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    biswajitntpc
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    This lecture discusses relays and transistors. Relays use electromagnets to mechanically switch electrical circuits and have pros like electrical isolation and handling high voltages/currents, but are bulky, slow, and expensive. Transistors, invented by Shockley and Bardeen, are semiconductor devices that can amplify current. They are small, cheap, and fast but lack electrical isolation and cannot handle high voltages/currents like relays. The lecture explains how relays and transistors work and compares their characteristics.

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    This lecture discusses relays and transistors. Relays use electromagnets to mechanically switch electrical circuits and have pros like electrical isolation and handling high voltages/currents, but are bulky, slow, and expensive. Transistors, invented by Shockley and Bardeen, are semiconductor devices that can amplify current. They are small, cheap, and fast but lack electrical isolation and cannot handle high voltages/currents like relays. The lecture explains how relays and transistors work and compares their characteristics.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Descărcați ca PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
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    35 vizualizări6 pagini

    Lec05 PDF

    Încărcat de

    biswajitntpc
    This lecture discusses relays and transistors. Relays use electromagnets to mechanically switch electrical circuits and have pros like electrical isolation and handling high voltages/currents, but are bulky, slow, and expensive. Transistors, invented by Shockley and Bardeen, are semiconductor devices that can amplify current. They are small, cheap, and fast but lack electrical isolation and cannot handle high voltages/currents like relays. The lecture explains how relays and transistors work and compares their characteristics.

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    din 6

    SP.

    764, Practical Electronics


    Dr. James A. Bales
    Lecture 5: Relays and Transistors

    Topics:
    1) Relays
    - What they are
    - How they work
    - Pros & Cons
    2) Transistors
    - How they work
    - Example
    - Pros & Cons

    Relays:
    What is a relay?
    - It’s a switch.
    - No person is needed to flip the switch.
    - Uses one electrical signal turn another on or off.
    - Where is the energy coming to flip the switch?
    o Solenoid
    o How does that make a switch?
    ƒ Creates a magnetic field which moves a mechanical switch.
    - Electromechanical relay rated to a few thousand volts.
    o If current flows through the solenoid, the switch makes contact.
    o Two independent circuits: COIL and CONTACT.

    COIL COIL

    Normally Open Contact Normally Closed Contact


    (NO) (NC)

    Schematic:

    COIL CONTACT

    + - NO NC

    Single Pole Double Throw


    (SPDT)

    Relay Specifications:
    - For our relay:
    o Coil takes
    ƒ 5V & 20mA = 100mW
    o Contacts can handle
    ƒ 30V & 2A = 60W

    SP.764, Practical Electronics Lecture 5


    Dr. James A. Bales Page 2 of 6
    Coil Contact
    Nominal Voltage Max Voltage
    Resistance Max Current
    Current
    “Pick-Up” Voltage or Current
    “Hold”

    Needed to Needed to move


    maintain position switch

    +5V

    OSCILLATOR

    - +
    + -

    A better representation of the relay includes a diode. The diode eliminates voltage
    spikes produced by the inductor when current suddenly stops flowing. An oscillator
    can be created by tying the + side of the coil with the Normally Closed contact
    together, and powering the contact with 5 volts.

    Pros:
    - Electrical Isolation: No electrical connection between coil and contact sides.
    - High Voltage & Current (on contact side)
    Cons:
    - Power Lost in Coil
    - Size: Big and bulky.
    - SLOW!
    - Expensive

    SP.764, Practical Electronics Lecture 5


    Dr. James A. Bales Page 3 of 6
    Transistors:
    - The first transistor was developed by William Shockley and John Bardeen.
    - Transistors are semiconductor devices.
    - What do they look like?

    -OR-

    Bottom View Schematic

    Collector
    123

    Base
    1 = EMITTER
    2 = BASE
    3 = COLLECTOR Emitter

    Measurable V’s & I’s IC ↓


    - VCB = VC-VB (Collector to Base) IB →
    - VBE = VB-VE (Base to Emitter) B

    - VCE = VC-VE (Collector to Emitter)


    IE ↓

    SP.764, Practical Electronics Lecture 5


    Dr. James A. Bales Page 4 of 6
    Rule 1:

    IC = β I B

    constant for the transistor


    Value = 10 to 200.

    Transistor gives current gain.

    ∴ I E = I B + I C = ( β + 1) I B

    Rule 2:

    If IB > 0

    VBE  0.6V

    (i.e. the base-emitter junction looks like a diode)

    Analysis:

    Assume I B > 0, then

    0
    VBE = 0.6V = VB − VE

    ⇒ VB = 0.6V

    Current through 100Ω resistor is:

    ∆V 5V − 0.6V
    I= = = 0.044 A = 44 mA
    R 100Ω

    SP.764, Practical Electronics Lecture 5


    Dr. James A. Bales Page 5 of 6
    Then,

    I C = β I B = 4.4 A !!
    Lamp limits IC

    IC Load is saturated IC

    Transistor limits IC
    Slope = β

    IB
    VCE

    5V

    VCE ≈ 0.2V (saturation)

    IB

    Pros:
    - Small and handy
    - Cheap
    - FAST!
    Cons:
    - No Electrical Isolation
    - Cannot work with High Voltages & Currents

    SP.764, Practical Electronics Lecture 5


    Dr. James A. Bales Page 6 of 6

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