -5. 488E+03 -0. 000E+OO -5.488E+03

1. 200E+Ol -5. 219E+03 -2. 796E+0 3 -8 .015 E+03
2.400E+Ol - 4 . 579E+03 -4. 272E+03 - 8.8 51 E+03
3. 600E+Ol -3. 76 7E+03 -4.797E+03 - 8 .564E+03
4. 800E+Ol -2. 928E+03 -4. 68 6E+03 -7.80 9E+03
6 . 000E+Ol -2.136E+03 -4 . 192E+03 -6.32 8E+03
7. 200E+Ol -l. 455E+03 -3.508E+0 3 -4. 961E+03
8. 400E+O l -9.019E+02 -2. 763E+03 -3 .665E+03
9. 600E+Ol -4. 778E+0 2 -2. 053E+03 - 2 .530E+03
l. 080E+02 -l.722E+02 -1. 428E+03 -1. 600E+03
l. 200E+02 3.244E+Ol -9 . l 11E+02 -8.787E+03
1. 32 0E+02 l. 56 1E+02 - 5. 089E+02 - 3 .508E+03
1. 440E+02 2. 184E+0 2 -2.140E+0 2 4.400E+OO
1. 560E+02 2. 371E+02 -1. 215E+Ol 2 . 250E+02
l. 68 0E+02 2. 271E+02 l. 138E+0 2 3 . 409E+0 2
l. 800 E+02 2 .004E+02 l. 814E+0 2 3.818E+02
1. 920E+02 l. 656E+0 2 2.067E+02 3. 72 3E+02
2.040E+02 1. 291E+02 2 . 03 6E+0 2 3 .3 27E+02
2.160E+0 2 9. 477E+Ol l. 832E+02 2.780£+02
2. 280E+02 6.495E+Ol 1. 539E+02 2 .1 88E+02
2.400E+02 4.061E+Ol 1. 219E+02 l.62 5E+02
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00
159
TOTAL SOIL BEARING PRESSURE CALCULAT IONS
(1) Uniform Soil Bearing Pressure Foundation (Fltlgge's Solution)
From Chapter V.2.4,
where,
p
pf = 2P (Leos~)
Using SIMPSON's rule:
23.99 x 210,137.76 lb
5,041,204.86 lb or 5.04 x 10 6 lb (vertical)
Total Applied Loads:
Water Loads + Concrete Loads
4 .54 x 10 6 + 5. 80 x 10 5 lb
= 5.12 x 10 6 lb (vertical)
Note: (1) 1. 5% error is related to the method of approximation us ed .
( 2) The base is wet, hence no frictional force, Ps = 0.

160
SimEson's AEEroximation
Monolithic Joint, Uniform Soil Bearing Pressure Foundation, Fliigge's
Solution
n s p 4p (pf +4pf +pf )sn+l

n n+l n+2
(in.) (lb/in 2 ) (lb/in 2 ) (lb/in)

0 10.07
1 372 10.13 40.52 22,636.20
2 10.26
3 348 10 . 39 41.56 21 ,69 4 .3 2
4 10.52
5 324 10.65 42.60 20,703.60
6 10. 78
7 300 10.92 43.68 19,653.00
8 11.05
9 276 11.18 44. 72 18,514.08
10 11. 31
11 252 11.44 45.76 17,297.28
12 11. 57
13 228 11. 70 46.80 16,005 .60
14 11. 83
15 204 11.97 47.88 14,649.24
16 12 .10
17 180 12.23 48.92 13,208.40
18 12.36
19 156 12.49 49.96 11,690. 64
20 12.62
21 132 12.75 51.00 10,098.00
22 12. 88
23 108 13.01 52.01 8,428.32
24 13.15
25 84 13.28 53.12 6,693.12
26 13 . 41
27 60 13.54 54.16 4,874.40
28 13.67
29 36 13.80 55.20 2,980.80
30 13 .93
31 12 14.06 56.24 1,010. 76
32 (14 .06)
+) 210,137.76
Note: ( ) are estimated values by linear extrapolation.

161
(2) Elasti c Foun dation (Second Order Asymptot ic Solution)
From Chapter V.2.4
pf (normal) = -kw
wher e,
k = 500 pci
Using SIMPSON's rule:
pf (normal)
23.99 x 225,477 .7 2 lb
5,409,210.45 lb or 5.41 x 10 6 lb (normal)
p f (vertical) pf (normal) x cos ¢ = 5.16 x 10 6 lb (vertical)

Total Applied Load = 5.12 x 10 6 lb (vertical)
Note: (1) 0.8% error is related to the method of approximation used
and the linear extrapolation required to estimate the soil
bearing pressures around the apex zone (s = 0 to 3 ft.).
This shall not be used to conclude that the Second Order
Asymptotic Solution is more accurate than Flugge's
Solution.
(2) The base is wet, hence no frictional force, p 0.

s
162
Simpson's AEproximation
Monolithic Joint, Well-graded Gravel Elastic Foundation

Second Order Asymptotic Solution
n s p 4p (pf +4pf +pf )sn+l

n n+l n+2
(in.) (lb/inf) (lb/in. 2 ) (lb/in.)

0 20.48
1 372 19.24 76 .96 42,214.56
2 16.04
3 348 13 . 12 52. 48 27,645.12
4 10.92
5 324 9.50 38.01 18,691.56
6 8.76
7 300 8.50 33.99 15,385.50
8 8.54
9 276 8 . 73 34.91 14,465.71
10 8.97
11 252 9.19 36.76 13,884.69
12 9.37
13 228 9 . 51 38 . 02 12 '991. 67
14 9.59
15 204 9.63 38.52 11,779 .7 8
16 9.64
17 180 9.62 38.45 10,376.82
18 9.56
19 156 9.49 37.95 8,876.40
20 9 . 39
21 132 9 .27 37 .07 7,339.46
22 9.15
23 108 9.07 36.28 5,896.48
24 9.17
25 84 9.81 39. 24 5,074.61
26 12.00
27 60 18.98 75.92 7,852.80
28 42 .96
29 36 (68.00) 272 .00 14,614 .56
30 (91.00)
31 12 (1 15 . 00) 468.00 8 ,388 .00
32 (140 . 00)
+) 225,477.72
Note: ( ) are estimated values by linear extrapolation.

Chung Kit Man Peter 1981 MEng

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BENDING MOMENTS AND DEFORMATIONS OF

THIN ELASTIC CONICAL SHELLS ON

EULER-WINKLER ELASTIC FOUNDATION

KIT MAN PETER CHUNG

B.Sc. (.QUEEN's), P. Eng. _

SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS · FOR THE

DEGREE MASTER OF ENGINEERING

(CIVIL ENGINEERING/ENGINEERING HAMILTON, ONTARIO

TITLE: BENDING MOMENTS AND DEFORMATIONS OF CONICAL

SHELL ON EULER-WINKLER ELASTIC FOUNDATION.

AUTHOR: KIT MAN PETER CHUNG, B.Sc. (QUEEN'S), P. Eng.

SUPERVISOR: Dr. GUNHARD AE. ORAVAS, P. Eng.

NUMBER OF PAGES: 162

SCOPE AND CONTENTS:

Various analytical methods for studying the behaviour of shallow

, on Euler-Winkler elastic foundation are presented.

To account for the nature of concrete and the geometric

properties of the shallow conical shell, Poisson's ratio and certain

radial and circumferential deformations of the middle surface are

neglected in deriving the basic differential equation. Analytical

and asymptotic types of approximations.

The presentations of various methods of analysis are made for

a representative case of dimensions and loadings of the conical shell

to make them as applicable as possible to the cases of thin conical

shell commonly encountered in industry.

The shell structure studied is a tank in the form of a

rotationally symmetrical cylindrical shell supported by a shallow

conical shell foundation. The construction joint between the conical

shell and the cylindrical shell is either monolithic or hinged.

of W. Flligge, who assumed a uniform soil bearing pressure acting on the

conical shell structure.

The method of analysis which possesses obvious advantages over the

other methods studied is selected to examine the effect of different

el as tic stiffness coefficients of the soil. The validity of

simplifying the soil bearing pressure to a uniform distribution by most

d esigne~s can consertuently be studied by comparing it to th e bearing

pressures of an ideal elastic soil which is postulated to react to its

deformation like a bed of independent elastic springs.

Meridional Cross-Section of Water Tank

LIST OF FIGURES viii

NOTATIONS AND DEFINITIONS x

CHAPTER II: STRESSES IN CONICAL SHELL SUPPORTED ON EULER­

2.1 EULER-WINKLER ELASTIC FOUNDATION . . . 4

2.2 STRESSES AND STRAI NS IN ELASTIC SHELL

2.3 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF THE CONCRETE

CHAPTER III: SOLUTIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF THE

3.1 APPROXIMATE COMPLEMENTARY SOLUTIONS

3.1.1 GECKELER TYPE OF APPROXIMATION 16

3.2 PARTICULAR SOLUTION 29

CHAPTER IV: SOLUTIONS OF CONICAL SHELL UNDER UNIFORM SOIL

4 .1 TRANSFORMED EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS 33

4. 2 COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS FOR SYMMETRICAL

encouragement and inspiration.

Partial financial assistance from ACRES Consulting Services Ltd.

LIST OF FIGURES viii

NOTATIONS AND DEFINITIONS x

CHAPTER II: STRESSES IN CONICAL SHELL SUPPORTED ON EULER­

2.1 EULER-WINKLER ELASTIC FOUNDATION . . . 4

2.2 STRESSES AND STRAINS IN ELASTIC SHELL

2.3 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF THE CONCRETE

CHAPTER III: SOLUTIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF THE

3.1 APPROXIMATE COMPLEMENTARY SOLUTIONS

3.2 PARTICULAR SOLUTION 29

CHAPTER II: STRESSES IN CONICAL SHELL SUPPORTED ON EULER

CHAPTER II: STRESSES IN CONICAL SHELL SUPPORTED ON EULER